Chapter 17

Monday 13 May 2019
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
FURTHER TRIGONOMETRY
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
FURTHER TRIGONOMETRY 2
INVERSE FUNCTION (REVIEW)
▸ Obtained by reflecting the original
graph in the diagonal line y = x
▸ Pass horizontal line test
i.e. cross the original graph once
‣ Domain -> range
‣ Range -> domain
INVERSE FUNCTION (REVIEW)
▸ What about these functions?
DOMAIN RESTRICTIONS
▸ Find stationary points, if possible.
▸ Choose an interval as the domain
▸ Extend the restricted domain as far
as possible
▸ It may be helpful to choose a
domain that includes zero
▸ The domain chosen must pass the
horizontal line
EXAMPLES
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17A:
▸ 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 18
▸ Due: Wednesday
Tuesday 14 May 2019
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
RADIANS MEASURE
▸ A useful measure of angle size
▸ 1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of 1

unit in a unit circle
RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

▸ y = sin x

▸ y = sin x

▸ y = sin x

▸ y = cos x

▸ y = cos x

▸ y = cos x

▸ y = tan x

▸ y = tan x

▸ y = tan x
COMMON NOTATIONS
CLASS ACTIVITY
▸ Evaluate the following expressions together:
CALCULATIONS WITH INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS
for when
or
for when
for when
CALCULATIONS WITH INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

Evaluate the following expression :
Solutions:
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17B:
▸ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 do one skip two
▸ 8, 9, 10, 11, 14
▸ Due: Friday
▸ Homework check
▸ Exercise 17A:
▸ 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 18
▸ Due: Wednesday
1
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
GRAPHS INVOLVING SHIFTING AND REFLECTING
▸ Reflecting in either axes, and shifting, can both be applied.
▸ Use substitution of key values to confirm the graph

π−1
y = tan (x + 1) +
2
▸ Shifting left and right can be a bit confusing so if apply the technique of finding the new
domain and range, it would be easier.
π
Shifting left by 1 unit and shifting up by units
2
Shifting left and right can be a bit confusing...if we let x + 1 = 0 ∴ x = − 1
∴ Moved left by 1 unit
GRAPHS INVOLVING SHIFTING AND REFLECTING
π
y = tan −1(x + 1) + D : (−∞, ∞); R : (0,π)
2
π π
y = tan −1(x) D : (−∞, ∞); R : (− , )
2 2
SYMMETRIES OF INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

sin −1(−x) = − sin −1x ▸ Odd
tan −1(−x) = − tan −1x ▸ Odd
cos −1(−x) = π − cos −1x ▸ Neither odd nor even.....we’ll show it on Desmos
▸ Proven in Questions 8, 9, 10 of Exercise 17B. We’ll prove

it later if you haven’t got a chance to do so
π −1
The identity of sin x + cos−1x =
2
Let a = cos −1x
Then x = cos a
π
But sin( − a) = cos a
2
π
Therefore sin( − a) = x
2
π
− a = sin −1x
2
π
− cos −1x = sin −1x
2
π
= sin −1x + cos −1x
2
The graph of sin(sin−1x), cos(cos−1x), tan(tan−1x)
So...what's the difference between sin(sin −1x), cos(cos −1x) and tan(tan −1x) and why?

The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x),
y = sin−1(sin x)
The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x)
y = cos−1(cos x)
The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x),
y = tan−1(tan x)
SUMMARY
sin −1(−x) = − sin −1x ▸ Odd
tan −1(−x) = − tan −1x ▸ Odd
cos −1(−x) = π − cos −1x ▸ Neither odd nor even
π
sin −1x + cos −1x =
2
5π
EXAMPLE −1
Find the exact value of: cos (cos
4
)
Solution:
sin −1(−x) = − sin −1x
tan −1(−x) = − tan −1x 5π
Since is in the third quadrant therefore cos is negative
cos −1(−x) = π − cos −1x 4
5π π 5π π −1
= π + ∴ cos = − cos =
4 4 4 4 2
5π −1
∴ cos−1(cos ) = cos−1
4 2
1
= π − cos−1
2
π 3π
=π− =
4 4
EXAMPLE
Determine the domain and range of the function y = cos −1(1 − x)
Domain : − 1 ≤ 1 − x ≤ 1
−2 ≤ − x ≤ 0
0≤x≤2
Range : 0 ≤ y ≤ π
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17C:
▸ 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11
▸ Due: Wednesday
▸ Exercise 17B due Monday next week. Those

haven’t shown homework last time will also be
checked.
1
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
ANGLES
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND ANGLES 2
THE SIX COMPOUND-ANGLES
sin (α + β) sin (α − β)
cos (α + β) cos (α − β)
tan (α + β) tan (α − β)
Proof of the expansion of cos(α − β)
(rcosα, rsinα)
(rcosβ, rsinβ)
We know A = (rcosα, rsinα) and B = (rcosβ, rsinβ)
We'll now find length AB using the distance formula: (rcosα, rsinα)
(rcosβ, rsinβ )
2 2 2
d = (y2 − y1) + (x2 − x1)
∴ AB 2 = (rsinβ − rsinα)2 + (rcosβ − rcosα)2

