What is Integration ?

The reverse process of differentiation 0R also

known as anti – differentiation.
differentiation
There are two types of integrals :
Differentiation / Derivative
Indefinite integrals
Integrate
f with
 f x dx  F x   C y  f (x ) dy
respect to dx
x
Definite integrals Integration / Anti- derivatives
(Reverse process of
p
 f x dx  FIntegrate
p   F q 
differentiation)

q
f continuously
from x = p to x = q
 d
1. Given [ax 2  3]  2ax , work out the following integrals:
dx

Solution
4
a)  2ax dx b)  2ax dx
1
d
Since [ax 2  3]  2ax;
 
4
2 4
dx
 2ax dx  ax 1  a( 4)2  a(1)2

2
 2ax dx  ax  C 1

 16a  a  15a
 s

2. Given F(s) = 23 and F(t) = 49, evaluate  f ( x ) dx

t

Solution

3. If  f ( x ) dx  F ( x )  C , where C is a constant, then

d
F ( x )  C   ?
dx
Solution
There are certain rules in integration
1.  m dx  mx  C, m is a constant
n 1
x

2. x n dx 
n 1
C

3.  ax  b  dx 
n ax  b n 1
C
an  1
4.  f x   g x  dx   f x dx   g x dx

5.  k f x dx  k  f x dx
 Ex 2 pg
118 – 119
Work out the following indefinite integrals.
Solution

4

a)  7 dx  7 x  C e)  5
dx

x 10 1 x 11
b)  x 10
dx 
10  1
C 
11
C 
f) x 9 dx

c)  4 x  11 dx 
4 x  11
7
7 1
C 
4 x  11
8
C
g) 
3
x 5 dx
47  1 32
h.  3  8 x  dx
6
3
d)  x 3 dx   x2 dx
i. 
1
7
dx
3 5 x
1 5
x 2 x2
2 1

3
C 
5
C  x2 C
5
j.  2  5 x  4
dx
1
2 2
 Ex 3 pg
120 – 122
By using the properties of integrals, determine
the following:
Solution

a.  1  x dx   1dx   x dx 
 1 
 
c.  x 2  3 dx  x 2 dx  x 3dx
 x 
2
x
x C x 3  x 2 
2     C
3   2 
b.     
3 x 5  4 x 2  7 dx  3 x 5dx  4 x 2dx  7 dx
x 3 x 2
  C
 x6   x3  3 2
 3   4   7 x  C
 6   3 
x6 4 3
  x  7x  C
2 3
 Ex 3 pg
120 – 122
By using the properties of integrals, determine
the following:
Solution

d.  2 x 5  2 x 3  9 dx 43  2 x 
5 1
  e. 43  2 x  dx 

5
C
5
25  1
2  x2  
dx  2 x 3 dx  9 dx

3  2x 
6
C
 7 3
x2   x4  8
 2  7 x  dx  82  7 x 

4
 2   2   9 x  C f. dx
 7  4 4

 2 
4 7 x4
 x   9x  C
7 2
 Ex 3 pg
120 – 122
By using the properties of integrals, determine
the following:
Solution

 2x  3 
 x7 

g. 11x  dx 4
 h.  8 dx
 2 
 2x 3  4   3 
i. 
 x
3
 dx

 

j.  43 x 5  5 x  2  dx
x 
7 x  36  3 x 2  x  13 dx
  3x  2x   6dx
4
k. l.
4
3
7
3x  4x x 2  2x
m.  x 2
dx n.  x
dx
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin f x   cot f x 
1. cos f x dx 
 C 4. cos ec f x dx 

2
C
f x  f x 
 cos f x  sec f x 
2. sin f x dx 
 C 5. sec f x  tan f x dx 
 C
f x  f x 
tan f x   cscf x 
3. sec f x dx 

2
C 6. cscf x cot f x dx 
 C
f x  f x 

 f(x) must be a linear function.

