Fitting Loss Coefficients

Online Supplemental Material Accompanying
Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, Ninth Edition
FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENTS

This material provides coefficients for various fittings and loss-inducing components of a duct system.
Covering both rectangular and circular ducting, this material references many sources and provides the
most commonly used items in each category. The categories of fittings in this material are linked here for
ease of navigation:
• Entries
• Exits
• Elbows
• Transitions
• Junctions (Tees, Wyes, Crosses)
• Obstructions
• Fan-System Connections
Note that for actual projects, use of the ASHRAE Duct Fitting Database (DFDB) is recommended. The
DFDB includes more than 220 round, rectangular, and flat oval fittings. It is available in electronic form
and has the capability to be linked to duct design programs.
1 ENTRIES
1-1 Duct Mounted in Wall (Hood, Nonenclosing, Flanged, and Unflanged)

(Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 3-1)
General. If entry has a screen, use Fitting 6-7 to calculate screen resistance.
Rectangular: D = 2HW/(H + W)
Co
L/D
t/D 0 0.002 0.01 0.05 0.2 0.5 1.0
0 0.50 0.57 0.68 0.80 0.92 1.0 1.0
0.02 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.66 0.72 0.72
0.05 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
1-2 Smooth Converging Bellmouth Without End Wall (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 34)
r/D 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Co 1.0 0.87 0.74 0.61 0.51 0.40
r/D 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.20
Co 0.32 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.06 0.03
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Online Supplemental Material Accompanying Principles of HVAC, 9th Edition: Fitting Loss Coefficients 2
1-3 Smooth Converging Bellmouth with End Wall (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 3-4)
r/D 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Co 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.26 0.22
r/D 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.20
Co 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.03
1-4 Conical Converging Bellmouth Without End Wall, Round and Rectangular
Co
θ, degrees
L/D 0 10 20 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.025 1.0 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.50
0.05 1.0 0.93 0.86 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.50
0.10 1.0 0.80 0.67 0.55 0.46 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.50
0.25 1.0 0.68 0.45 0.30 0.21 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.38 0.50
0.60 1.0 0.46 0.27 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.27 0.37 0.50
1.0 1.0 0.32 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.35 0.50
1-5 Conical Converging Bellmouth with End Wall, Round and Rectangular
Co
θ, degrees
L/D 0 10 20 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.025 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.50
0.05 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.50
0.075 0.50 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.43 0.50
0.10 0.50 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.50
0.15 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.23 0.31 0.40 0.50
0.60 0.50 0.27 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
1-6 Intake Hood (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 3-18)
Co
L/D
θ,
degrees 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 4.0
0 2.63 1.83 1.53 1.39 1.31 1.19 1.08 1.06 1.0
15 1.32 0.77 0.60 0.48 0.41 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.25
1-7 Hood, Tapered, Flanged or Unflanged (Brandt and Steffy 1946)
Hood Shape: Round

,
degrees 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Co 1.0 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.32 0.43 0.50
Hood Shape: Square or Rectangular
,
degrees 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
 is major angle for rectangular hoods
Co 1.0 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.62
1-8 Orifice, Sharp-Edged, Inlet Duct (Idelchik et al. 1986; Diagrams 3-12, 3-14, and 4-19)
t/Dor  0.015
Re = DoVo /v
Aor : orifice area
Co
Aor /Ao
Re  10–3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
4 45 18 7.9 3.9 2.3 1.3 0.83 0.51
10 49 20 9.2 4.4 2.7 1.5 0.96 0.59
20 50 21 9.3 4.9 2.9 1.6 1.1 0.65
100 55 23 11.0 5.6 3.3 1.9 1.2 0.75
2 EXITS
General. If exit has a screen, use Fitting 6-7 to calculate screen resistance.
2-1 Exit, Abrupt, Round and Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-1)
Uniform Velocity Distribution
Co = 1.0
Exponential, Sinusoidal, Asymmetrical, and

Parabolic Velocity Distribution
Co varies from 1.0 to 3.67. For details, consult
Idelchik et al. (1986), Diagram 11-1.
2-2 Exit, Abrupt, Round and Rectangular, with End (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagrams 5-2 and 5-4)
Co = 0.88
2-3 Exit, Duct Flush with Wall, Flow along Wall (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-2)
Round Rectangular
Co Co
V/ Vo V/Vo
Aspect
θ, Ratio θ,
degrees 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 (H/W) degrees 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
45 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 0.2 90 1.0 0.95 1.2 1.5 1.8
60 1.0 0.90 1.1 1.4 1.6 120 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.9
90 1.0 0.80 0.95 1.4 1.7 150 1.0 0.95 0.95 1.4 1.8
120 1.0 0.80 0.95 1.3 1.7 0.5–2.0 45 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6
150 1.0 0.82 0.83 1.0 1.3 60 1.0 0.90 1.1 1.4 1.6
90 1.0 0.80 0.95 1.4 1.7
120 1.0 0.80 0.95 1.3 1.7
150 1.0 0.82 0.83 1.0 1.3
5 45 1.0 0.92 0.93 1.1 1.3
60 1.0 0.87 0.87 1.0 1.3
90 1.0 0.82 0.80 0.97 1.2
120 1.0 0.80 0.76 0.90 0.98
2-4 Exit, Round, Diverging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-3)
Co
θ, degrees
A1/Ao 8 10 14 20 30 45 60
2 0.36 0.33 0.37 0.51 0.90 1.0 1.0
4 0.24 0.21 0.28 0.40 0.70 0.99 1.0
6 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.37 0.67 0.99 1.0
10 0.18 0.16 0.24 0.36 0.68 0.99 1.0
16 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.36 0.66 0.99 1.0
2-5 Exit, Round, with End Wall Transition (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-8)
 = optimum angle
L/D 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14
, degrees 34 24 16 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 6
Co 0.41 0.32 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10
2-6 Exit, Rectangular, Two Sides Parallel, Diverging, Symmetrical (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-6)
0.5  H/W  2.0

Co
θ, degrees
A1/Ao 8 10 14 20 30 45 60
2 0.50 0.51 0.56 0.63 0.80 0.96 1.0
4 0.34 0.38 0.48 0.63 0.76 0.91 1.0
6 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.96
2-7 Exit, Rectangular, with Wall, Two Sides Parallel, Symmetrical, Diverging
 = optimum angle
L/H 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14
, degrees 50 35 25 21 18 16 15 13 12 11 10
Co 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19
2-8 Exit, Rectangular, Pyramidal, Diverging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-5)
Co
θ, degrees
A1/Ao 8 10 14 20 30 45 60
2 0.65 0.68 0.74 0.82 0.92 1.1 1.1
4 0.53 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.90 1.0 1.1
6 0.50 0.57 0.66 0.77 0.91 1.0 1.1
10 0 45 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.85 0.97 1.1
 is larger of 1 and 2
2-9 Exit, Rectangular, with Wall, Pyramidal, Diverging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-9)
D = 2HW/(H + W)
 = optimum angle
L/D 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14
, degrees 26 19 13 11 9 8 7 6 6 5 5
Co 0.49 0.40 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14
2-10 Exit, Discharge to Atmosphere from a 90° Elbow, Rectangular and Round
(Note: Elbow Loss Included) (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-14)
Rectangular Round (r/D = 1.0)
Co L/D 0.9 1.3
L/W Co 1.5 1.4

r/W 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 12.0
0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0
0.75 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
2.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2-11 Exhaust Hood (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-16)
L/D 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5

Co 2.6 1.2 1.0 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.60
Poor Design—Should Not Be Used
2-12 Stackhead (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-23)
d/D 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Co 130 41 17 8.1 4.4 2.6 1.6 1.0
3 ELBOWS
3-1 Elbow, Smooth Radius (Die Stamped), Round (Locklin 1950, Equation A-10)
Co = KqCo
Coefficients for 90° Elbows

r/D 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Co 0.71 0.33 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.12
Angle Correction Factors Kq (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-1):
, degrees 0 20 30 45 60 75 90 110 130 150 180

K 0 0.31 0.45 0.60 0.78 0.90 1.00 1.13 1.20 1.28 1.40
3-2 Elbows; 5-, 4-, and 3-Pieces, Round (Locklin 1950, Figure 10)
Coefficients for 90° Elbows (Co) Angle Correction Factors Kq (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-1)
r/D ,
No. of
Pieces 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 degrees 0 20 30 45 60 75 90 110 130 150 180
5 0.46 0.33 0.24 0.19 K 0 0.31 0.45 0.60 0.78 0.90 1.00 1.13 1.20 1.28 1.40
4 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.24

3 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.33
3-3 Elbow, Mitered, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-5)
Co = KReCo
,
degrees 20 30 45 60 75 90
Co 0.08 0.16 0.34 0.55 0.81 1.2
Reynolds Number Correction Factors: M/hc

Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0
3-4 Elbows, 30,° Z-Shaped, Round
Co = KReCo
L/D 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Co 0 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Reynolds Number Correction Factors

Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0
3-5 Elbow, Without Vanes, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-1)
Smooth Radius
Co = KKReCo
90°, Sharp Throat Radius Heel (r/W = 0.5)
Co = KReCo
Coefficients for 90° Elbows (Co)

H/W
r/W 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
0.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.75 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44
1.0 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21
1.5 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
2.0 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
Angle Correction Factor

, degrees 0 20 30 45 60 75 90 110 130 150 180
K 0 0.31 0.45 0.60 0.78 0.90 1.00 1.13 1.20 1.28 1.40
Reynolds Number Correction Factor (KRe)