∴ AB 2 = [r(sinβ − sinα)]2 + [r(cosβ − cosα)]2
∴ AB 2 = r 2(sin 2β − 2 sinα sinβ + sin 2α) + r 2(cos 2β − 2 cosα cosβ + cos 2α)
∴ AB 2 = r 2(sin 2β − 2 sinα sinβ + sin 2α + cos 2β − 2 cosα cosβ + cos 2α)
∴ AB 2 = r 2(−2 sinα sinβ − 2 cosα cosβ + 2)
∴ AB 2 = r 2[ 2 (− sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ) + 2]
∴ AB 2 = 2r 2(− sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ + 1)
∴ AB 2 = 2r 2(1 − sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ)
We know ∠AOB = α − β and radius is r
We'll now find length AB using the cosine rule: (rcosα, rsinα)
(rcosβ, rsinβ )
2 2 2
c = a + b − 2abcosC
∴ AB 2 = r 2 + r 2 − 2r 2cos(α − β)
∴ AB 2 = 2r 2 − 2r 2cos(α − β)
∴ AB 2 = 2r 2(1 − cos(α − β)) But AB 2 = 2r 2(1 − sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ) from previously
∴ 2r 2(1 − cos(α − β)) = 2r 2(1 − sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ)
∴ 1 − cos(α − β) = 1 − sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ
∴ cos(α − β) = sinα sinβ + cosα cosβ
∴ cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ . ∎

YOUR TURN TO COMPLETE THE OTHER FIVE PROOFS !
1. cos (α + β)
4. tan (α + β)
2. sin (α + β)
5. tan (α − β)
3. sin (α − β)
YOUR TURN TO COMPLETE THE OTHER FIVE PROOFS !

1. cos (α + β)
4. tan (α + β)
2. sin (α + β)
5. tan (α − β)
3. sin (α − β)
Always go back to this result cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ

The expansion of cos(α + β)
We know cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ
∴ cos(α − (−β)) = cosα cos(−β) + sinα sin(−β)

Because cosine is even and sine is odd
∴ cos(α + β) = cosα cosβ − sinα sinβ

The expansion of sin(α + β)
π π
We know sin θ = cos ( − θ) and cos θ = sin ( − θ)
2 2
π
∴ sin(α + β) = cos( − (α + β))
2
π
= cos(( − α) − β) Because cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ
2
π π
= cos( − α) cosβ + sin( − α)sinβ
2 2
∴ sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
The expansion of sin(α − β)
Since sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
∴ sin(α + (−β)) = sin α cos (−β) + cos α sin (−β)
Because cosine is even and sine is odd
∴ sin(α + (−β)) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

The expansion of tan(α + β)
sin θ
We know tan θ =
cos θ
sin (α + β)
∴ tan (α + β) =
cos (α + β)
sin α cos β + cos α sin β Since sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
∴ tan (α + β) =
cos α cos β − sin α sin β Since cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
sin α cos β cos α sin β
cos α cos β
+ cos α cos β
∴ tan (α + β) = cos α cos β sin α sin β
Divide everything by cos α cos β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β tan α + tan β
∴ tan (α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
The expansion of tan(α − β)
tan α + tan β
Since tan (α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α + tan (−β) Because tan is an odd function

∴ tan (α + (−β)) =
1 − tan α tan (−β) tan (−x) = − tan x
tan α − tan β
∴ tan (α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β
THE SIX COMPOUND-ANGLE FORMULA

sin (α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
cos (α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
tan α + tan β
tan (α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
tan (α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β
EXAMPLE 1:
π
Express sin ( + x) in the simplest form
6
π π π
sin ( + x) = sin cos x + cos sin x
6 6 6
1 3
= cos x + sin x
2 2
EXAMPLE 2:
Find the exact value of cos 120o
cos 120o = cos (90o + 30o)
= cos 90o cos 30o − sin 90o sin 30o
1
=0−1×
2
1
=−
2
EXAMPLE 3:
Prove sin (u + v) + sin(u − v) = 2 sin u cos v
L.H.S. = sin(u + v) + sin(u − v)
= sin u cos v + cos u sin v + sin u cos v − cos u sin v
= 2 sin u cos v . Q.E.D.
‣ Q.E.D. stands for the Latin phrase “Quod Erat Demonstrandum”, which loosely
translates to “that which was to be demonstrated.”
‣ Used at the end of a formal proof.

HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17D:
▸ 1 -> 6 DOSO
▸ 9, 10, 13, 15, 20
▸ Due: Thursday 23 May 2019

Monday 27 May 2019
▸ Homework check exercise 17C tomorrow!
▸ 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11
1
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
THE DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAE
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
THE DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAE 2
THE DOUBLE-ANGLE RESULTS
THREE RESULTS
sin (2θ) cos (2θ) tan (2θ)

The expansion of sin 2θ
Recall from the previous lesson: sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
∴ sin (θ + θ) = sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ

∴ sin (2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ
The expansion of cos 2θ
Recall from the previous lesson: cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
∴ cos (θ + θ) = cos θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ
∴ cos (2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ
= 2 cos2 θ − 1
The expansion of tan 2θ
tan α + tan β
Recall from the previous lesson tan (α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan θ + tan θ
∴ tan (θ + θ) =
1 − tan θ tan θ
2 tan θ
∴ tan (2θ) =
1 − tan2 θ
EXAMPLE 1
3
If sin α = , find sin 2α
5
sin (2α) = 2 sin α cos α
3 4
= 2 × ×
3 5 5 5
3 4
= 2 × ×
α 5 5
4
24
4 =
∴ cos α = 25
5
EXAMPLE 2
4
Prove the identity cos α − sin4 α = cos 2α
Solution:
cos4 α − sin4 α = (cos2)2 α − (sin2)2 α
= (cos2 α − sin2 α) (cos2 α + sin2 α)
= cos 2α × 1
= cos 2α
EXAMPLE 3
2 tan 4θ
Use the double-angle formulae to simplify:
1 − tan2 4θ
Solution:
2 tan θ
Recall that tan (2θ) =
1 − tan2 θ
2 tan 4θ
∴ = tan (2 × 4θ)
1 − tan2 4θ
= tan (8θ)
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17E:
▸ 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 DOSO
▸ 10, 12, 14, 16, 17
▸ Due: Wednesday 29 May 2019
▸ Homework check Exercise 17D on Monday 27 May 2019!
▸ 1 -> 6 DOSO
▸ 9, 10, 13, 15, 20

LET’S SOLVE THIS “SIMPLE” TRIG EQUATION
1
Solve cos θ + sin θ =
2
for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o, correct to one decimal place.
THINK ABOUT THIS QUESTION NOW AND

TELL ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT PERIOD 5!
2
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
THE T-FORMULAE
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
THE T-FORMULAE 3
RATIONALE
‣ The need to relate sin, cos and tan through a common parameter
‣ Useful in solving certain types of trigonometric equations

θ
‣ The common parameter is: t = tan
2
‣ The basic idea is to relate the three trigonometric ratios through the tangent of
half the angle.
‣ Hence, the t-formulae

THE T-FORMULAE 4
EXPRESSION OF THE THREE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS IN T-FORMULAE

θ
We let t = tan and so the following triangle can be drawn:
2
We know: sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
θ θ
∴ sin θ = 2 sin cos
2 2
t 1 + t2
t 1
∴ sin θ = 2 × ×
1+t 2 1 + t2
θ 2t
2 ∴ sin θ =
1 1 + t2
THE T-FORMULAE 5

θ
We let t = tan and so the following triangle can be drawn:
2
We know: cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
θ θ
∴ cos θ = cos2 − sin2
2 2
t 1 + t2
1 t2
∴ cos θ = −
1 + t2 1 + t2
θ 1 − t2
2
∴ cos θ =
1 1 + t2
THE T-FORMULAE 6

1 − t2 2t
We know cos θ = and sin θ =
1 + t2 1 + t2
sin θ
∴ tan θ =
cos θ
2t
1 + t2 2t
∴ tan θ =
1 − t2
∴ tan θ = , for t ≠ ± 1
1−t 2
1 + t2
THE T-FORMULAE 7
SUMMARY
2t
sin θ =
1 + t2
1 − t2
cos θ =
1 + t2
2t
tan θ = , for t ≠ ± 1
1−t 2
LET’S SOLVE THIS “SIMPLE” TRIG EQUATION
1
Solve cos θ + sin θ =
2
for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o, correct to one decimal place.
IS THERE A MORE CONVENIENT

METHOD?
YES
THE T-FORMULAE 9
EXAMPLE
1
Solve cos θ + sin θ = for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o, correct to one decimal place.
2
θ
Solution: We let t = tan
2 ∴ 2 − 2t 2 + 4t = 1 + t 2
1 − t2 2t 1 ∴ 3t 2 − 4t − 1 = 0
∴ + =
1 + t2 1 + t2 2 2± 7
∴t=
3
1 − t 2 + 2t 1
∴ = −1
2± 7
1 + t2 2 ∴ θ = 2 × tan
3
∴ 2(1 − t 2 + 2t) = 1 + t 2 ∴ θ ≈ 114.3o or 335.7o
in the given domain
THE T-FORMULAE 10
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17F:
▸ 1, 3, 5 DOSO
▸ 7, 8, 10, 11. OPTIONAL 12, 13
▸ Due: Thursday 30 May 2019 31 05 19
Friday
▸ Homework check Exercise 17E on Tuesday 28 May 2019!
▸ 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 DOSO
▸ 10, 12, 14, 16, 17