 Ex 4 pg
123 – 124
Solve the following integrals.
Solution

 csc 7s 
a.  cos x  sin x dx d. csc 7s cot 7s ds 
 7
C
  cos x dx   sin x dx e.  csc 5 x   2dx   csc 5 x dx   2 dx
2 2

 sin x   cos x   C  cot 5 x 

 sin x  cos x  C   2x  C
5

b. sec 2  d f. sin3 x  1dx

 tan   C g.  sec 4  tan4   3 d
c. cos3 x dx
 h.  9  sec 2 x  tan2 x dx
sin3 x  sin3 x  Tut 4.2 pg
 C  C sin x
d 3 x  3 i.  2
dx 284 – 285
cos x
dx
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
f x  e f x 
e dx 
f x 
C

RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS
1
1.
xdx  ln x  C

1 1
2. 
ax  b
dx  ln ax  b  C
a
 f(x) must be a linear function.
 Ex 5 pg
124 – 126
Determine the following integrals.
Solution

 e dx  e  C  e 3 x 5 
 e 
x x
a.

3 x 5
g.  x  3 x  dx  .e  x  3 x dx
b.  7e dx  7e  C
x x  e 

 
4 2 x 5 e 2 x 5 3 x 2
 e  3 x dx   C
 
3 x
d. 3x
dx  4e dx 2 2
e
2 

d
4e 3 x
C  
4
3x
C 3

i.  e t  t dt

 3 x  3e
dx  3 
e 2 x 3 
k.  2 x  2e 2 x dx
 5e 

2 x 3
e. e dx  C
 8e 
d
2 x  3  l. 2 x 3
 e 4 x dx
dx
e 2 x 3 2e 4 x 1 Tut 4.2 pg

2
C n.  e 2x
dx 285 – 286
 Ex 6 pg
127
Determine the following integrals.
Solution
1 2
a.  x
dx  ln x  C e. 
3x
dx

6  1 
b.  x
dx  6 ln x  C

f .   3t 2 dt
 6t 
1 ln 3 x  2 1 7
c.  3x  2
dx 
d
 C  ln 3 x  2  C
3
g.  dx
3 x  2 x 1
dx
 4 
3 3 ln 6t  5 3 h.  
 8x  2
 2e 2 x  dx
d.  6t  5
dt 
d
 C  ln 6t  5  C
6

6t  5 
dt
1
 ln 6t  5  C
2 Tut 4.2 pg
287
A PRODUCT or QUOTIENT of 2 functions can be
integrate by using a few techniques such as:
Integration by substitutions
Integration by parts
Integration by partial fractions
 Substitution Method
Used to transform integration problems into
simpler ones.
Let us consider a new variable and by using the
Chain Rule;
d
F g x   F g x .g x 
dx Therefore,
 f g x .g x 

then let g x   u  f g x .g x dx   f u du

 F u   C
du
g x    du  g x dx  F g x   C
dx
Summary of the procedure of finding the integration
by substitution;
Choose a
substitution u.

du
Calculate
dx

Use the substitution to

simplify
 f x dx

No

Is the result
integral easier Try a different
to evaluate? substitution of u.

Yes

Evaluate it.

Rewrite the substitution in

term of x.
 Ex 7 pg
128 – 129
Determine the following integrals.
Solution
Tut 4.1 pg
287
a.  3 x  2 5
dx
Step 1: Let u  3 x  2 Choose u,
du 1 differentiate
 3  du  dx
dx 3
5 1
Step 2:
 3 x  2 5
dx   . du
u Substitute u into
3 the function
1 Integrate u
Step 3: 
3 u 5 du
respectively to
1  u6  u.
   C
3  6 
Rewrite the function
1
Step 4:  3 x  26  C in terms of x.
18
 Ex 7 pg
128 – 129
Determine the following integrals.
Solution
Tut 4.3 pg
288 – 291
  
10
b. x x2  1 dx
Step 1: Let u  x 2  1 Choose u,
du 1 differentiate
 2x  du  dx
dx 2x

  10 1
Step 2: x x2  1 dx   xu 10 .
2x
du Substitute u into
the function
1 Integrate u
Step 3: 
2 
u 10 du
respectively to
1  u 11  u.
   C
2  11 
Rewrite the function
Step 4: 
1
22
11
x2  1  C  in terms of x.
 Ex 7 pg
128 – 129
Determine the following integrals.
Solution
Tut 4.3 pg
2
9x 288 – 291
c.  x 3
2 
10
dx

Step 1: Let u  x 3  2 Choose u,

du du differentiate
 3x 2  2
 dx
dx 3x
9x 2
9 x 2 du Substitute u into
Step 2:  3
x 2
10
dx 
 u 10 3 x 2  the function
Integrate u
Step 3:

 3u 10 du respectively to
u.
 u 9 
 3  C Rewrite the function

 9 in terms of x.
Step 4:
1
 
9
  x3  2  C  
1
C
3 3
3 x 2
9
 
 Ex 7 pg
128 – 129
Determine the following integrals.