Re  10–4
r/W 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14 20
0.5 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0 1.0
0.75 2.0 1.77 1.64 1.56 1.46 1.38 1.30 1.15 1.0
3-6 Elbow, Mitered, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-5)
Co = KReCo
Co
H/W
θ,
degrees 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
30 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11
45 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24
60 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
75 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.57
90 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.83
Reynolds Number Corrections Factors

Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0
3-7 Elbow, Smooth Radius with Splitter Vanes, Rectangular

(Locklin 1950, Equation 10; Madison and Parker 1936)
a. One Splitter Vane
Co = K Co
R1 = R/CR
where
R = throat radius
Rl = splitter vane radius
CR = curve ratio (values from Table 3-7.a)
K = angle factor (see Fitting 3-1 for values)
Table 3-7.a Coefficients for Elbows with One Splitter Vane

Co
H/W
R/W r/W CR 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.05 0.55 0.218 0.52 0.40 0.43 0.49 0.55 0.66 0.75 0.84 0.93 1.0 1.1
0.10 0.60 0.302 0.36 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.52
0.15 0.65 0.361 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.26 028 0.30 0.32
0.20 0.70 0.408 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21
0.25 0.75 0.447 0.18 013 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
0.30 0.80 0.480 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12
0.35 0.85 0.509 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09
0.40 0.90 0.535 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
0.45 0.95 0.557 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06
0.50 1.00 0.577 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
b. Two Splitter Vanes
Co = K Co
R1 = R/CR
R2 = R1/CR = R/CR2
where
R = throat radius
R1 = splitter vane # l radius
R2 = splitter vane # 2 radius
CR = curve ratio (value from Table 3-7.b)
K = angle factor (see Note 3 for values)
Table 3-7.b Coefficients for Elbow with Two Splitter Vanes

Co
H/W
R/W r/W CR 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.05 0.55 0.362 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.51
0.10 0.60 0.450 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21
0.15 0.65 0.507 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11
0.20 0.70 0.550 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07
0.25 0.75 0.585 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.30 0.80 0.613 0.06 004 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
c. Three Splitter Vanes

Co = KCo
R1 = R/CR
R2 = R1/CR = R/CR2
R3 = R2/CR = R/CR3
where
R = throat radius
R1 = splitter vane # l radius
CR = curve ratio (value from Table 3-7.c)
K = angle factor (see Note 3 for values)
Table 3-7.c Coefficients for Elbow with Three Splitter Vanes (Co )
H/W
R/W r/W CR 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.05 0.55 0.467 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.23
0.10 0.60 0.549 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09
3-8 Elbow, Mitered, with Single-Thickness Vanes, Rectangular (Rozell 1974)
Dimensions, in.
Design
No. r s L Co
1a 2.0 1.5 0.75 0.12
2 4.5 2.25 0 0.15
3 4.5 3.25 1.60 0.18
a When extension of trailing edge is not provided for this vane, losses are
approximately unchanged for single elbows, but increase considerably for
elbows in series.
3-9 Elbow, Mitered, with Double-Thickness Vanes, Rectangular (Rozell 1974)
Co
Dimensions, Velocity Vo,
in. fpm
Design Vane
No. r s 1000 2000 3000 4000 Runner
1 2.0 1.5 0.27 0.22 0.19 0.17 Embossed
2 2.0 1.5 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.23 Push-On
3 2.0 2.13 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.24 Embossed
4 4.5 3.25 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.16 Embossed
3-10 Elbow, Variable Inlet/Outlet Areas, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-4)
Co
W1/Wo
Ho /Wo 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0
0.25 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
1.0 1.7 1.4 1.0 095 0.90 0.84
4.0 1.5 1.4 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.66
 1.5 1.0 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.55
Reynolds Number Correction Factor

Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0
3-11 Elbows, 90°, Z-Shaped, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-11)
C = K KReCo
Coefficients for W/H = 1.0
L/H 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Co 0 0.62 0.90 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2
L/H 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 ¥
Co 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3
Reynolds Number Correction Factor Apply the Following Factor for Other Than H/W = 1.0
Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14 W/H 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0 K 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.0 0.95 0.90 9.83 0.78 0.72 0.70
3-12 Combined 90° Elbows Lying in Different Planes, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-11)
Co = K KReCo
Coefficients for Square Ducts
L/W 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Co 1.2 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
L/W 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 ¥
Co 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3
Reynolds Number Correction Factor Apply the Following Factor for Other Than H/W = 1.0
Re  10–4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14 H/W 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0 K 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.72 0.70
3-13 Offset, S-Shaped (Gooseneck), Rectangular and Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-16)
Co = KCo
where
Co = offset loss coefficient
Co = single elbow loss coefficient
(see Fittings 3-1, 3-2, and 3-5)
K
L/D
θ,
degrees 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 40
15 0.20 0.42 0.60 0.78 0.94 1.16 1.20 1.15 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 1.10 1.25 2.0
30 0.40 0.65 0.88 1.16 1.20 1.18 1.12 1.06 1.06 1.15 1.28 1.40 1.50 1.70 2.0
45 0.60 1.06 1.20 1.23 1.20 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.17 1.30 1.42 1.55 1.65 1.80 2.0
60 1.05 1.38 1.37 1.28 1.15 1.06 1.16 1.30 1.42 1.54 1.66 1.76 1.85 1.95 2.0
75 1.50 1.58 1.46 1.30 1.27 1.30 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.75 1.80 1.88 1.97 2.0
90 1.70 1.67 1.40 1.37 1.38 1.47 1.55 1.63 1.70 1.76 1.82 1.88 1.92 1.98 2.0
3-14 Offset, S-Shaped in Two Planes 90° Apart, Rectangular and Round
Co = KCo
where
Co = offset loss coefficient
Co = single elbow loss coef-
ficient (see Fittings
3-1, 3-2, and 3-5)
K
L/D
θ,
degrees 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 20 25 40
60 2.0 1.90 1.50 1.35 1.30 1.20 1.25 1.50 1.63 1.73 1.85 1.95 2.0
90 2.0 1.80 1.60 1.55 1.55 1.65 1.80 1.90 1.93 1.98 2.0 2.0 2.0
3-15 Elbows (4), 45°, Smooth Radius, Rectangular, Arranged to Go Around an Obstruction
(SMACNA 1981, Table 6-14K)
W/H = 4, r/H = 1.5, L = 1.5H

Vo, fpm 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
Co 0.18 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26
4 TRANSITIONS
4-1 Transition, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagrams 5-2 and 5-22)
Co
θ, degrees
Ao /A1 10 15 20 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.06 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.60 0.84 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
0.1 0.21 0.28 0.38 0.59 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.83
0.25 0.16 0.22 0.30 0.46 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62
0.5 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.48 0.72 0.96 1.0
4 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.88 1.1 2.7 4.3 5.6 6.6
6 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.5 6.5 10 13 15
10 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 19 29 37 43
4-2 Transition, Rectangular, Two Sides Parallel, Symmetrical (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-5)a
Co
θ, degrees
Ao /A1 10 15 30 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.06 0.26 0.27 0.40 0.56 0.71 0.86 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.98
0.1 0.24 0.26 0.36 0.53 0.69 0.82 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91
0.25 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.42 0.60 0.68 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66
0.5 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.24 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.54 0.78 1.0 1.1
4 0.81 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.88 1.1 2.8 4.4 5.7 6.6
6 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.5 6.6 10 13 15
10 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 19 29 37 43
a
Ao/A1 > 1 is tentative (adapted from Fitting 4-l data).
4-3 Transition, Rectangular, Three Sides Straighta
Co
θ, degrees
Ao /A1 10 15 20 30 45 60 90
0.06 0.26 0.27 0.40 0.56 0.71 0.86 1.00
0.1 0.24 0.26 0.36 0.53 0.69 0.82 0.93
0.25 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.42 0.60 0.68 0.70
0.5 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.24 0.35 0.37 0.38
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.54
4 0.81 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.88 1.1 2.8
6 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.5 6.6
10 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 19
a
Tentative (assumed same as Fitting 4-2 data).
4-4 Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-4)a
Co
θ, degrees
Ao /A1 10 15 20 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.06 0.26 0.30 0.44 0.54 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.88 0.95 0.98
0.1 0.24 0.30 0.43 0.50 0.53 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.89 0.91
0.25 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.64
0.5 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.2 0.49 0.74 0.99 1.1
4 0.84 0.68 0.68 0.64 0.88 1.1 2.7 4.3 5.6 6.6
6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.5 6.5 10 13 15
10 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 6.5 8.0 19 29 37 43
a
Ao/A1 >1 is tentative (adapted from Fitting 4-1 data).
4-5 Transition, Round/Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-27)
Co
θ, degrees
A1/Ao 8 10 14 20 30 45 60 90 180
2 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.30
4 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.64
6 0.21 0.30 0.42 0.53 0.63 0.72 0.78 0.79 0.79
10 0.24 0.30 0.43 0.53 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.89 0.88
4-6 Transition, Rectangular to Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-26)
Re = DVo/v
B = W/H(Ao/A1)2
Co for Ao > A1 and H < D Co for Ao < A1 and H < D

