THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Not reportable

Case no: 90/2023

In the matter between:

CITY OF TSHWANE
METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY APPELLANT

and

MALVIGENIX NPC T/A WECANWIN FIRST RESPONDENT

PIETER NICOLAAS GROBLER SECOND RESPONDENT

ANNA ELISABETH GROBLER THIRD RESPONDENT

ETHEL MARGARET COETZEE FOURTH RESPONDENT

MARTHA MARGARETHA DU PLESSIS FIFTH RESPONDENT

JOHANNES JACOBUS LOMBARD SIXTH RESPONDENT

RESEANE KAIZER HUMPHRY MAKOLE SEVENTH RESPONDENT

YVONNE GOOD EIGHTH RESPONDENT

LYNN EAST PROP (PTY) LTD NINTH RESPONDENT

DIANA EDITH GEORGIADES TENTH RESPONDENT

FREDERIK JACOBUS VAN DER SANDE ELEVENTH RESPONDENT

JEANNE LOUISE VAN DER SANDE TWELFTH RESPONDENT

EDMOUR MARCHAND THIRTEENTH RESPONDENT

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NADIA MARCHAND FOURTEENTH RESPONDENT

MARC RICHARD TRUMAN N O FIFTEENTH RESPONDENT

GREGORY JOHN BOUWER SIXTEENTH RESPONDENT

CORNELIA JOHANNA BOUWER SEVENTEENTH RESPONDENT

CHARLES KGOMOTSO TSOKU EIGHTEENTH RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation: City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v Malvigenix NPC t/a

Wecanwin and Others (90/2023) [2024] ZASCA 76
(16 May 2024)
Coram: SCHIPPERS, NICHOLLS and MOTHLE JJA and TOLMAY and
MBHELE AJJA

Heard: 5 March 2024

Delivered: 16 May 2024

Summary: Local government – Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 – valuation
rolls – setting aside of valuation rolls – consequence – appeal against the judgment
and order of the High Court in favour of the respondents, which sought to declare
unlawful the refusal by the appellant to comply with an order of the Gauteng Division
of the High Court, Pretoria, as confirmed by an order of the Supreme Court of Appeal
(SCA) – whether the invalidation of the appellant’s 2012 supplementary valuation roll
and 2013 general valuation roll, as a judgment in rem, required the appellant to
reverse the property rates imposed in terms of the invalid valuation rolls in respect of
properties owned by the respondents.
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___________________________________________________________________

ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria (Potterill J sitting as

court of first instance):

The appeal is dismissed with costs, including costs of two counsel.

___________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________

Mothle JA (Schippers and Nicholls JJA and Tolmay and Mbhele AJJA
concurring)

Introduction
[1] The appellant, the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (the City)
appeals against the judgment and order of the Gauteng Division of the High Court,
Pretoria (the high court), granted in favour of the first respondent, Malvigenix NPC t/a
Wecanwin (Wecanwin), and the second to eighteenth respondents. The high court
essentially ordered the City to reverse the rates levied on properties in Lombardy
Estate and Health Spa (Lombardy Estate), in terms of invalid valuation rolls.
Lombardy Estate is a privately owned housing development, situated within the
jurisdiction of the City. The second to eighteenth respondents are current and former
property owners in the Estate.

[2] The genesis of the dispute between the City and Wecanwin is an application
instituted in 2016 by the Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and 13 property owners in
the high court, namely Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and 13 Others v The City of
Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality1 (Lombardy). In that case the high court declared
invalid and set aside the City’s 2012 supplementary valuation roll and 2013 general
valuation roll (the valuation rolls), which unlawfully recategorised as ‘vacant’ certain
properties which had until then been categorised as residential in Lombardy Estate.

1Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and others v City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and
Another [2021] ZAGPPHC 521.
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The 13 applicants in Lombardy and the 17 members of Wecanwin in this appeal,

were and some still are, property owners and ratepayers in Lombardy Estate.

[3] The declaration of invalidity of the 2012 SVR and the 2013 GVR was
confirmed by this Court on appeal, in City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v
Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and Others (City of Tshwane).2 This appeal is a
sequel to Lombardy and City of Tshwane. I am thus constrained to frequently refer to
these two judgments.