Solution Tut 4.3 pg

288 – 291
d.   
x 2 sec 2 x 3 dx
Step 1: Let u  Choose u,
du differentiate

dx
Substitute u into
Step 2:
the function
Integrate u
Step 3: respectively to
u.
Rewrite the function
in terms of x.
Step 4:
 Ex 7 pg
128 – 129
Determine the following integrals.

Solution Tut 4.3 pg

288 – 291
e.  cos x e sin x dx
x 1
f.  x 2
 2x  3 
4
dx

x 1
g.  2
x  2x
dx

sin x
h.  1  cos x
dx
 Integration by parts
Simplifying integrals of the form  f x g x dx
It’s useful when f(x) can be differentiated repeatedly
& g(x) can be integrated repeatedly without
difficulty.
The formula for integration by parts is:
 f x g x dx  f x g x   f x g x dx
  u dv  uv   v du

2 guideline may be used to choose u and dv;

u is normally chosen such that du/dx is of a
simpler form than u.
dv is normally chosen such that ∫dv is easily
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
a.  x cos x dx 292 – 296
Step 1: u  x dv  cos x dx Identify u & dv
du
Step 2: dx
1  dv   cos x dx
Diff u, Integrate
du  dx v  sin x dv
 u dv  uv   v du Substitute into the
Step 3:  x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx formula & solve it
 x sin x   cos x   C
 x sin x  cos x  C
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:

Solution Tut 4.4 pg

292 – 296
b.  x 2e x dx

Step 1: u  x2 dv  e x dx Identify u & dv

du
Step 2: dx
 2x  
dv  e x dx
x
Diff u, Integrate
du  2 x dx v e dv
 u dv  uv   v du Substitute into the
formula & use
Step 3:  x e dx  x e  2 xe
2 x 2 x x
dx integration by parts
again
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
 xe x dx

Step 4: ux dv  e x dx Identify u & dv

du
dx
1  
dv  e x dx
Diff u, Integrate
du  dx v  ex dv

 u dv  uv   v du Substitute into
the formula
 xe dx  xe   e dx  xe
x x x x
 ex  C

Step 5:  x e dx  x e  2 xe dx Combine the

2 x 2 x x

result

 x 2e x  2 xe x  e x  C 
 x 2e x  2 xe x  2e x  C
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
c. x x  1 dx

ux dv  x  1 dx
1
Identify u & dv
Step 1: 2

du 1

Step 2: dx
1  dv   x  1 2 dx Diff u, Integrate
2 3 dv
du  dx v  x  12
3
Step 3:  u dv  uv   v du Substitute into the
2  3 2 3

 x x  1 dx  x  x  1  
2
 x  1 2 dx formula & solve it
3  3
 2  x  12
 
5
2 
 x  x  1      C
3
2

3   3  5 2 

 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
 u dv  uv   v du
Simplify the
 2  x  12
 
5
Step 4: 2 
 x x  1 dx  x  x  1      C answer if
3
2

3   3  5 2 
 possible
2 2  2 5 
x x  12    x  12   C
3

3 3  5 
2 3  2 
 x  12  x  x  1  C
3  5 
2
x  12  3 x  2   C
3

3 5 5
2
x  12 3 x  2  C
3

15
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
d.  x ln x dx Identify u & dv
Step 1: u  ln x dv  x dx
du
Step 2:
dx
  dv   Diff u, Integrate
dv
du  v
Substitute into the
Step 3:
 u dv  uv   v du formula & solve it
 x ln x dx 
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
e.  xe  x dx
Identify u & dv
Step 1: ux dv  e x
dx
du
Step 2:
dx
  dv   Diff u, Integrate
dv
du  v
Substitute into the
Step 3:
 u dv  uv   v du formula & solve it
 xe
x
dx 
 Ex 8 pg
131 – 132
Work out each of the following:
Solution Tut 4.4 pg
292 – 296
f.  e x cos x dx
Identify u & dv
Step 1: u dv 
du
Step 2:
dx
  dv   Diff u, Integrate
dv
du  v
Substitute into the
Step 3:  
u dv  uv  v du
formula & solve it