B B
Re  Re 
10–4 L/D 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 10–4 L/D 0.1 1 5 10 20 50
1 1 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.55 0.70 0.94 1.4 2.9 1 1 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.37
1.5 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.53 0.64 0.82 1.2 2.3 3 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.33
2 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.58 0.71 0.98 1.8 4 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.32
3 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.57 0.69 1.0 5 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
4 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.56 0.73 2 1 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.35
5 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.53 0.61 0.84 3 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.33
2 1 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.51 0.66 0.90 1.4 2.9 4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30
1.5 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.59 0.78 1.1 2.2 5 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
2 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.54 0.67 0.93 1.7 5 1 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.28
3 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.53 0.64 0.99 3 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.27
4 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.52 0.69 4 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.23
5 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.57 0.80 5 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
5 1 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.40 0.55 0.79 1.3 2.8 10 1 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.21
1.5 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.38 0.49 0.67 1.0 2.1 3 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.19
2 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.36 0.43 0.57 0.83 1.6 4 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.16
3 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.42 0.54 0.88 5 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
4 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.41 0.58 20 1 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.14
5 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.38 0.46 0.70 3 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.12
10 1 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.28 0.43 0.68 1.2 2.6 4 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.09
1.5 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.26 0.37 0.55 0.92 2.0 5 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
2 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.45 0.71 1.5 50 1 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.10
3 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.30 0.42 0.77 3 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.09
4 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.29 0.46 4 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05
5 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.26 0.34 0.58 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 1 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.31 0.56 1.1 2.5
1.5 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.25 0.43 0.80 0.9
2 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.20 0.33 0.59 1.4
3 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.30 0.65
4 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.34
5 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.22 0.46
50 1 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.30 0.99 2.5
1.5 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.19 0.37 0.74 1.8
2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.27 0.53 1.3
3 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.58
4 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.28
5 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.40
4-7 Transition, Rectangular to Round, Stepped, Conical (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 4-9)
Co
θ, degrees
Ao /A1 L/H 0 10 20 30 45 60 90 120 150 180
0.1 0.025 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.46
0.05 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.46
0.075 0.46 0.39 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.46
0.1 0.46 0.36 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46
0.15 0.46 0.34 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.29 0.37 0.46
0.3 0.46 0.31 0.22 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.28 0.37 0.46
0.6 0.46 0.25 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.27 0.36 0.46
0.25 0.025 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.40
0.05 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40
0.075 0.40 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.40
0.1 0.40 0.31 0.26 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.40
0.15 0.40 0.30 0.22 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.40
0.3 0.40 0.27 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.40
0.6 0.40 0.22 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.40
0.5 0.025 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30
0.05 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.30
0.075 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30
0.1 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.30
0.15 0.30 0.22 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.30
0.3 0.30 0.20 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.30
0.6 0.30 0.16 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.30
0.8 0.025 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15
0.05 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.15
0.075 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15
0.1 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15
0.3 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15
0.6 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
5 JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes, Crosses)
5-1 Wye, 30°, Converging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-1)
A s = Ac
Branch, Cc,b Main, Cc,s
Ab /Ac Ab /Ac
Qb /Qc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Qb /Qc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 –1.0 –1.0 –1.0 –0.9 –0.9 –0.9 –0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.21 –0.46 –0.57 –0.51 0.53 –0.54 –0.54 0.1 0.02 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
0.2 3.1 0.37 –0.06 –0.16 0.23 –0.24 –0.28 0.2 –0.33 0.01 0.13 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.29
0.3 7.6 1.5 0.50 0.15 0.04 –0.06 –0.08 0.3 –1.1 –0.25 –0.01 0.10 0.22 0.30 0.35
0.4 14 3.0 1.2 0.42 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.4 –2.2 –0.75 –0.30 –0.05 0.17 0.26 0.36
0.5 21 4.6 1.8 0.53 0.24 0.19 0.15 0.5 –3.6 –1.4 –0.70 –0.35 0 0.21 0.32
0.6 30 6.4 2.6 0.77 0.35 0.25 0.17 0.6 –5.4 –2.4 –1.3 –0.70 –0.20 0.06 0.25
0.7 41 8.5 3.4 0.99 0.42 0.28 0.22 0.7 –7.6 –3.4 –2.0 –1.2 –0.50 –0.15 0.10
0.8 54 12 4.2 1.2 0.47 0.29 0.25 0.8 –10 –4.6 –2.7 –1.8 –0.90 –0.43 –0.15
0.9 58 14 5.3 1.4 0.49 0.29 0.22 0.9 –13 –6.2 –3.7 –2.6 –1.4 –0.80 –0.45
1.0 84 17 6.3 1.6 0.49 0.21 0.15 1.0 –16 –7.7 –4.8 –3.4 –1.9 –1.2 –0.75
5-2 Wye, 45° Converging, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-2)
A s = Ac
Cc,b Cc,s
Ab /Ac Ab /Ac
Qb /Qc 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Qb /Qc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 – 1.0 –1.0 –1.0 –0.90 –0.90 –0.80 –0.90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.24 –0.45 –0.56 –0.50 –0.52 –0.53 –0.53 0.1 0.05 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.2 3.2 0.54 –0.02 –0.14 –0.21 –0.23 –0.23 0.2 –0.20 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31
0.3 8.0 1.6 0.60 0.23 0.06 0 –0.02 0.3 –0.76 –0.13 0.08 0.20 0.28 0.32 0.40
0.4 14 3.2 1.3 0.52 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.4 –1.7 –0.50 –0.12 0.08 0.26 0.36 0.41
0.5 22 5.0 2.1 0.65 0.33 0.25 0.22 0.5 –2.8 –1.0 –0.49 –0.13 0.16 0.30 0.40
0.6 32 7.0 3.0 0.91 0.81 0.61 0.51 0.6 –4.3 –1.7 –0.87 –0.45 –0.04 0.20 0.33
0.7 43 9.2 3.9 1.2 0.56 0.39 0.33 0.7 –6.1 –2.6 –1.4 –0.85 –0.25 0.08 0.25
0.8 56 12 4.9 1.5 0.66 0.39 0.36 0.8 –8.1 3.6 –2.1 –1.3 –0.55 –0.17 0.06
0.9 71 15 6.2 1.8 0.72 0.44 0.35 0.9 –10 4.8 –2.8 –1.9 –0.88 –0.40 –0.18
1.0 87 19 7.4 2.0 0.78 0.44 0.32 1.0 –13 –6.1 –3.7 –2.6 –1.4 –0.77 –0.42
5-3 Tee, Converging, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-4)
A s = Ac
Branch, Cc,b
Ab /Ac
Qs /Qc 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 –1.0 –1.0 –1.0 –0.90 –0.90 –0.90 –0.90
0.1 0.40 –0.37 –0.51 –0.46 –0.50 –0.51 –0.52
0.2 3.8 0.72 0.17 –0.02 –0.14 –0.18 –0.24
0.3 9.2 2.3 1.0 0.44 0.21 0.11 –0.08
0.4 16 4.3 2.1 0.94 0.54 0.40 0.32
0.5 26 6.8 3.2 1.1 0.66 0.49 0.42
0.6 37 9.7 4.7 1.6 0.92 0.69 0.57
0.7 43 13 6.3 2.1 1.2 0.88 0.72
0.8 65 17 7.9 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.86
0.9 82 21 9.7 3.4 1.8 1.2 0.99
1.0 101 26 12 4.0 2.1 1.4 1.1
Main
Qs/Qc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Cc,s 0 0.16 0.27 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.55
5-4 Wye, 30° Converging, Round, Conical Main (Sepsy and Pies 1973)
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qs
As/Ac Ab /Ac 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.3 0.2 –2.4 –0.11 1.8 3.4 4.8 6.0 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7
