Fungi

Diversity of
Microorganims:
Fungi
Fungi?
• Niether plant or animal
• Can be single celled or very
complex multicellular
organisns.
• found in just about any YEAST MOULD
habitat but mainly

terrestrial.
• Refered as decomposers,
some are plant parasites to
plants.
MUSHROOM
Characterisitcs of Fungi?
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Cell wall contains chitin - a
complex carbohydrate
similar to the one found in
the exoskeletons of
insentcs and crustaceans.
Characterisitcs of Fungi?
• Multicellular or Unicellular
• Reproduces through
spores, which are produced
either sexually or asexually.
• Most fungi grow as thread
l-like structures called
hyphae, which are dense
networks called myceliun
which penetrates and
absord nutrients from their
substrate
Fungal Life Cycle
A generalized life cycle typically involves
several stages:
• Spore Dispersal
• Germination
• Vegetative Growth
• Reproductive Structures
Formation
• Spore Formation
• Spore Dispersal and
Germination
A generalized life cycle typically involves
several stages:
• Spore Dispersal
• Germination
• Vegetative Growth
• Reproductive Structures
Formation
• Spore Formation
• Spore Dispersal and
Germination
Three Life Systems
• Saprotrophic Fungi: decomposers that
obtain nutrients by breaking down dead
organic matter.
• Mycorrhizal Fungi: form symbiotic
associations with the roots of plants, the
fungus helps the plant absorb water and
nutrients from the soil, while the plant
provides the fungus with carbohydrates
produced through photosynthesis.
• Parasitic Fungi: obtain nutrients from
living organisms, often causing harm or
disease to their hosts.
Types of Fungi
• Multicellular filamentous molds.

• Macroscopic filamentous fungi that form
large fruiting bodies. Sometimes the
group is referred to as ‘mushrooms’, but
the mushroom is just the part of the
fungus we see above ground which is
also known as the fruiting body.
• Single celled microscopic yeasts.
Classification of Fungi
Fungi with basidiospores and a mushroom-shaped fruiting
1 Basidiomycetes
body.
These fungi contain ascospores within a reproductive

2 Ascomycetes
structure called asci.
Structures that establish an interspecific relationship of

3 Glomeromycetes
symbiosis with plants.
It’s the group of commonly known as molds. Its spores are

4 Zygomycetes
called zygospores.
5 Chytridiomycets Includes all microscopic orgamisms.

Basidiomycetes
• Basidiomycetes produce spores

externally on club-shaped structures
called basidia.
• This group includes mushrooms,
bracket fungi, puffballs, and rusts.
• Basidiomycetes are important
decomposers and mycorrhizal
partners with many trees and plants.
Basidiomycetes
• The structure of a typical mushroom basidiocarp
consists of several parts:
⚬ Cap (Pileus): uppermost part of the mushroom,
usually convex but shape cha vary.
⚬ Stem (Stipe): elongated cylindrical structure
that supports the cap.
⚬ Gill (Lamellae): thin, blade-like structures
where spores are produced.
⚬ Veil: cover and protects the developing gills.
⚬ Spore-bearing Structures (Basidia):
microscopic structure found on the surface of
the gills.
⚬ Rhizomorphs or Mycelial Cords: dense, rope-
like structures. Helps the fungus spread
through the substrate.
Ascomycetes
• Characterized by thier reproductie
sttructure called asci (singularL
ascus), which contain spores called
ascospores.
• Key features and characteristics:
⚬ Ascomycetes produce their
spores, called ascospores, within
specialized structures called asci.
⚬ Ascocarps: Ascocarps are the
fruiting bodies of Ascomycetes.
⚬ Conidia: Ascomycetes also
reproduce asexually through the
production of specialized spores
called conidia.
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Neurospora
crassa Aspergillus
Structure of Aspergillus
• Foot cell: The vegetative hyphae are a component of the
foot cell. The hypha obtains the nourishment for its growth
through the foot cell’s attachment to the substrate.
• Conidiophore: It is slender, long, and perpendicular to the
vegetative hyphae or foot cell.
• Vesicle: It has a spherical, elliptical, or club-shaped
structure and forms a layer of phialide cells.
• Conidia: They are an exogenous reproductive component
developed from sterigmata.
• Mycelium: It has a tubular, septate, multinucleated,
multicellular, hyaline, and branched structure.
• Cytoplasm: It has a granular appearance and is composed
of cytoplasmic bodies like the endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes, etc.
Glomeromycetes
• Most glomeromycetes form arbuscular
mycorrhizae, a type of symbiotic
relationship between a fungus and plant
roots; the plants supply a source of
energy to the fungus while the fungus
supplies essential minerals to the plant.
• Glomeromycota that have arbuscular
mycorrhizal are mostly terrestrial, but
can also be found in wetlands.
• The glomeromycetes reproduce
asexually by producing glomerospores
and cannot survive without the presence
of plant roots.
Glomeromycetes
Zygomycetes
• Most zygomycota are saprobes, while a few species are
parasites.
• Zygomycota usually reproduce asexually by producing
sporangiospores.
• Zygomycota reproduce sexually when environmental
conditions become unfavorable.
• To reproduce sexually, two opposing mating strains
must fuse or conjugate, thereby, sharing genetic
content and creating zygospores.
• The resulting diploid zygospores remain dormant and
protected by thick coats until environmental conditions
have improved.
• When conditions become favorable, zygospores
undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores, which will
eventually grow into a new organism.
• zygomycete: an organism of
the phylum Zygomycota
• karyogamy: the fusion of two
nuclei within a cell
• zygospore: a spore formed
by the union of several
zoospores
• conjugation: the temporary
fusion of organisms,
especially as part of sexual
reproduction
Chytridiomycets
• They are usually aquatic and

microscopic.
• They are unique among fungi in having
flagellated spores, called zoospores.
• Chytrids play important roles in
ecosystems as decomposers and
parasites.
• Some species of Chytrids, like
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, are
known to cause diseases in amphibians,
contributing to their global decline.
Chytridiomycets

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Diversity of

habitat but mainly

• Multicellular filamentous molds.

These fungi contain ascospores within a reproductive

Structures that establish an interspecific relationship of

It’s the group of commonly known as molds. Its spores are

5 Chytridiomycets Includes all microscopic orgamisms.

• Basidiomycetes produce spores

• They are usually aquatic and

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