Background
[4] Section 229 of the Constitution empowers a municipality to impose rates on
property, including other taxes, levies and duties appropriate for local government.
National legislation promulgated to exercise that authority is the Local Government:
Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 (the Rates Act). Section 8 of the Rates Act
authorises the municipality to levy different rates for different categories of
properties. The categories of properties for levying rates are determined according to
the actual or permitted use of that property such as use for agriculture, residence or
vacant and its location within the municipality. The Regulations as published by the
Minister in terms of s 19 of the Rates Act, determines the effective rate to be levied
on the properties. The rates are based on the market value of the property,
determined by a valuer appointed by a municipality. The valuations of the properties
are published in the valuation roll in terms of s 30, 33(1) and 49(1) of the Rates Act.

[5] The City, acting in terms of the Rates Act, published the valuation rolls,
promulgated for the City’s newly incorporated geographic area, which previously fell
under the disestablished Kungwini Local Municipality (Kungwini). In terms of the
valuation rolls, the City categorised the properties in Lombardy Estate as ‘vacant’.
These properties were previously categorised by Kungwini as ‘residential’. The rates
charged on vacant properties attract far greater revenue for the City, than those
categorised as residential. Consequently, the ratepayers received invoices from the

2City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and Others [2018]
ZASCA 77; [2018] 3 All SA 605 (SCA).
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City, reflecting massive increases in their liability for imposed rates, by as much as
700% of what they originally paid under Kungwini. 3

[6] The Lombardy Development (Pty) Ltd and 13 property owners in Lombardy
Estate, instituted review proceedings in the high court, wherein they sought a
declaration of invalidity and the setting aside of the City’s valuation rolls in terms of
which the City had unlawfully categorised their properties as ‘vacant’. The
unlawfulness of the categorisation was as a result of the City failing to comply with
the public consultation process provided for in s 49 of the Rates Act, when preparing
the valuation rolls. On 31 May 2016, the high court declared invalid and set aside the
impugned valuation rolls, in terms of which the properties were categorised as
vacant.

[7] Three of the Lombardy orders relevant to the issues raised in this appeal,
read as follows:4
‘1 . . .
2 The respondent’s [the City’s] 2012 supplementary valuation roll is declared invalid and set
aside to the extent that it recategorises as “Vacant” properties situated in the municipal area
of the former Kungwini local municipality formerly categorised as “Residential” (the affected
properties).
3 The respondent’s 2013 general valuation roll, and all subsequent valuation rolls of the
respondent are declared invalid and set aside to the extent that they categorise the affected
properties as “Vacant” unless and until the affected properties are lawfully re-categorised as
such. (Own emphasis.)
4 The imposition of the assessment rate applicable to vacant land on those of the affected
properties which belonged to the applicants on 28 June 2013, the date upon which this
review application was instituted, is declared invalid and set aside.’

[8] Paragraph 4 of the order concerned the assessment rate of vacant land that
was imposed as a result of the categorisation introduced by the impugned valuation
rolls. Tuchten J limited paragraph 4 of the declaratory order to the property rates of
the applicants before him. In its judgment the court reasoned that the declaration of
invalidity of the assessed rates would not extend to all affected properties in the

3 Ibid para 5.
4 Ibid para 10.
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area, because the court knew nothing of the circumstances of the property owners
who were not before it.

[9] This Court in the City of Tshwane confirmed the invalidity and the setting
aside of the valuation rolls. It also considered whether the judgment granted by
Tuchten J was confined to the properties owned by the Lombardy applicants. It held
that it was not, and stated in paragraph 28 of its judgment:
‘. . . What is more, the City’s complaint misconstrues the nature and effect of the high court’s
judgment. For, whilst a judgment in personam relates only to the rights inter se the parties
before the court and binds only the parties to the proceedings, one in rem fixes the status of
the matter in the litigation. A Judgment in rem has effect against the whole world – inter
omnes and not merely as between parties to the litigation before the court. As the judgment
pronounced upon the status of the particular subject-matter of the litigation in this case, it is
one in rem and is conclusive against all persons whether parties or strangers to the
litigation.’5 (Own emphasis.)