0.3 –2.8 –1.3 0.14 0.72 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.5
0.4 0.2 –1.4 0.61 2.3 3.8 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.1 9.8
0.3 –1.8 –0.54 0.42 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7
0.4 –1.9 –0.89 –0.17 0.36 0.76 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
0.5 0.2 –0.82 0.97 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.4 7.4 8.3 9.1 9.9
0.3 –1.2 –0.15 0.71 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.9
0.4 – 1.4 –0.54 0.06 0.50 0.85 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8
0.5 –1.4 –0.66 –0.15 0.21 0.48 0.68 0.84 0.97 1.1 1.2
0.6 0.2 –0.52 1.2 2.7 4.1 5.3 6.4 7.4 8.3 9.1 9.9
03 –0.93 0.06 0.85 1.5 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0
0.4 –1.1 –0.37 0.16 0.55 0.86 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8
0.5 –1.1 –0.49 –0.06 0.25 0.48 0.66 0.79 0.90 1.0 1.1
0.6 – 1.2 –0.55 –0.15 0.12 0.31 0.45 0.56 0.65 0.71 0.77
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
As /Ac Ab /Ac 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.8 0.2 –0.27 1.3 2.7 4.0 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.2 9.0 9.7
0.3 –0.67 0.18 0.90 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 4.0
0.4 –0.85 –0.27 0.16 0.49 0.75 0.97 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6
0.5 –0.90 –0.40 –0.07 0.18 0.36 0.50 0.61 0.70 0.78 0.84
0.6 –0.92 –0.46 –0.16 0.04 0.18 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.53
0.7 –0.93 –0.49 –0.21 –0.03 0.10 0.19 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.37
0.8 –0.93 –0.50 –0.24 –0.07 0.05 0.13 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.29
1.0 0.2 –0.26 1.2 2.6 3.9 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.0 8.8 9.5
0.3 –0.65 0.12 0.79 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.8
0.4 –0.83 –0.34 0.04 0.33 0.58 0.78 0.95 1.1 1.2 1.3
0.5 –0.89 –0.48 –0.20 0 0.15 0.27 0.37 0.45 0.51 0.57
0.6 –0.91 –0.54 –0.31 –0.14 –0.03 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.22 0.25
0.8 –0.91 –0.59 –0.38 –0.25 –0.16 –0.10 –0.06 –0.03 –0.01 0.01
1.0 –0.93 –0.60 –0.40 –0.28 –0.20 –0.14 –0.11 –0.08 –0.07 –0.06
Main, Cc,s
Qb /Qc
As /Ac Ab /Ac 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.3 0.2 4.5 2.8 1.5 0.56 –0.17 –0.74 –1.2 –1.6 –1.9 –2.1
0.3 4.6 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.57 0.08 –0.30 –0.62 –0.89 –1.1
0.4 0.2 1.6 0.85 0.16 –0.43 –0.92 –1.3 –1.7 –1.9 –2.2 –2.4
0.3 1.7 1.1 0.58 0.13 –0.24 –0.56 –0.82 –1.1 –1.3 –1.4
0.4 1.8 1.3 0.80 0.42 0.11 –0.15 –0.37 –0.55 –0.72 –0.86
0.5 0.2 0.67 0.18 –0.33 –0.79 –1.2 –1.5 –1.8 –2.1 –2.3 –2.5
0.3 0.75 0.42 0.07 –0.25 –0.54 –0.80 –1.0 –1.2 –1.4 –1.5
0.4 0.80. 0.55 0.28 0.03 –0.20 –0.40 –0.57 –0.73 –0.86 –0.98
0.5 0.82 0.62 0.41 0.20 0.02 –0.15 –0.29 –0.42 –0.53 –0.63
0.6 0.2 0.26 –0.11 –0.54 –0.95 –1.3 –1.6 –1.9 –2.1 –2.4 –0.25
0.3 0.34 0.13 –0.14 –0.42 –0.67 –0.90 –0.11 –0.13 –0.14 –0.16
0.4 0.39 0.25 0.06 –0.14 –0.33 –0.51 –0.66 –0.80 –0.93 –1.0
0.5 0.41 0.32 0.18 0.03 –1.2 –0.26 –0.38 –0.50 –0.60 –0.69
0.6 0.43 0.37 0.26 0.14 0.02 –0.09 –0.19 –0.29 –0.37 –0.45
0.8 0.2 –0.01 –0.30 –0.67 –1.1 –1.4 –1.7 –2.0 –2.2 –2.4 –2.6
0.3 0.07 –0.07 –0.29 –0.58 –0.76 –0.97 –1.2 –1.3 –1.5 –1.6
0.4 0.11 0.05 –0.09 –0.26 –0.42 –0.58 –0.72 –0.85 –0.97 –1.1
0.5 0.14 0.12 0.03 –0.09 –0.21 –0.34 –0.45 –0.55 –0.64 –0.73
0.6 0.l5 0.17 0.11 0.02 –0.07 –0.17 –0.26 –0.34 –0.42 –0.49
0.7 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.11 0.03 –0.05 –0.12 –0.19 –0.26 –0.32
0.5 0.17 0.23 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.05 –0.02 –0.07 –0.13 –0.18
1.0 0.2 –0.05 –0.33 –0.70 –1.1 –1.4 –1.7 –2.0 –2.2 –2.4 –2.6
0.3 0.03 –0.10 –0.31 –0.55 –0.78 –0.98 –1.2 –1.3 –1.5 –1.6
0.4 0.07 0.02 –0.12 –0.28 –0.44 –0.59 –0.73 –0.86 –0.98 –1.1
0.5 0.09 0.09 0.01 –0.11 –0.23 –0.35 –0.46 –0.56 –0.65 –0.74
0.6 0.11 0.14 0.09 0 –0.09 –0.18 –0.27 –0.35 –0.43 –0.50
0.8 0.13 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.03 –0.03 –0.08 –0.14 –0.19
1.0 0.14 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0
5-5 Wye, 45°, Converging, Round, Conical Main (Sepsy and Pies 1973)
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qs
As/Ac Ab /Ac 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.3 0.2 –2.4 –0.01 2.0 3.8 5.3 6.6 7.8 8.9 9.8 11
0.3 –2.8 –1.2 0.12 1.1 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.6
0.4 0.2 –1.2 0.93 2.8 4.5 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.5 10 11
0.3 –1.6 –0.27 0.81 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.9
0.4 –1.8 –0.72 0.07 0.66 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5
0.5 0.2 –0.46 1.5 3.3 4.9 6.4 7.7 8.8 9.9 11 12
0.3 –0.94 0.25 1.2 2.0 2.7 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.0
0.4 –1.1 –0.24 0.42 0.92 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
0.5 –1.2 –0.38 0.18 0.58 0.88 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7
0.6 0.2 –0.55 1.3 3.1 4.7 6.1 7.4 8.6 9.6 11 12
0.3 –1.1 0 0.88 1.6 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5
0.4 –1.2 –0.48 0.10 0.54 0.89 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.5 –1.3 –0.62 –0.14 0.21 0.47 0.68 0.85 0.99 1.1 1.2
0.6 –1.3 –0.69 –0.26 0.04 0.26 0.42 0.57 0.66 0.75 0.82
0.8 0.2 0.06 1.8 3.5 5.1 6.5 7.8 8.9 10 11 12
0.3 –0.52 0.35 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.2
0.4 –0.67 –0.05 0.43 0.80 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1
0.6 –0.75 –0.27 0.05 0.28 0.45 0.58 0.68 0.76 0.83 0.88
0.7 –0.77 –0.31 –0.02 0.18 0.32 0.43 0.50 0.56 0.61 0.65
0.8 –0.78 –0.34 –0.07 0.12 0.24 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.47 0.50
1.0 0.2 0.40 2.1 3.7 5.2 6.6 7.8 9.0 11 11 12
0.3 –0.21 0.54 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.7 3.7 4.0
0.4 –0.33 0.21 0.62 0.96 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1
0.5 –0.38 0.05 0.37 0.60 0.79 0.93 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3
0.6 –0.41 –0.02 0.23 0.42 0.55 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.85 0.89
0.8 –0.44 –0.10 0.11 0.24 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.48
1.0 –0.46 –0.14 0.05 0.16 0.23 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.29
Main, Cc,s
Qb /Qs
As /Ac Ab /Ac 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.3 0.2 5.3 –0.01 2.0 1.1 0.34 –0.20 –0.61 –0.93 –1.2 –1.4
0.3 5.4 3.7 2.5 1.6 1.0 0.53 0.16 –0.14 –0.38 –0.58
0.4 0.2 1.9 1.1 0.46 –0.07 –0.49 –0.83 –1.1 –1.3 –1.5 –1.7
0.3 2.0 1.4 0.81 0.42 0.08 –0.20 –0.43 –0.62 –0.78 –0.92
0.4 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.68 0.39 0.16 –0.04 –0.21 –0.35 –0.47
0.5 0.2 0.77 0.34 –0.09 –0.48 –0.81 –1.1 –1.3 –1.5 –1.7 –1.8
0.3 0.85 0.56 0.25 –0.03 –0.27 –0.48 –0.67 –0.82 –0.96 –1.1
0.4 0.88 0.66 0.43 0.21 0.02 –0.15 –0.30 –0.42 –0.54 –0.64
0.5 0.91 0.73 0.54 0.36 0.21 0.06 –0.06 –0.17 –0.26 –0.35
0.6 0.2 0.30 0 –0.34 –0.67 –0.96 –1.2 –1.4 –1.6 –1.8 –1.9
0.3 0.37 0.21 –0.02 –0.24 –0.44 –0.63 –0.79 –0.93 –1.1 –1.2
0.4 0.40 0.31 0.16 –0.1 –0.16 –0.30 –0.43 –0.54 –0.64 –0.73
0.5 0.43 0.37 0.26 0.14 0.02 –0.09 –0.20 –0.29 –0.37 –0.45
0.6 0.44 0.41 0.33 0.24 0.14 0.05 –0.03 –0.11 –0.18 –0.25
0.8 0.2 –0.06 –0.27 –0.57 –0.86 –1.1 –1.4 –1.6 –1.7 –1.9 –2.0
0.3 0 –0.08 –0.25 –0.43 –0.62 –0.78 –0.93 –1.1 –1.2 –1.3
0.4 0.04 0.02 –0.08 –0.21 –0.34 –0.46 –0.57 –0.67 –0.77 –0.85
0.5 0.06 0.08 0.02 –0.06 –0.16 –0.25 –0.34 –0.42 –0.50 –0.57
0.6 0.07 0.12 0.09 0.03 –0.04 –0.11 –0.18 –0.25 –0.31 –0.37
0.7 0.08 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.05 –0.01 –0.07 –0.12 –0.17 –0.22
0.8 0.09 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.02 –0.02 –0.07 –0.11
1.0 0.2 –0.19 –0.39 –0.67 –0.96 –1.2 –1.5 –1.6 –1.8 –2.0 –2.1
0.3 –0.12 –0.19 –0.35 –0.54 –0.71 –0.87 –1.0 –1.2 –1.3 –1.4
0.4 –0.09 –0.10 –0.19 –0.31 –0.43 –0.55 –0.66 –0.77 –0.86 –0.94
0.5 –0.07 –0.04 –0.09 –0.17 –0.26 –0.35 –0.44 –0.52 –0.59 –0.66
0.6 –0.06 0 –0.02 –0.07 –0.14 –0.21 –0.28 –0.34 –0.40 –0.46
0.8 –0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.02 –0.03 –0.07 –0.12 –0.16 –0.20
1.0 –0.3 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.03 –0.01 –0.03
5-6 Tee, Converging, Rectangular (ldelchik 1986, Diagram 7-11)
r/wb = 1
Branch, Cc,b
Qc/Qc
Ab /As Ab /Ac 0.1 0.2 ~0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.33 0.25 –1.2 –0.40 0.40 1.6 3.0 4.8 6.8 8.9 11
0.5 0.5 –0.50 –0.20 0 0.25 0.45 0.70 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.67 0.5 –1.0 –0.60 –0.20 0.10 0.30 0.60 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 0.5 –2.2 – 1.5 –0.95 –0.50 0 0.40 0.80 1.3 1.9
1.0 1.0 –0.60 –0.30 –0.10 –0.04 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.36 0.42
1.33 1.0 –1.2 –0.80 –0.40 –0.20 0 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.38
2.0 1.0 –2.1 –1.4 –0.90 –0.50 –0.20 0 0.20 0.25 0.30
Main, Cc,s
Qb /Qs
Ab /As Ab /Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.33 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.20 –0.10 –0.45 –0.92 –1.5 – 2.0 –2.6
0.5 0.5 0.17 0.16 0.10 0 –0.08 –0.18 –0.27 –0.37 –0.46
0.67 0.5 0.27 0.35 0.32 0.25 0.12 –0.03 –0.23 –0.42 –0.58
1.0 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.90 0.65 0.35 0 –0.40 –0.80 –1.3
1.0 1.0 0.18 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.18 0.10 0 –0.12
1.33 1.0 0.75 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.27 0.18 0.05 –0.08 –0.22
2.0 1.0 0.80 0.87 0.80 0.68 0.55 0.40 0.25 0.08 –0.10
5-7 Tee, Converging, Round Tap to Rectangular Main (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-9C)
Ab /As As /Ac Ab /Ac

