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    FUNGI - 6-Sem112

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    The document discusses fungi. It outlines the general characteristics of true fungi, including that they are eukaryotic, filamentous or unicellular, have cell walls composed of polysaccharides, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. It describes fungal morphology, nutrition, growth forms, and classification. Fungi are classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota based on characteristics like cell structure and reproduction methods. The importance of fungi is also mentioned.

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    FUNGI - 6-Sem112

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    The document discusses fungi. It outlines the general characteristics of true fungi, including that they are eukaryotic, filamentous or unicellular, have cell walls composed of polysaccharides, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. It describes fungal morphology, nutrition, growth forms, and classification. Fungi are classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota based on characteristics like cell structure and reproduction methods. The importance of fungi is also mentioned.

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    The document discusses fungi. It outlines the general characteristics of true fungi, including that they are eukaryotic, filamentous or unicellular, have cell walls composed of polysaccharides, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. It describes fungal morphology, nutrition, growth forms, and classification. Fungi are classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota based on characteristics like cell structure and reproduction methods. The importance of fungi is also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views42 pages

    FUNGI - 6-Sem112

    Uploaded by

    men
    The document discusses fungi. It outlines the general characteristics of true fungi, including that they are eukaryotic, filamentous or unicellular, have cell walls composed of polysaccharides, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. It describes fungal morphology, nutrition, growth forms, and classification. Fungi are classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota based on characteristics like cell structure and reproduction methods. The importance of fungi is also mentioned.

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    of 42

    FUNGI

    DALIA
    SUKMAWATI
    OUTLINE

    After working through this section


    • list the general characteristics of true fungi;
    • Fungal morphology
    • summarise the mode of nutrition exhibited by fungi;
    • describe the main growth forms of fungi;
    • outline the classification of fungi;
    • provide examples to illustrate the importance of fungi.
    General
    Characteristics of
    True Fungi (Mycota or
    Eumycota)

    • All are eukaryotic


    Possess membrane-bound nuclei
    (containing chromosomes) and a
    range of membrane-bound
    cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.
    mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic
    reticulum).
    General
    Characteristics of
    True Fungi (Mycota or
    Eumycota)

    • Most are filamentous


    • Composed of individual
    microscopic filaments
    called hyphae, which
    exhibit apical growth and
    which branch to form a
    network of hyphae called
    a mycelium.
    General
    Characteristics of
    True Fungi (Mycota or
    Eumycota)

    • The mycelium is asexual


    reproduction. It consists
    of a web of hyphae,
    branching or forking
    thread-like structures.
    • responsible for
    absorbing nutrients
    General Characteristics
    of True Fungi (Mycota
    or Eumycota)

    •Some are unicellular


    Like yeast
    •Multicellular
    General
    Characteristics of
    True Fungi (Mycota or
    Eumycota)

    • Protoplasm of a hypha or cell is


    surrounded by a rigid wall.
    • Chemical analysis of fungal walls
    reveals a predominance of
    polysaccharides. In most fungi the
    polysaccharides represent well over
    75 % of the dry weight of the
    walls.Such as β-glucan, cellulose, and
    chitin.
    • Their function is to give the wall
    mechanical rigidity and to maintain its
    shape. R-Glucan: This polysaccharide
    is a typical skeletal cell wall
    constituent in most fungi. It is
    composed of D glucose units mutually
    linked by β-1 ,3- and β-1, 6-glucoside
    bonds.
    Structure
    The wall components
    • Oomycota : cellulosa; β- 1 ,3- and β-1, 6-glucoside bonds
    • Chytridiomycota: chitin; glucan
    • Zygomycota: Chitin; chitosan
    • Ascomycota: Chitin; β- 1 ,3- and β-1, 6-glucoside bonds
    • Basidiomycota: Chitin; β- 1 ,3- and β-1, 6-glucoside bonds

    3/30/2020 8
    CELL WALL
    The cell wall is composed of polysaccharides and proteins and the major
    polysaccharide components are glucan, chitin and chitosan.

    FUNCTION OF CELL WALL


    • Shape of fungi
    • Protect against osmotic lysis
    • It the wall contains pigments (melanin) → protect the cell against
    ultraviolet radiation or the lytic enzymes of other organisms
    • It can have antigenic properties
    .
    Basidiospores: Sexual spores of fungi belonging to
    the Basidiomycota
    General Characteristics
    of True Fungi (Mycota
    or Eumycota)

    • Many reproduce both sexually


    and asexually
    Sexual reproduction:
    Reproduction involving karyogamy and
    meiosis

    Asexual reproduction:
    Reproduction NOT involving karyogamy and
    meiosis
    .

    General
    Characteristics of
    True Fungi (Mycota or
    Eumycota)

    • Many reproduce both sexually


    and asexually
    Sexual reproduction:
    Reproduction involving karyogamy and
    meiosis

    Asexual reproduction:
    Reproduction NOT involving karyogamy and
    meiosis
    Penicellium

    Aspergillus asidus
    Cladosporium Alternata
    General Characteristics
    of True Fungi (Mycota
    or Eumycota)

    • Achlorophyllous: Lacking
    chlorophyll.
    • Heterotroph
    • Possess characteristic range of
    storage compounds
    e.g. trehalose, glycogen, sugar
    alcohols and lipids.
    • May be free-living or may form
    intimate relationships with other
    organisms
    i.e. may be free-living, parasitic or
    mutualistic (symbiotic).
    Fungal Characteristics
    1. All are eukaryotic

    2. Most are filamentous

    3. Some are unicellular


    4. Protoplasm of a hypha or cell is surrounded by a rigid wall
    5. Many reproduce both sexually and asexually
    6. Their nuclei are typically haploid and hyphal compartments
    are often multinucleate
    7. All are achlorophyllous
    8. All are chemoheterotrophic (chemo-organotrophic)
    9. Possess characteristic range of storage compounds
    10. May be free-living or may form intimate relationships with
    other organisms
    OUTLINE

    After working through this section


    • list the general characteristics of true fungi;
    • Fungal morphology
    • summarise the mode of nutrition exhibited by fungi;
    • describe the main growth forms of fungi;
    • outline the classification of fungi;
    • provide examples to illustrate the importance of fungi.
    What is a mould?