Wecanwin’s case
[10] Emboldened by the success of the property owners in Lombardy, Wecanwin
and its members demanded that the City place them in the same position as the
applicants in Lombardy concerning the relief granted in paragraph 4 of the order.
That included claims for refunds of overcharged rates. The City declined to do so, on
the ground that paragraph 4 read with paragraphs 7 and 9 of the Lombardy order,
related only to the applicants before the high court in that application.
Correspondence exchanged between Wecanwin and the City on this issue failed to
yield a mutually acceptable solution.

[11] In 2017, Wecanwin approached the high court, seeking a declaratory order
that the City’s refusal to comply with Tuchten J's judgment and order, read with ’City
of Tshwane, was unlawful. In support of this relief, Wecanwin contended that since
the judgment by Tuchten J in Lombardy, was accepted by this Court as one in rem, it
applied to all affected properties in Lombardy Estate. Therefore the setting aside of
the valuation rolls affected the categorisation of all properties in Lombardy Estate.

5Tshabalala v Johannesburg City Council 1962 (4) SA 367 (t) at 368H-369A; Pattni v Ali [2007] 2 AC
85 para 21.
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Consequently, the declaration of invalidity of the valuation rolls reversed the

categorisation of the properties from ‘vacant’ to ‘residential’. Wecanwin contended
that the City was obliged to charge rates on the basis that the properties were
categorised as residential until the situation was regularised.

[12] The City in response contended in essence that it is bound by the

‘Oudekraal’6 principle that ‘an unlawful act can produce legally effective
consequences, is constitutionally sustainable, and indeed necessary. Therefore, the
imposition of the vacant land rates for Wecanwin stands with legal consequences up
until it is successfully challenged in the right proceedings and set aside by a court of
law’.

[13] Wecanwin did not seek relief in the form of a review. It sought a declaratory
order that the City refused to comply with the orders in Lombardy, which this Court
characterised as a judgment in rem. It appears from paragraph 3 of the Wecanwin
judgment of Potterill J, that the crux of the matter as she understood the declaratory
relief sought, was not an attack on the imposed vacant land rates charged by the
City. In that instance, Wecanwin would have had to institute an application to review
and set aside the imposition of the rates. The high court understood the question
posed in the Wecanwin application as being ‘whether the Tuchten [J] order, as
confirmed by the SCA-order, is applicable to the applicants before me as non-parties
to the Tuchten [J] order and can be extended to Wecanwin’. Potterill J extended
paragraph 4 of the Lombardy orders, essentially directing the City to refund
Wecanwin the overcharged rates of the vacant land categorisation. (Own emphasis.)

[14] Therefore, the issue in this appeal turns on whether it was necessary for
Wecanwin to institute review proceedings for the relief they sought, despite the
finding made by this Court in paragraph 28 of City of Tshwane. In this appeal, the
City persisted in characterising paragraph 4 of the Lombardy order, as a judgment in
personam and not in rem. Consequently, they contended, that for Wecanwin to
obtain the appropriate relief as in Lombardy, it had to institute review proceedings.

6 Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Others [2004] ZASCA 48; [2004] 3 All SA 1
(SCA); 2004 (6) SA 222 (SCA).
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For the reasons that follow, I find the City’s contentions to be unmeritorious and
misplaced.

[15] First, the City in the present appeal, again inexplicably misconstrued or
ignored paragraphs 28 and 29 of City of Tshwane. In paragraph 28 of that judgment
quoted above, this Court stated unequivocally that the Lombardy judgment was one
in rem. The Court further stated:
‘…As the judgment pronounced upon the status of the particular subject-matter of the
litigation in this case, it is one in rem and is conclusive against all persons whether parties or
strangers to the litigation.’ (Own emphasis.)