0.5 1.0 0.5
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vc , fpm 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
<1200 –0.63 –0.55 0.13 0.23 0.78 1.30 1.93 3.10 4.88 5.60
>1200 –0.49 –0.21 0.23 0.60 1.27 2.06 2.75 3.70 4.93 5.95
For main coefficient (Cc,s), see Fitting 5-3.
5-8 Tee, Converging, Rectangular Main and Tap (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-9D)

0.5 1.0 0.5
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vc , fpm 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
<1200 –0.75 –0.53 –0.03 0.33 1.03 1.10 2.15 2.93 4.18 4.78
>1200. –0.69 –0.21 0.23 0.67 1.17 1.66 2.67 3.36 3.93 5.13
5-9 Converging, Rectangular Main and Tap (45° Entry) (SMACNA 1981, Table-9F)
L = 0.25 W, 3 in. min.

0.5 1.0 0.5
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vc , fpm 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
<1200 –0.83 –0.68 –0.30 0.28 0.55 1.03 1.50 1.93 2.50 3.03
>1200 –0.72 –0.52 –0.23 0.34 0.76 1.14 1.83 2.01 2.90 3.63
5-10 Tee, Diverging, Round, Conical Branch (Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 12)
A c = As
Branch
Vb /Vs 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.85 0.74 0.62 0.52 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.37 0.52
For main loss coefficient (Cc,s), see Fitting 5-23.
5-11 Wye, 45°, Diverging, Round, Conical Branch (Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 14)
Ac = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.84 0.61 0.41 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.27
5-12 Tee, Diverging, Round, with 90° Elbow, Branch 90° to Main (Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 17)
A r = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 1.03 1.08 1.18 1.33 1.56 1.86 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4
Ac = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 1.32 1.51 1.60 1.65 1.74 1.87 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7
5-14 Tee, Diverging, Round (Conical Branch), with 45° Elbow, Branch 90° to Main
(Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 19)
Ac = As
For tee geometry, see Fitting 5-10.
Branch
Vb /Vs 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.94 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.95 1.02
5-15 Wye, 45°, Round, with 60° Elbow, Branch 90° to Main (Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 3)
Ac = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.88 1.14 1.54 2.2
5-16 Wye, 45°, Diverging, Round (Conical Branch), with 60° Elbow, Branch 90° to Main
Ac = As
For wye geometry, see Fitting 5-11.
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.82 0.63 0.52 0.45 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.56
5-17 Wye, 48°, Diverging, Conical Main and Branch, with 45° Elbow, Branch 90° to Main
Branch
Vb /Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Cc,b 0.76 0.60 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.56 0.61 0.68
Vb /Vc 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Cc,b 0.86 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.2
Main
Vs /Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,s 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.18 0.30 0.46 0.64 0.84 1.0
Ac = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 1.06 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.65 1.89 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3
5-19 Tee, Diverging, Round (Conical Branch), with 60° Elbow, Branch 45° to Main
Ac = As
For tee geometry, see Fitting 5-10.
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc.b 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.86 0.96 1.10
5-20 Wye, 45°, Diverging, Round, with 30° Elbow, Branch 45° to Main (Jones and Sepsy 1969, Figure 2)
Ac = As
Branch
Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.84 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.50 0.56 0.71 0.92 1.22 1.66
5-21 Wye, 45°, Diverging, Round (Conical Branch), with 30° Elbow, Branch 45° to Main
Ac = As
For wye geometry, see Fitting 5-11.
Branch
Vb /Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Cc,b 1.0 0.93 0.71 0.55 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.54 0.62
5-22 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-22)
 = 90°
r/Wb = 1.0
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Ab /As Ab /Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 0.55 0.50 0.60 0.85 1.2 1.8 3.1 4.4 6.0
0.33 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.50 0.80 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0
0.5 0.5 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.60 0.78 1.1 1.5
0.67 0.5 0.52 0.40 0.32 0.30 0.34 0.44 0.62 0.92 1.4
1.0 0.5 0.44 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.52 0.68 0.92 1.2 1.6
1.0 1.0 0.67 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.37
1.33 1.0 0.70 0.60 0.51 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.29
2.0 1.0 0.60 0.52 0.43 0.33 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.21
Main, Cc,s
Qb /Qc
Ab /As Ab /Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 –0.01 –0.03 –0.01 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.46
0.33 0.25 0.08 0 –0.02 –0.01 0.02 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.34
0.5 0.5 –0.03 –0.06 –0.05 0 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.35
0.67 0.5 0.04 –0.02 –0.04 –0.03 –0.01 0.04 0.12 0.23 0.37
1.0 0.5 0.72 0.48 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.18 0.30
1.0 1.0 –0.02 –0.04 –0.04 –0.01 0.06 0.13 0.22 0.30 0.38
1.33 1.0 0.10 0 0.01 –0.03 –0.01 0.03 0.10 0.20 0.30
2.0 1.0 0.62 0.38 0.23 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.20
5-23 Wye, Diverging, Rectangular and Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-21)
Ac = As
Hb = Hc
where H is height of
rectangular duct
Main
Vs/Vc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0
Cc,s 0.40 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.02 0
θ = 30°
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.75 0.55 0.40 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.19
0.7 0.72 0.51 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.26
0.6 0.69 0.46 0.31 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.20 0.28 0.39
0.5 0.65 0.41 0.26 0.19 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.47 0.67
0.4 0.59 0.33 0.21 0.20 0.27 0.40 0.62 0.92 1.3
0.3 0.55 0.28 0.24 0.38 0.76 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.1
0.2 0.40 0.26 0.58 1.3 2.5 4.1 6.1 8.6 11.0
0.1 0.28 1.5 4.3 8.3 15.0 — — — —
θ = 45°
Branch, Cc,b
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 06 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.78 0.62 0.49 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.40
0.7 0.71 0.59 0.47 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.50
0.6 0.74 0.56 0.44 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.43 0.54 0.68
0.5 0.71 0.52 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.59 0.78 1.0
0.4 0.66 0.47 0.40 0.43 0.54 0.69 0.95 1.3 1.7
0.3 0.66 0.48 0.52 0.73 1.2 1.8 2.7 3.7 4.9
0.2 0.56 0.56 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.9 7.1 9.6 13.0
0.1 0.60 2.1 5.1 9.3 16.0 — — — —
θ = 60°
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.53 0.60 0.68
0.7 0.82 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.60 0.70 0.82
0.6 0.81 0.68 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.61 0.72 0.87 1.1
0.5 0.79 0.66 0.61 0.62 0.68 0.76 0.94 1.2 1.5
0.4 0.76 0.65 0.65 0.74 0.89 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3
0.3 0.80 0.75 0.89 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.6 6.0
0.2 0.77 0.96 1.6 2.5 4.0 6.0 8.3 11.0 —
0.1 1.0 2.9 6.2 10.0 — — — — —
θ = 90°
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
08 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.1 1.2 1.4
0.7 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.6 0.96 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0
0.5 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5
0.4 0.99 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.6
0.3 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 3.2 4.3 5.5 6.9 8.5
0.2 1.3 1.9 2.9 4.1 6.2 8.5 11.0 — —
0.1 2.1 4.8 8.9 14.0 — — — — —
5-24 Diverging Wye, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-22)
 = 15° to 90°
and
Ac = As + A b
Branch, Cc,b
Vb /Vc
θ, deg. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
15 0.81 0.65 0.51 0.38 0.28 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
30 0.84 0.69 0.56 0.44 0.34 0.26 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
45 0.87 0.74 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.38 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
60 0.90 0.82 0.79 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.43 0.36 0.33 0.39 0.51 0.76 1.0
90 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Main, Cc,s
θ, degrees 15-60 90
As/Ac As/Ac
Vs /Vc 0-1.0 0-0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.1 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
0.2 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.3 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.50
0.4 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36
0.5 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25
0.6 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16
0.8 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.04
1.0 0 0 0.20 0.10 0.05 0
1.2 0.07 0.07 0.36 0.21 0.14 0.07
1.4 0.39 0.39 0.79 0.59 0.39 —
1.6 0.90 0.90 1.4 1.2 — —
1.8 1.8 1.8 2.4 — — —
2.0 3.2 3.2 4.0 — — —
5-25 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main to Round Tap (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-10T)
Ac = As
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qs
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 1.00
0.4 1.01 1.07
0.6 1.14 1.10 1.08
0.8 1.18 1.31 1.12 1.13
1.0 1.30 1.38 1.20 1.23 1.26
1.2 1.46 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.39 1.48
1.4 1.70 1.82 1.65 1.51 1.56 1.64 1.71
1.6 1.93 2.06 2.00 1.85 1.70 1.76 1.80 1.88
1.8 2.06 2.17 2.10 2.13 2.06 1.98 1.99 2.00 2.07
5-26 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main to Round Tap (Conical) (Inoue et al. 1980, Korst et al. 1950)
Ac = As
Branch
Vb /Vc 0.40 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.3 1.5
Cc,b 0.80 0.83 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.4
5-27 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main, and Tap (45° Entry) (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-10N)
L = 0.25W, 3 in. min.