1
YEAR 11 EXTENSION 1
PRODUCTS TO SUMS
PRESENTED BY MR. DO
PRODUCTS TO SUMS 2
WHAT IS IT?
‣ To convert the product of two sine or cosine functions to the sum of two sine or
cosine functions.
‣ The results of products to sums can be derived from the four compound-angle
formulae.
sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

sin (α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
cos (α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
PRODUCTS TO SUMS 3
DERIVE PRODUCTS TO SUMS FROM FOUR COMPOUND-ANGLE FORMULAE

By adding the two equations...
∴ sin (α + β) + sin (α − β) = 2 sin α cos β

PRODUCTS TO SUMS 4

By subtracting the two equations...
∴ sin (α + β) − sin (α − β) = 2 cos α sin β

PRODUCTS TO SUMS 5

By adding the two equations...
∴ cos (α + β) + cos (α − β) = 2 cos α cos β

PRODUCTS TO SUMS 6

By subtracting the two equations...
∴ cos (α + β) − cos (α − β) = − 2 sin α sin β

PRODUCTS TO SUMS 7
SUMMARY
∴ sin (α + β) + sin (α − β) = 2 sin α cos β

∴ sin (α + β) − sin (α − β) = 2 cos α sin β
∴ cos (α + β) + cos (α − β) = 2 cos α cos β
∴ cos (α + β) − cos (α − β) = − 2 sin α sin β
THE T-FORMULAE 8
HOMEWORK
▸ Exercise 17G:
▸ 2, 5, 7, 8, 10
X
▸ Due: Tuesday 04 June 2019 Thursday 06 June
▸ Exercise 17F:
▸ 1, 3, 5 DOSO
▸ 7, 8, 10, 11. OPTIONAL 12, 13
▸ Due: Thursday 30 May 2019

Chapter 17

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What are the four compound angle formulas?

What are the four compound angle formulas?

How can the four compound angle formulas be used to derive the products to sums formulas?

How can the four compound angle formulas be used to derive the products to sums formulas?

Monday 13 May 2019

INVERSE FUNCTION (REVIEW)

▸ Obtained by reflecting the original

graph in the diagonal line y = x

▸ Pass horizontal line test

i.e. cross the original graph once

‣ Domain -> range

‣ Range -> domain

INVERSE FUNCTION (REVIEW)

▸ What about these functions?

▸ Find stationary points, if possible.

▸ Choose an interval as the domain

▸ Extend the restricted domain as far

▸ It may be helpful to choose a

domain that includes zero

▸ The domain chosen must pass the

Tuesday 14 May 2019

▸ 1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of 1

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

RESTRICTING DOMAIN ON TRIG FUNCTIONS

CALCULATIONS WITH INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

CALCULATIONS WITH INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

▸ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 do one skip two

GRAPHS INVOLVING SHIFTING AND REFLECTING

▸ Reflecting in either axes, and shifting, can both be applied.

▸ Use substitution of key values to confirm the graph

GRAPHS INVOLVING SHIFTING AND REFLECTING

SYMMETRIES OF INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS

tan −1(−x) = − tan −1x ▸ Odd

▸ Proven in Questions 8, 9, 10 of Exercise 17B. We’ll prove

The graph of sin(sin−1x), cos(cos−1x), tan(tan−1x)

So...what's the difference between sin(sin −1x), cos(cos −1x) and tan(tan −1x) and why?

The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x),

The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x)

The graph of sin−1(sin x), cos−1(cos x), tan−1(tan x),

tan −1(−x) = − tan −1x ▸ Odd

cos −1(−x) = π − cos −1x ▸ Neither odd nor even

▸ Exercise 17B due Monday next week. Those

THE SIX COMPOUND-ANGLES

∴ AB 2 = (rsinβ − rsinα)2 + (rcosβ − rcosα)2

∴ cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ . ∎

YOUR TURN TO COMPLETE THE OTHER FIVE PROOFS !

YOUR TURN TO COMPLETE THE OTHER FIVE PROOFS !

Always go back to this result cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ

∴ cos(α − (−β)) = cosα cos(−β) + sinα sin(−β)

∴ cos(α + β) = cosα cosβ − sinα sinβ

∴ sin(α + (−β)) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

tan α + tan (−β) Because tan is an odd function