[16] This Court went on to explain in paragraph 29 of City of Tshwane:

‘The high court’s order must be interpreted contextually and not by peering at words in a
paragraph of the order in isolation. The context includes the application papers and the
judgment of the court as a whole. Such an approach solves any ostensible difficulties in
interpreting and implementing paragraph 7 of the order. It is plain from the context that the
respondents’ grievance was not concerned with the particular level of the rate levied against
their properties (in the sense of the rate of cents in the rand made applicable to vacant
property) but with the re-categorisation of these properties as ‘vacant’, thereby attracting the
higher vacant land rate. Until properly re-categorised, the respondents contend that the
City’s residential rate should be charged in respect of their properties, and they tendered to
pay that rate. That, as the judgment makes clear, is what the high court means by its order
that the “rate” previously applicable must be levied in the former Kungwini area until the City
remedies the defects in its process of re-categorisation. In other words, the Kungwini vacant
properties must be rated at the rate that in terms of the City’s current rates resolution is
applicable to residential properties, whatever that rate is from time to time.’ (Own emphasis.)

[17] Lombardy, therefore, adjudicated a complaint against the categorisation of the

properties in Lombardy Estate as vacant. The high court in Lombardy had, in
paragraphs 2 and 3 of its order, declared invalid and set aside the categorisation in
the valuation rolls, of the properties as ‘vacant’, which concern all affected properties
in Lombardy Estate, including those of Wecanwin members. The last sentence of
paragraph 29 of City of Tshwane, (as quoted in the preceding paragraph of this
judgment) accurately captures the essence of the declaratory relief sought by
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Wecanwin. In the circumstances, it is unnecessary for Wecanwin to institute a review

application to invalidate that which has already been declared invalid.

[18] Second, it seems there is a growing trend by some parties in litigation, to

irresistibly seek refuge in the Oudekraal7 principle, and in the process distort the
court’s reasoning in that seminal judgment. The City in this appeal did exactly that,
by contending that the imposition of vacant land rates on the respondent’s properties
stands until set aside by a court. This principle is not applicable in this case and
therefore this contention is not correct.

[19] This Court in Seale v Van Rooyen NO and Others; Provincial Government,
North West Province v Van Rooyen NO and Others8 (Seale) held as follows:
‘Thus, the proper enquiry in each case – at least at first – is not whether the initial act was
valid but rather whether its substantive validity was a necessary precondition for the validity
of consequent acts. If the validity of consequent acts is dependent on no more than the
factual existence of the initial act, then the consequent act will have legal effect initial for so
long as the act is not set aside by a competent court.
…
(T)he reliance by counsel on the decision in Oudekraal, [is] misplaced. As appears from the
italicized part of the judgment just quoted, the analysis was accepted by this court as being
limited to a consideration of the validity of a second act performed consequent upon a first
invalid act, pending a decision whether the first act is to be set aside or permitted to stand.
This court did not in Oudekraal suggest that the analysis was relevant to the latter decision.
…I think it is clear from Oudekraal, and it must in my view follow, that if the first act is set
aside, a second act that depends for its validity on the first act must be invalid as the legal
foundation for its performance was non-existent…’ (Footnotes omitted.)

[20] In Corruption Watch NPC v President of the Republic of South Africa9

(Corruption Watch), the Oudekraal principle as clarified in Seale, was cited with
approval and accepted by the Constitutional Court. The Court held as follows:

7 Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Others [2004] ZASCA 48; [2004] 3 All SA 1
(SCA); 2004 (6) SA 222.
8 Seale v Van Rooyen NO and Others; Provincial Government, North West Province v Van Rooyen

NO and Others [2008] ZASCA 28; [2008] 3 All SA 245 (SCA); 2008 (4) SA 43 (SCA) para 13.
9 Corruption Watch NPC and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others [2018]

ZACC 23; 2018 (10) BCLR 1179 (CC) para 34.

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‘In Kirland this court accepted what was decided in Seale. Writing for the majority, Cameron
J had this to say: “In Seale… the court, applying Oudekraal, held that acts performed on the
basis of the validity of a prior act are themselves invalid if and when the first decision is set
aside…(T)he court rightly rejected an argument, in misconceived reliance on Oudekraal, that
the later (second) act could remain valid despite the setting aside of the first.” ‘‘it is clear from
Oudekraal…that if the first act is set aside, a second act that depends for its validity on the
first act must be invalid as the legal foundation for its performance was non-existent.’