Ac = As
sRecommendeda
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qs
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.91
0.4 0.81 0.79
0.6 0.77 0.72 0.70
0.8 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.66
1.0 0.78 0.98 0.85 0.79 0.74
1.2 0.90 1.11 1.16 1.23 1.03 0.86
1.4 1.19 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.54 0.25 0.92
1.6 1.35 1.42 1.55 1.59 1.63 1.50 1.31 1.09
1.8 1.44 1.50 1.75 1.74 1.72 2.24 1.63 1.40 1.17
a
For performance study, see SMACNA (1987).
5-28 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main, and Tapa (SMACNA 1981, Table 10Q)
Ac = As
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 1.03
0.4 1.04 1.01
06 1.11 1.03 1.05
08 1.16 1.21 1.17 1.12
1.0 1.38 1.40 1.30 1.36 1.27
12 1.52 1.61 1.68 1.91 1.47 1.66
14 1.79 2.01 1.90 2.31 2.28 2.20 1.95
1.6 2.07 2.28 2.13 2.71 2.99 2.81 2.09 2.20
1.8 2.32 2.54 2.64 3.09 3.72 2.48 2.21 2.57 2.32
For main coefficient (Cc,s) see Fitting 5-23.
a
For performance study see SMACNA (1987).
5-29 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main and Tap (45° Entry), with Damper
(SMACNA 1981, Table 6-10P)
L = 0.25W, 3 in. min

Ac = As
Poor; should not be used.a
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.61
0.4 0.46 0.61
0.6 0.43 0.50 0.54
0.8 0.39 0.43 0.62 0.53
1.0 0.34 0.57 0.77 0.73 0.68
1.2 0.37 0.64 0.85 0.98 1.07 0.83
1.4 0.57 0.71 1.04 1.16 1.54 1.36 1.18
1.6 0.89 1.08 1.28 1.30 1.69 2.09 1.81 1.47
1.8 1.33 1.34 2.04 1.78 1.90 2.40 2.77 2.23 1.92
a
For performance study, see SMACNA (1987).
5-30 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular Main and Tap, with Damper (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-10R)
Ac = As

Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.58
0.4 0.67 0.64
0.6 0.78 0.76 0.75
0.8 0.88 0.98 0.81 1.01
1.0 1.12 1.05 1.08 1.18 1.29
1.2 1.49 1.48 1.40 1.51 1.70 1.91
1.4 2.10 2.21 2.25 2.29 2.32 2.48 2.53
1.6 2.72 3.30 2.84 3.09 3.30 3.19 3.29 3.16
1.8 3.42 4.58 3.65 3.92 4.20 4.15 4.14 4.10 4.05
For main coefficient (Cc,s) see Fitting 5-31.
a
For performance study see SMACNA (1987).
5-31 Tee, Diverging, Rectangular, with Extractor (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-10S)
Ac = As

Main
Vb /Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Cc,s 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.27 0.30 0.25
Branch, Cc,b
Qb /Qc
Vb /Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.60
0.4 0.62 0.69
0.6 0.74 0.80 0.82
0.8 0.99 1.10 0.95 0.90
1.0 1.48 1.12 1.41 1.24 1.21
1.2 1.91 1.33 1.43 1.52 1.55 1.64
1.4 2.47 1.67 1.70 2.04 1.86 1.98 2.47
1.6 3.17 2.40 2.33 2.53 2.31 2.51 3.13 3.25
1.8 3.85 3.37 2.89 3.23 3.09 3.03 3.30 3.74 4.11
aFor performance study, see SMACNA (1987).
5-32 Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-24)
r/Wc = 1.5
Q1b /Qc = Q2b /Qc = 0.5
Converging
A1b/Ac or A2b /Ac 0.50 1.0
Cc,1b or Cc,2b 0.23 0.07
Diverging
A1b/Ac or A2b /Ac 0.50 1.0
Cc,1b or Cc,2b 0.30 0.25
5-33 Wye, Rectangular and Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-30)
Converging Cc,1b or Cc,2b

Q1b/Qc or Q2b /Qc
θ, deg. 0 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
15 –2.6 –1.9 –1.3 –0.77 –0.30 0.10 0.41 0.67 0.85 0.97 1.0
30 –2.1 –1.5 –1.0 –0.53 –0.10 0.28 0.69 0.91 1.1 1.4 1.6
45 –1.3 –0.93 –0.55 –0.16 0.20 0.56 0.92 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3
Diverging Cc,1b or Cc,2b

V1b /Vc or V2b /Vc
θ, deg. 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
15 0.81 0.65 0.51 0.38 0.28 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
30 0.84 0.69 0.56 0.44 0.34 0.26 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
45 0.87 0.74 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.38 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
60 0.90 0.82 0.79 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.43 0.36 0.33 0.39 0.51 0.76 1.0
90 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
5-34 Wye (Double), 45° Rectangular and Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-27)
Converging Flow
Branch, Cc,b
Q1b /Qc
Q2b /Q1b 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
A1b /Ac = 0.2
0.5 –1.0 –0.36 0.59 1.8 3.2 4.9 6.8
1.0 –1.0 –0.24 0.63 1.7 2.6 3.7 —
2.0 –1.0 –0.19 0.21 0.04 — — —
A1b /Ac = 0.4
0.5 –1.0 –0.48 –0.02 0.58 0.92 1.3 16
1.0 –1.0 –0.36 0.17 0.55 0.72 0.78 —
2.0 –1.0 –0.18 0.16 –0.06 — — —
A1b /Ac = 0.6
0.5 –1.0 –0.50 –0.07 0.31 0.60 0.82 0.92
1.0 –1.0 –0.37 0.12 0.55 0.60 0.52 —
2.0 –1.0 –0.18 0.26 0.16 — — —
A1b /Ac = 1.0
0.5 –1.0 –0.51 –0.09 0.25 0.50 0.65 0.64
1.0 –1.0 –0.37 0.13 0.46 0.61 0.54 —
2.0 –1.0 –0.15 0.38 0.42 — — —
Main, Cc,s
Qs /Qc
Q2b /Q1b 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
A1b /Ac = 0.2
0.5 & 2.0 –2.9 –1.9 –1.3 –0.80 –0.56 –0.23 –0.01 0.16 0.22 0.15 0
1.0 –2.5 –1.9 –1.3 –0.80 –0.42 –0.12 0.08 0.20 0.22 0.15 0
A1b /Ac = 0.4
0.5 & 2.0 –0.98 –0.61 –0.30 –0.05 0.14 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.28 0.17 0
1.0 –0.77 –0.44 –0.16 0.05 0.21 0.31 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.17 0
A1b /Ac = 0.6
0.5 & 2.0 –0.32 0.08 0.11 0.27 0.37 0.43 0.44 0.40 0.31 0.18 0
1.0 –0.18 –0.04 0.21 0.34 0.42 0.46 0.46 0.41 0.31 0.18 0
A1b /Ac = 1.0
0.5 & 2.0 0.11 0.36 0.46 0.53 0.57 0.56 0.52 0.44 0.33 0.18 0
1.0 0.29 0.42 0.51 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.54 0.45 0.33 0.18 0
Diverging Flow: Use Fitting 5-23.
5-35 Cross, 90°, Rectangular and Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-29)
Alb = A2b
As = Ac
Converging Flow
Branch, Cc,b
Q1b /Qc or Q2b /Qc
Q2b /Q1b 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
A1b /Ac = 0.2
0.5 –0.85 –0.10 1.1 2.7 4.8 7.3 10
1.0 –0.85 –0.05 1.4 3.1 5.1 7.4 —
2.0 –0.85 –0.31 1.8 3.4 — — —
A1b /Ac = 0.4
0.5 –0 85 –0.29 0.34 1.0 1.8 2.6 3.4
1.0 –0.85 –0.14 0.60 1.3 2.1 2.7 —
2.0 –0.85 0.12 1.0 1.7 — — —
A1b /Ac = 0.6
0.5 –0.85 –0.32 0.20 0.72 1.2 1.7 2.1
1.0 –0.85 –0.18 0.46 1.0 1.5 1.9 —
2.0 –0.85 0.09 0.88 1.4 — — —
A1b /Ac = 0.8
0.5 –0.85 –0.33 0.13 0.61 1.0 1.4 1.7
1.0 –0.85 –0.18 0.41 0.91 1.3 1.5 —
2.0 –0.85 0.08 0.83 1.3 — — —
A1b /Ac = 1.0
0.5 –0.85 –0.34 0.13 0.56 0.93 1.3 1.5
1.0 –0.85 –0.19 0.39 0.86 1.2 1.4 —
2.0 –0.85 0.07 0.81 1.2 — — —
Main
Qs/Qc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Cc,s 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.96
Qs/Qc 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Cc,s 0.85 0.72 0.56 0.39 0.20
Diverging Flow: Use Fitting 5-23.
6 OBSTRUCTIONS
6-1 Damper, Butterfly, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 9-16; Zolotov 1967)
Co
θ, degrees
D/Do 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 85
0.5 019 0.27 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.74 0.86 0.96 0.99 1.0 1.0
0.6 0.19 0.32 0.48 0.69 0.94 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9
0.7 0.19 0.37 0.64 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1
0.8 0.19 0.45 0.87 1.6 2.6 4.1 6.1 8.4 9.4 10 10
0.9 0.19 0.54 1.2 2.5 5.0 9.6 17 30 38 45 50
1.0 0.19 0.67 1.8 4.4 11 32 113 — — — —
6-2 Damper, Butterfly, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 9-17; Zolotov 1967)
Co
θ, degrees
Type H/W 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 65 70
1 <0.25 0.04 0.30 1.1 3.0 8.0 23 60 100 190
1 0.25-1.0 0.08 0.33 1.2 3.3 9.0 26 70 128 210
2 >1.0 0.13 0.35 1.3 3.6 10 29 80 155 230
6-3 Damper, Gate, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 9-5)
h/D 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Ah/Ao 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.90 0.96
Co 35 10 4.6 2.1 0.98 0.44 0.17 0.06
6-4 Damper, Gale, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 8-5)
h/H
H/W 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.5 14 6.9 3.3 1.7 0.83 0.32 0.09
1.0 19 8.8 4.5 2.4 1.2 0.55 0.17
1.5 20 9.1 4.7 2.7 1.2 0.47 0.11
2.0 18 8.8 4.5 2.3 1.1 0.51 0.13
6-5 Damper, Rectangular, Parallel Blades (Brown and Fellows 1957)

