Unit 2

Unit – II - TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Transmission System: Clutches, principle, types,

cone clutch, single plate clutch
Necessity of clutch in Automobiles:
In Automobiles, the clutch is used to engage or
disengage the engine with the transmission
system. It enables the rotary motion of one shaft
to be transmitted to the second shaft as and when
required.
Requirements of clutch:
a) Torque Transmission
b) Gradual engagement
c) Heat dissipation
d) Dynamic balancing
e) Vibration damping
f) Size
g) Ease of operation
The clutch should be able to transmit the maximum torque. It should
take drive gradually. During clutch application, the heat generated by
the friction of clutch surfaces should be dissipated. During high speeds
the clutch should be balanced.
Types of clutches:
The following are the main types
of clutches:
1. Friction clutches
2. Fluid fly wheel.
Friction clutches:
The Torque transmitted by a friction clutch depends upon the factors
namely Coefficient of
friction (µ), Axial pressure (w) and Mean effective Radius of
contact surfaces(R).
The Torque Transmitted (T) = μwR.
Types of friction clutches:

a) cone clutch
b) Single plate clutch
Muti-plate clutch
Cone clutch
Electromagnetic clutch
Engagement
When the clutch is actuated, current flows through the electromagnet producing a
magnetic field. The rotor portion of the clutch becomes magnetized and sets up a
magnetic loop that attracts the armature. The armature is pulled against the rotor and a
frictional force is generated at contact. Within a relatively short time, the load is
accelerated to match the speed of the rotor, thereby engaging the armature and the
output hub of the clutch. In most instances, the rotor is constantly rotating with the
input all the time.
Disengagement
When current is removed from the clutch, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. In
most designs, springs hold the armature away from the rotor surface when power is
released, creating a small air gap.
Cycling
Cycling is achieved by interrupting the current through the electromagnet. Slippage
normally occurs only during acceleration. When the clutch is fully engaged, there is no
relative slip, assuming the clutch is sized properly, and thus torque transfer is 100%
efficient.
Machinery
This type of clutch is used in some lawnmowers, copy machines, and conveyor
drives. Other applications include packaging machinery, printing machinery, food
processing machinery, and factory automation.
Vehicles
When the electromagnetic clutch is used in automobiles, there may be a clutch
release switch inside the gear lever. The driver operates the switch by holding the
gear lever to change the gear, thus cutting off current to the electromagnet and
disengaging the clutch. With this mechanism, there is no need to depress the clutch
pedal. Alternatively, the switch may be replaced by a touch sensor or proximity
sensor which senses the presence of the hand near the lever and cuts off the current.
The advantages of using this type of clutch for automobiles are that complicated
linkages are not required to actuate the clutch, and the driver needs to apply a
considerably reduced force to operate the clutch. It is a type of semi-automatic
transmission.
The input of the clutch is connected to the engine crankshaft while the output may drive a
shaft, chain, or belt. As engine revolutions per minute increase, weighted arms in the clutch
swing outward and force the clutch to engage. The most common types have friction pads or
shoes radially mounted that engage the inside of the rim of a housing. On the center shaft
there are an assorted number of extension springs, which connect to a clutch shoe. When the
central shaft spins fast enough, the springs extend causing the clutch shoes to engage the
friction face. It can be compared to a drum brake in reverse. This type can be found on most
home built karts, lawn and garden equipment, fuel-powered model cars and low
power chainsaws.
Another type used in racing karts has friction and clutch disks stacked together like a
motorcycle clutch. The weighted arms force these disks together and engage the clutch.
When the engine reaches a certain speed, the clutch activates, working somewhat like
a continuously variable transmission. As the load increases, the speed drops, disengaging the
clutch, letting the speed rise again and reengaging the clutch. If tuned properly, the clutch
will tend to keep the speed at or near the torque peak of the engine. This results in a fair bit
of waste heat, but over a broad range of speeds it is much more useful than a direct drive in
many applications.
Differential:
The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two

ways, allowing each output to spin at a different speed.
The differential is found on all modern cars and trucks, and
also in many all-wheel-drive (full-time four-wheel-drive)
vehicles.

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Unit – II - TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Transmission System: Clutches, principle, types,

The Torque Transmitted (T) = μwR.

Types of friction clutches:

The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two

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