[21] Construed in its proper context, Oudekraal addresses a situation where the
substantive validity of the one act is a necessary pre-condition of the validity of the
consequent second act, in two instances. The first is where a court declares conduct
invalid but does not set aside that conduct.10 In such a case, the consequent conduct
whose validity is dependent on the conduct declared invalid, remains valid. A
challenge to the validity or otherwise of the consequent conduct, would require
review proceedings. In the second instance where the court declares conduct invalid
and sets it aside, the consequent conduct dependent on the invalidated conduct also
becomes invalid and is set aside. (Emphasis added.)

[22] Applying this principle to the issue in this appeal, as dealt with in Lombardy;
the imposed rates were determined on the basis of the categorisation of the
properties in Lombardy Estate as ‘vacant’. The validity of the imposed rates
depended on the categorisation. When the court in Lombardy declared the
categorisation invalid and set it aside, the imposed rates as a consequence of the
categorisation also became invalid. There is thus no need for an application to
review and set them aside again, as the City contends. (Emphasis added.)

[23] Third, the City has a misconceived notion of its duty and role as a sphere of
local government. Despite being a constitutional structure, the City supinely assumes
that the duty to correct its unlawful conduct lies with those adversely affected by that
conduct, in this instance, the property owners. The Constitutional Court has, in at
least three cases, addressed this misconception.

10In such an instance, the court may decide to invoke the provisions of s 172(1)(b) of the Constitution
Act 1996, to make any order that is just and equitable, as an alternative to setting aside the invalid
conduct.
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(a) In Njongi v Member of the Executive Council, Department of Welfare, Eastern

Cape11 (Njongi), the Constitutional Court stated:
‘…Indeed, the Provincial Government should have taken proactive measures to fully
reinstate every improperly cancelled social grant. This is a necessary consequence of the
duty of every organ of State to “assist and protect the courts to ensure the … dignity … and
effectiveness of the courts.” It would also be mandated by the constitutional injunction that
an order of court binds all organs of State to which it applies acceptable. The Provincial
Government had every right to appeal the order in Bushula. Once it did not do so however, it
had the duty in my view to ensure full redress for every person in the position of Mr
Bushula…’

(b) In Khumalo and Another v MEC for Education, KwaZulu-Natal,12 the

Constitutional Court held thus:
‘Section 195 provides for a number of important values to guide decision-makers in the
context of public-sector employment. When, as in this case, a responsible functionary is
enlightened of a potential irregularity, section 195 lays a compelling basis for the founding of
a duty on the functionary to investigate and, if need be, to correct any unlawfulness through
the appropriate avenues. This duty is founded, inter alia, in the emphasis on accountability
and transparency in section 195(1)(f) and (g) and the requirement of a high standard of
professional ethics in section 195(1)(a). Read in the light of the founding value of the rule of
law in section 1(c) of the Constitution, these provisions found not only standing in a public
functionary who seeks to review through a court process a decision of its own department,
but indeed they found an obligation to act to correct the unlawfulness, within the boundaries
of the law and the interests of justice.’ (Emphasis added.)

(c) In Merafong City Local Municipality v Anglo Gold Ashanti Limited,13 the
Constitutional Court held:
‘. . . state functionaries are enjoined to uphold and protect the rule of law by, inter alia,
seeking the redress of their departments’ unlawful decisions. Generally, it is the duty of a
state functionary to rectify unlawfulness. The courts have a duty “to insist that the state, in all
its dealings, operates within the confines of the law and, in so doing, remains accountable to

11 Njongi v Member of Executive Council, Department of Welfare, Eastern Cape [2008] ZACC 4; 2008
(6) BCLR 571 (CC); 2008 (4) SA 237 (CC) paras 16-18.
12 Khumalo and Another v MEC for Education, KwaZulu-Natal [2013] ZACC 45; 2014 (3) BCLR 333

(CC); (2014) 35 ILJ 613 (CC) 2014 (5) SA 579 (CC) paras 35 and 36.
13 Merafong Local Municipality v AngloGold Ashanti Limited [2016] ZACC 35; 2017 (2) BCLR 182

(CC); 2017 (2) SA 211 (CC) para 61.