NW
L  R = -----------------------
2H + W
where
N = number of damper blades
W = duct dimension parallel to
blade axis, in.
H = duct height, in.
L = sum of damper blade
lengths, in.
R = perimeter of duct, in.
Co
θ, degrees
L/R 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.3 0.52 0.79 1.4 2.3 5.0 9 14 32
0.4 0.52 0.85 1.5 2.4 5.0 9 16 38
0.5 0.52 0.92 1.5 2.4 5.0 9 18 45
0.6 0.52 0.92 1.5 2.4 5.4 9 21 45
0.8 0.52 0.92 1.5 2.5 5.4 9 22 55
1.0 0.52 1.0 1.6 2.6 5.4 10 24 65
1.5 0.52 1.0 1.6 2.7 5.4 10 28 102
6-6 Damper, Rectangular, Opposed Blades (Brown and Fellows 1957)
NW
L  R = -----------------------
2H + W
See Fitting 6-5 for

definition of terms.
Co
θ, degrees
L/R 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.3 0.52 0.85 2.1 4.1 9 21 73 284
0.4 0.52 0.92 2.2 5.0 11 28 100 332
0.5 0.52 1.0 2.3 5.4 13 33 122 377
0.6 0.52 1.0 2.3 6.0 14 38 148 411
0.8 0.52 1.1 2.4 6.6 18 54 188 495
1.0 0.52 1.2 2.7 7.3 21 65 245 547
1.5 0.52 1.4 3.2 9.0 28 107 361 677
6-7 Obstruction, Screen, Round and Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 8-6)
n = free area ratio of
screen
Ao = area of duct
A1 = cross-sectional area
of duct or fitting
where screen is
located
Co
n
A1/Ao 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.2 155 75 42 24 15 8.0 3.5 0
0.3 69 33 19 11 6.4 3.6 1.6 0
0.4 39 19 10 6.1 3.6 2.0 0.88 0
0.6 17 8.3 4.7 2.7 1.6 0.89 0.39 0
0.8 9.7 4.7 2.7 1.5 0.91 0.50 0.22 0
1.0 6.2 3.0 1.7 0.97 0.58 0.32 0.14 0
1.2 4.3 2.1 1.2 0.67 0.40 0.22 0.10 0
1.4 3.2 1.5 0.87 0.49 0.30 0.16 0.07 0
1.6 2.4 1.2 0.66 0.38 0.23 0.12 0.05 0
2.0 1.6 0.75 0.43 0.24 0.15 0.08 0.04 0
2.5 0.99 0.48 0.27 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.02 0
3.0 0.69 0.33 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
4.0 0.39 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0
6.0 0.17 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0
6-8 Obstruction, Perforated Plate, Thick, Round, and Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 8-6)
Co t/d  0.015
n
Aor = d2/4
n = Aor /Ao
t/d 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 where
0.015 52 30 18 8.3 4.0 2.0 0.97 0.42 0.13 Ao = area of duct
Aor = orifice area
0.2 48 28 17 7.7 3.8 1.9 0.91 0.40 0.13 d = diameter of perforated hole
0.4 46 27 17 7.4 3.6 1.8 0.88 0.39 0.13 n = free area ratio of plate,
dimensionless
0.6 42 24 15 6.6 3.2 1.6 0.80 0.36 0.13 t = plate thickness
6-9 Obstruction, Smooth Cylinder in Round and Rectangular Ducts

Sm/Ao < 0.3
Sm = dL
Re = dVo/v
Co = KCo
Co
Sm/Ao
Re 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.1 3.9 8.4 14 19
0.5 1.5 3.2 5.2 7.1
1 0.66 1.4 2.3 3.2
5 0.30 0.64 1.1 1.4
10 0.17 0.38 0.62 0.84
50 0.11 0.24 0.38 0.52
100 0.10 0.21 0.35 0.47
500 to 200,000 0.07 0.15 0.24 0.33
5
For obstruction offset from the centerline, 3 × 10 0.07 0.16 0.26 0.35
use the following factors: 4 × 105 0.05 0.11 0.19 0.25
y/D or y/H 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 5
5 × 10 0.04 0.09 0.14 0.19
K 1.0 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.67 0.58 6× 105 to 106 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10
6-10 Round Duct, Depressed to Avoid an Obstruction (SMACNA 1981,Table 6-14I)
L/D = 0.33
Co = 0.24
6-11 Rectangular Duct, Depressed to Avoid an Obstruction (SMACNA 1981, Table 6-14J)
Co
L/H
W/H 0.125 0.15 0.25 030
1.0 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.35
4.0 0.10 0.14 0.22 0.30
7 FAN-SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
7-1 Fans Discharging into a Plenum (AMCA 1973, Figure 19)
Co
L/Le
Ab /Ao 0 0.12 0.25 0.5 1.0
0.4 2.0 1.0 0.40 0.18 0

0.5 2.0 1.0 0.40 0.18 0
0.6 1.0 0.66 0.33 0.14 0
0.7 0.8 0.40 0.14 0 0
0.8 0.47 0.22 0.10 0 0
0.9 0.22 0.14 0 0 0
1.0 0 0 0 0 0
Calculate effective duct length.

where
V o  2500 fpm: L e = V A o  10 ,600 Vo = duct velocity, fpm
Le = effective duct length, ft
V o  2500 fpm: L e = A o  4.3 Ao = duct area, in.2
7-2 Single Width Single Inlet (SWSI) Fan with an Outlet Duct Elbow (AMCA 1973, Figure 22)
Ab = centrifugal fan blast area

(see Fitting 7-1)
Ao = duct/outlet area (see Fit-
ting 7-1)
To calculate effective duct length

Le, see Fitting 7-1.
Co
Outlet L/Le
Elbow
Ab /Ao Position 0 0.12 0.25 0.5 1.0
0.4 A 3.2 2.7 1.8 0.84 0
B 4.0 3.3 2.2 1.0 0
C 5.8 4.8 3.2 1.5 0
D 5.8 4.8 3.2 1.5 0
0.5 A 2.3 1.9 1.3 0.60 0
B 2.8 2.4 1.6 0.72 0
C 4.0 3.3 2.2 1.0 0
D 4.0 3.3 2.2 1.0 0
0.6 A 1.6 1.3 0.88 0.40 0
B 2.0 1.7 1.1 0.52 0
C 2.9 2.4 1.6 0.76 0
D 2.9 2.4 1.6 0.76 0
0.7 A 1.1 0.88 0.60 0.28 0
B 1.3 1.1 0.72 0.36 0
C 2.0 1.6 1.1 0.52 0
D 2.0 1.6 1.1 0.52 0
Co
Outlet L/Le
Elbow
Ab /Ao Position 0 0.12 0.25 0.5 1.0
0.8 A 0.76 0.64 0.44 0.20 0
B 0.96 0.80 0.52 0.24 0
C 1.4 1.2 0.76 0.36 0
D 1.4 1.2 0.76 0.36 0
0.9 A 0.60 0.48 0.32 0.16 0
B 0.76 0.64 0.44 0.20 0
C 1.1 0.92 0.64 0.28 0
D 1.1 0.92 0.64 0.28 0
1.0 A 0.56 0.48 0.32 0.16 0
B 0.68 0.56 0.36 0.16 0
C 1.0 0.84 0.56 0.26 0
D 1.0 0.84 0.56 0.16 0
7-3 Double Width Double Inlet (DWDI) Fan with an Outlet Duct Elbow (AMCA 1973, Figure 22)
Ab = centrifugal fan blast