    3/30/2020 21
    What is a mould?
    • Fungi which from
    mycelia are called mould
    or filamentous fungi
    • Filaments of fungi are
    called hyphae
    • Diameter is 2-10 µm
    • Example: Rhizopus sp.
    Aspergillus sp.,
    Penicillium sp.

    3/30/2020 22
    What is a mould?
    • Fungal reproduction
    • Anamorph= asexual stage:
    vegetative spores
    (Blastospores : formed by
    Chlamydospores
    budding, arthrospores
    formed by segmentation of
    hyphae, Chlamydospores
    thick walled resting spores
    e.g C. albicans, aerial
    spores
    • Teleomorph= sexual stage:
    Ascospores, basidiospores,
    zygospores
    3/30/2020 23
    Observation of mould?

    3/30/2020 25
    Observation of mould: Slide Culture?

    3/30/2020
    26
    What is a mushroom/ cendawan?
    Characterized by septae hyphae and the production of a basidium
    following sexual reproduction. The basidia (pl. of basidium occur in
    a mycelium callec a basidiocarp andy the produce external
    basidiospore.

    3/30/2020 Dalia Sukmawati 27


    OUTLINE

    After working through this section


    • list the general characteristics of true fungi;
    • Fungal morphology
    • summarise the mode of nutrition exhibited by fungi;
    • describe the main growth forms of fungi;
    • outline the classification of fungi;
    • provide examples to illustrate the importance of fungi.
    Fungal Nutrition
    • ALL fungi are CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC (chemo-organotrophic) -
    synthesising the organic compounds they need for growth and
    energy from pre-existing organic sources in their environment,
    using the energy from chemical reactions.
    • Since their protoplasm is protected by a rigid wall, fungi must
    obtain their nutrients by the process of ABSORPTION.
    • SMALL MOLECULES (e.g. simple sugars, amino acids) in solution
    can be absorbed directly across the fungal wall and plasma
    membrane.
    • LARGER, MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES (e.g. polymers such as
    polysaccharides and proteins) must be first broken down into
    smaller molecules, which can then be absorbed. This
    degradation takes place outside the fungal cell or hypha and is
    achieved by enzymes which are either released through or are
    bound to the fungal wall. Because these enzymes act outside the
    cell they are called EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES.
    • Since water is essential for the diffusion of extracellular
    enzymes and nutrients across the fungal wall and plasma
    membrane, actively growing fungi are usually restricted to
    relatively moist (or humid) environments.
    OUTLINE

    After working through this section


    • list the general characteristics of true fungi;
    • Fungal morphology
    • summarise the mode of nutrition exhibited by fungi;
    • describe the main growth forms of fungi;
    • outline the classification of fungi;
    • provide examples to illustrate the importance of fungi.
    The scheme illustrated in the diagram above is based upon that presented by Jim Deacon
    (2006).
    Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”

    • Fungi sedehana uniselular


    • Menghasilkan Spora Motil
    Flagella):zoospora
    • Hifa soenositik
    • Saprofit dan Parasit : Perairan

    Fig 31.5 Chytridium growing on spores


    Oomycota”
    • Hyphae aseptate; asexual reproduction
    by formation of motile, biflagellate
    zoospores in a sporangium;
    • sexual reproduction by fusion of a
    'male' sex organ
    • (antheridium) with 'female' sex organ
    (oogonium), leading to production of
    • thick-walled resting spores (oospores).

    Fig 31.5 Reproduction oomycota


    Zygomycota

    • Typically hyphae without


    crosswalls (aseptate);
    • sexual reproduction by fusion of
    sex organs (gametangia) leading
    to thick-walled resting spores
    (zygospores);
    • asexual reproduction by
    cytoplasmic cleavage in a
    sporangium, producing non-
    motile spores.

    3/30/2020 34
    Ascomycota
    • Hyphae with cross-walls (septa) or yeasts;
    • sexual reproduction by
    • development of an ascus containing ascospores;
    • asexual reproduction budding, fission, conidia
    Ascomycota
    Basidiomycota
    • Hyphae (with dolipre septum) or yeasts; asexual spores rare in most groups;
    • sexual reproduction by fusion of compatible hyphae, leading ultimately to
    production of basidiospores on basidia, sometimes on or in a large fruiting
    body (e.g. toadstool).
    Basidiomycota
    OUTLINE

    After working through this section


    • list the general characteristics of true fungi;
    • Fungal morphology
    • summarise the mode of nutrition exhibited by fungi;
    • describe the main growth forms of fungi;
    • outline the classification of fungi;
    • provide examples to illustrate the importance of fungi.
    Importance of Fungi
    Fungi are important because they are:
    • agents of biodegradation and biodeterioration
    • responsible for the majority of plant diseases and several diseases of
    animals (including humans)
    • used in industrial fermentation processes
    • used in the commercial production of many biochemicals
    • cultured commercially to provide us with a direct source of food
    • used in bioremediation
    • beneficial in agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
    Aspergillus niger is used to breakdown tannins in tannery effluents to less toxic
    compounds
    SEKIAN dan TERIMAKASIH
    1 cm

    1 cm

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