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those on whose behalf it exercises power”. Public functionaries “must, where faced with an
irregularity in the public administration, in the context of employment or otherwise, seek to
redress it”. Not to do so may spawn confusion and conflict, to the detriment of the
administration and the public. A vivid instance is where the President himself has sought
judicial correction for a process misstep in promulgating legislation.’

[24] More pointedly, this Court in City of Tshwane remarked at the end of
paragraph 21 as follows:
‘. . . It cannot plausibly be so that the City proceeded to arrange its affairs in the confident
expectation that ratepayers would not challenge its conduct. Indeed, the City does not even
attempt to suggest what other remedy might be preferable from the standpoint of justice and
equity other that the court should decline to set aside the 2012 valuation roll.’ (Own
emphasis.)
The duty to correct the invalidation and setting aside of the unlawful conduct and its
consequences, rests with the City and not with the Lombardy Estate ratepayers.
Where necessary, it is the City that must approach courts for appropriate relief, in
order to self-correct,14 and not wait to be challenged.

[25] Tuchten J’s reasons to exclude all affected property owners in paragraph 4 of
his order in Lombardy, were based on the absence of the factual circumstances of
Wecanwin members before him, and not on a point of law. The City is in possession
of the records of accounts and information as to the circumstances of all property
owners in Lombardy Estate. As such, it is in a position to adjust the accounts and
give effect to the high court’s order in relation to all affected properties. Wecanwin
members are, for reason of equity, entitled to the same relief as the applicants in
Lombardy. Section 3(1) of the Rates Act provides that ‘(T)he council of a municipality
must adopt a policy consistent with this Act on the levying of rates on rateable
property in the municipality.’ Sub-section (3)(a) thereof provides that ‘A rates policy
must treat persons liable for rates equitably.’ This section invokes the right to
equality and equal treatment before the law, as provided for in s 9 of the Constitution
of the Republic of South Africa, 199615. Therefore, the City has a legal duty in terms

14 State Information Technology Agency Soc Ltd v Gijima Holdings (Pty) Ltd [2017] ZACC 40 (CC);
2018 (2) SA 23 (CC).
15 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.
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of its policy on the levying of rates on rateable properties, to treat persons liable for
rates equitably.

[26] To conclude, first the City has misconstrued the thrust of the Lombardy
judgments and orders in the high court and this Court. The Lombardy case was
about the categorisation of the properties from residential to vacant, based on the
impugned valuation rolls. Second, the declaration of invalidity and setting aside of
the valuation rolls and their categorisation of the properties as vacant, had the
consequence that the rates imposed on vacant properties were also invalid and set
aside. There was thus no need for Wecanwin or any property owner in Lombardy
Estate to institute review proceedings to have any valuation, categorisation, or the
imposed property rates declared invalid and set aside. Third, where it is found to
have acted unlawfully, the City has the duty to correct that unlawful act and its
deleterious consequences. The City’s conduct in declining to do so is deprecated.
Therefore, for reasons stated in this judgment, I ineluctably conclude that the City’s
appeal must fail.

[27] In view of the City’s failure in their duty, to proactively take measures to
correct their unlawful conduct, and in particular the consequences thereof as far as
the rates are concerned, Wecanwin had to unnecessarily incur the costs of litigation.
The costs in this appeal should therefore follow the result.

[28] The following order shall issue:

The appeal is dismissed with costs, including costs of two counsel.

_________________
S P MOTHLE
JUDGE OF APPEAL
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Appearances

For the appellant: T Strydom SC with L Kotze

Instructed by: Mothle Jooma Sabdia Inc., Pretoria
Symington De Kok Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For the respondent: N Ferreira with A Molver

Instructed by: Adams & Adams Attorneys, Pretoria
Phatshoane Henny Attorneys, Bloemfontein