LECTURE 4 OF 5

1.0 INTEGRATION
SUBTOPIC : 1.4 Definite Integrals
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to

a) use the properties of definite integral.

b) evaluate definite integrals.
c) find the area of a region bounded by:
i) a curve and the x or y axis
ii) two curves
iii) a line and a curve.
a) Use the properties of definite integral
b
1)  a
c dx  c(b  a) where c is a constant
b b b
2)  a
[ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx   a
f ( x) dx   a
g ( x) dx
b b
3)  a
c f ( x) dx  c
a
f ( x) dx where c is a constant
b a
4)  a
f ( x) dx   
b
f ( x) dx
a
5)  a
f ( x) dx  0
c b c
6)  a
f ( x) dx   a
f ( x) dx  b
f ( x) dx where a  b  c
Example 1
3 11 3
If  1
f ( x) dx  5 , 
3
f ( x) dx  24 and 
1
g ( x) dx  7 ,

Evaluate the following definite integrals.

1
a)  f ( x) dx
1
1
b)  f ( x) dx
3
3
c)  6 f ( x) dx
1
3
d )  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx
1

11
e)  f ( x) dx
1
Solution
11 3

3

1
f ( x) dx  5 , 
3
f ( x) dx  24 , 1
g ( x) dx  7

1
a)  f ( x) dx  0
1

1 3
b)  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
3 1

 5
3 3
c)  6 f ( x) dx  6 f ( x) dx
1 1

 6(5)
 30
 11 3

3

1
f ( x) dx  5 , 
3
f ( x) dx  24 , 1
g ( x) dx  7

3 3 3
d )  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
1 1 1

 57
 12

11 3 11
e)  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
1 1 3

 5  24
 29
b) Evaluate definite integrals

f ( x) dx  F ( x)
b

b
a a

 F (b)  F (a)
Example 2
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
5
a)  ( x  2) 2 dx
3

2
b)  2 xe dx x2
0

e
c)  ln x dx
1

3 3
d) 
0 ( x  1)( x  4)
dx
Solution
5
5  ( x  2) 
3
a)  ( x  2) dx  
2

3
 3 3
(5  2)3 (3  2)3
 
3 3
1
9
3
26

3
 2 4
b)  2 xe dx   eu du
x2
Let u  x 2
0 0

e u 4
0
du
dx
 2x

 e 4  e0 du  2 x dx
 e4  1 x 0, u  ( 0) 2
0
x 2, u  ( 2) 2
4
 1   u dv  uv   v du
c)  ln x dx  (ln x)( x)  
e e e
1
( x)  dx 
1 1
x  u  ln x
 x ln x   1 dx
e e
1 du 1
1

dx x
 e ln e  1ln1  x1
e

1
 e(1)  1(0)  [e  1] du  dx
x
 e  0  e 1 dv  dx
1 v   1 dx
vx
 3 3
d) 0 ( x  1)( x  4)
dx

3 A B
 
( x  1)( x  4) x  1 x  4
3  A( x  4)  B( x  1)
x  1 : 3  A(1  4)
3  A(3)
A 1
x  4 : 3  B(4  1)
3  B(3)
B  1
 3 1 1
 
( x  1)( x  4) x  1 x  4
3 3 3 1 1

0 ( x  1)( x  4)
dx  
0 x 1

x4
dx

 ln x  1  ln x  4 0
3

 ln 3  1  ln 3  4   ln 0  1  ln 0  4 

 ln 4  ln 7  ln 1  ln 4
 0.827
c i) Find the area of a region bounded by a
curve and the x axis

Area under a curve can be computed using

definite integration.

If f is continuous throughout [a, b] , then the

area of the region between the curve y = f(x)
and the x-axis from x = a to x = b is given by

b
Area   a
y dx
Area : bounded by a curve and the x- axis

y y
y=f(x) a b
x

x y=f(x)
a b
b b
Area   y dx Area   y dx
a a

Notes : Area is always positive

Example 3
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y  x 2 , the lines x  1 , x  2 and x-axis.
Solution
b
y y x 2
Area   a
y dx

2
Area   1
x 2 dx
2
x x  3
0 1 2  
 3 1
(2) 3 (1) 3
 
3 3
7
 unit 2
3
c i) Find the area of a region bounded by a
curve and the y axis

If g is continuous throughout [c, d] , then the

area of the region between the curve x = g(y)
and the y-axis from y = c to y = d is given by

d
Area   x dy
c
Area : bounded by a curve and the y axis
y
y
d d
x=g(y) x=g(y)
c c
x x
d d
Area   x dy Area   x dy
c c

Notes : Area is always positive

Example 4
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
x  y 2 , the lines y  0 , y  2 and y-axis.
Solution
d
y Area   x dy
x y 2 c

2
2 Area   0
y 2 dy
2
x y  3
0  
 3 0
(2) 3 (0) 3
 
3 3
8
 unit 2
3
c ii) Find the area of a region bounded by two
curves

If f and g are continuous y

with f(x) ≥ g(x) throughout
[a, b] , then the area of the y1=f(x)
region between the curves
y1 = f(x) and y2 = g(x) from
x = a to x = b is given by y2=g(x)

b
Area   ( y1  y2 ) dx a b x
a
If f and g are
continuous with y
f(y) ≥ g(y) throughout
[c, d], then the area of
d
the region between the
curves x1 = f(y) and x2=g(y) x1=f(y)

x2 = g(y) from
y = c to y = d is given
by c

d x
Area   ( x1  x2 ) dy
c
Example 5
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y  x 2 and y  x .
Solution
y y  x2 (1)
yx 2

y x (2)
y x (1)  (2) :

x x2  x
0 1
( x 2 )2  ( x )2
x4  x
x4  x  0
x( x3  1)  0
x  0 or x3  1
x 1
 1 b
Area   x  x dx
2
Area   ( y1  y2 ) dx
0 a
1
1
  x  x 2 dx
2
0
1
 3 
 x2 x 
3
  
3 3
 
2 0
1
2 1 3
3
 x  x 2

3 3 0
 2 32 1 3   2 32 1 3 
  (1)  (1)    (0)  (0) 
3 3  3 3 
1
 unit 2
3
c iii) Find the area of a region bounded by a
line and a curve

Example 6
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
x  y 2 and the line y  2  x .
Solution
y x  y2 (1)
x  y2 y  x  2 ( 2)
1 Substitute (1) into (2)
x y   y2  2
0
y  2 x
2 y2  y  2  0
( y  2)( y  1)  0
y  2 or y  1

For y  2  x
x  2 y
 d
Area   ( x1  x2 ) dy
c

1
Area   (2  y)  y 2 dy
2

1
 2  y  y 2 dy
2
1
 y y 2 3
 2 y   
 2 3  2

 (1) 2 (1)3   (2) 2 (2)3 

 2(1)     2(2)   
 2 3   2 3 
9
 unit 2
2