area (see Fitting 7-1)
Ao = duct/outlet area (see
Fitting 7-1)
To calculate effective duct

length Le, see Fitting 7-1.
Co Co
Outlet L/Le Outlet L/Le
Elbow Elbow
Posi- Posi-
Ab /Ao tion 0 0.12 0.25 0.5 1.0 Ab /Ao tion 0 0.12 0.25 0.5 1.0
0.4 A 3.2 2.7 1.8 0.84 0 0.8 A 0.76 0.64 0.44 0.20 0
B 5.0 4.2 2.8 1.3 0 B 1.2 1.0 0.65 0.30 0
C 5.8 4.8 3.2 1.5 0 C 1.4 1.2 0.76 0.36 0
D 4.9 4.1 2.7 1.3 0 D 1.2 0.99 0.65 0.31 0
0.5 A 2.3 1.9 1.3 0.60 0 0.9 A 0.60 0.48 0.32 0.16 0
B 3.6 3.0 2.0 0.90 0 B 0.95 0.80 0.55 0.25 0
C 40 3-3 2.2 1.0 0 C 1.1 0.92 0.64 0.28 0
D 3.4 2.8 19 0.88 0 D 0.95 0.78 0.54 0.24 0
0.6 A 1.6 1.3 0.88 0.40 0 1.0 A 0.56 0.48 0.32 0.16 0
B 2.5 2.1 1.4 0.65 0 B 0.85 0.70 0.45 0.20 0
C 2.9 2.4 1.6 0.76 0 C 1.0 0.84 0.56 0.28 0
D 2.5 2.1 1.4 0.65 0 D 0.85 0.71 0.48 0.24 0
0.7 A 1.1 0.88 0.60 0.28 0
B 1.7 1.4 0.90 0.45 0
C 20 1.6 1.1 0.52 0
D 1.7 1.4 0.92 0.44 0
7-4 Nonuniform Elbow into a Fan Inlet Induced by a 90° Round Smooth Radius Elbow
Without Vanes (AMCA 1973, Fig. 27)
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.0 5.0
0.75 1.4 0.80 0.40
1.0 1.2 0.66 0.33
1.5 1.1 0.60 0.33
2.0 1.0 0.53 0.33
3.0 0.66 0.40 0.22
7-5 Nonuniform Elbow into a Fan Inlet Induced by 90° Mitered and Multipiece Elbows
Without Vanes (AMCA 1973, Fig. 29)
Mitered
L/D 0 2.0 5.0
Co 3.2 2.0 1.0
Three-Piece
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.0 5.0
0.50 2.5 1.6 0.80
0.75 1.6 1.0 0.47
1.0 1.2 0.66 0.33
1.5 1.1 0.60 0.33
2.0 1.0 0.53 0.33
3.0 0.80 0.47 0.26
Four-Piece or more
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.0 5.0
0.50 1.8 1.0 0.53
0.75 1.4 0.80 0.40
1.0 1.2 0.66 0.33
1.5 1.1 0.60 0.33
2.0 1.0 0.53 0.33
3.0 0.66 0.40 0.22
7-6 Nonuniform Elbow into a Fan Inlet Induced by a 90° Square Smooth Radius Elbow
(AMCA 1973, Figure 35A)
Square Elbow with an Inlet Transition,a No Vanes
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.5 6.0
0.50 2.5 1.6 0.80
0.75 2.0 1.2 0.66
1.0 1.2 0.66 0.33
1.5 1.0 0.57 0.30
2.0 0.8 0.47 0.26
Square Elbow with an Inlet Transition,a Full Radius Vanes Equally Spaced
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.5 6.0
0.50 0.80 0.47 0.26
1.0 0.53 0.33 0.18
1.5 0.40 0.28 0.16
2.0 1.26 0.22 0.14
Square Elbow with an Inlet Transition,a Short Vanes per Fitting 3.8
Co
L/D
r/D 0 2.5 6.0
0.50 0.80 0.47 0.26
1.0 0.53 0.33 0.18
1.5 0.40 0.28 0.16
2.0 0.26 0.22 0.14
a
The inside area of the square duct (H  H) is equal to the inside area circumscribed by the fan inlet collar. The maxi-
mum angle of any converging element of the transition is 15° and, for a diverging element, 7.5°.
7-7 Fans Located in Plenums and Cabinet Enclosures (AMCA 1973, Figure 35A)
L Co
0.75 D 0.22
0.5 D 0.40
0.4 D 0.53
0.3 D 0.80
0.2 D 1.2
7-8 Fan Without an Outlet Diffuser (AMCA 1973, Figure 19)
Poor; should not be used.
Ab /Ao 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Co 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.80 0.47 0.22 0
7-9 Plane Asymmetric Diffuser at Fan Outlet Without Ductwork (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-11)
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.51 0.34 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.17
15 0.54 0.36 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20
20 0.55 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.25 0.24
25 0.59 0.43 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.33
30 0.63 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.42
35 0.65 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50
If diffuser has a screen, use Fitting 6-7 to calculate screen resistance.
7-10 Pyramidal Diffuser at Fan Outlet Without Ductwork (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-11)
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.54 0.42 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.31
15 0.67 0.58 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.51
20 0.75 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65
25 0.80 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.72
30 0.85 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.76
If diffuser has a screen, use Fitting 6-7 to calculate screen resistance.
7-11 Plane Symmetric Diffuser at Fan Outlet with Ductwork (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-12)
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11
15 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14
20 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16
25 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23
30 0.16 0.29 0.39 0.32 0.34 0.35
35 0.24 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.48 0.50
7-12 Plane Asymmetric Diffuser at Fan Outlet with Ductwork (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-13)
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11
15 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15
20 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18
25 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.26
30 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.35
35 0.21 0.31 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.44
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14
15 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.15
20 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16
25 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22
30 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.29
35 0.15 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.36
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
15 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18
20 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
25 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40
30 0.36 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.51
35 0.44 0.54 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.66
7-15 Pyramidal Diffuser at Fan Outlet with Ductwork (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-16)
Co
A1/Ao
θ,
degrees 1.5 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10 0.10 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25
15 0.23 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44
20 0.31 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.56 0.58
25 0.36 0.49 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.64
30 0.42 0.53 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.69
8 References
ASHRAE. 2016. ASHRAE Duct Fitting Database, v. 6.00.01.
Idelchik, I.E., et al. 1986. Handbook of hydraulic resistance: Coefficients of local resistance and of friction.
Translated from Russian by A. Barouch. Washington, DC: The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the
National Science Foundation. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1220/ML12209A041.pdf.
Locklin, D.W. 1950. Energy losses in 90-degree duct elbows. ASHVE Trans. 56:479.
Rozell, J.M. 1974. Duct turning vanes in 90° elbows. ASHRAE Transactions 80(2):53.
Jones, C.D., and C.F. Sepsy. 1969. An experimental study of losses in round miter elbows, miter tees and
capped crosses. Transaction #2138. Semiannual ASHRAE Conference, San Francisco, CA.
AMCA. 1973. AMCA Publication 201, Fans and systems. Arlington Heights, IL: Air Movement and Control
Association.
Brandt, A.D., and R.J. Steffy. 1946. Energy losses at suction hoods, 52:205.
SMACNA. n.d. Appendix A, Duct design tables and charts. In HVAC systems duct design.
Sepsy, C.F., and D.B. Pies. 1972. Experimental study of the pressure losses in converging flow fittings used
in exhaust systems. Technical Report for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Korst, H.H., N.A. Buckley, S. Konzo, and R. W. Roose. 1950. Fitting losses for extended-plenum forced air
systems. 56:259.

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Online Supplemental Material Accompanying

Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, Ninth Edition

FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENTS

1-1 Duct Mounted in Wall (Hood, Nonenclosing, Flanged, and Unflanged)

r/D 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

r/D 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

1-6 Intake Hood (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 3-18)

1-7 Hood, Tapered, Flanged or Unflanged (Brandt and Steffy 1946)

Hood Shape: Round

Exponential, Sinusoidal, Asymmetrical, and

2-4 Exit, Round, Diverging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-3)

0.5  H/W  2.0

Rectangular Round (r/D = 1.0)

Co L/D 0.9 1.3

L/W Co 1.5 1.4

2-11 Exhaust Hood (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-16)

L/D 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5

Poor Design—Should Not Be Used

2-12 Stackhead (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 11-23)

d/D 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Co 130 41 17 8.1 4.4 2.6 1.6 1.0

Coefficients for 90° Elbows

Angle Correction Factors Kq (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-1):

, degrees 0 20 30 45 60 75 90 110 130 150 180

4 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.24

3-3 Elbow, Mitered, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-5)

Reynolds Number Correction Factors: M/hc

3-4 Elbows, 30,° Z-Shaped, Round

L/D 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Reynolds Number Correction Factors

90°, Sharp Throat Radius Heel (r/W = 0.5)

Coefficients for 90° Elbows (Co)

Angle Correction Factor

Reynolds Number Correction Factor (KRe)

3-6 Elbow, Mitered, Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 6-5)

Reynolds Number Corrections Factors

3-7 Elbow, Smooth Radius with Splitter Vanes, Rectangular

Table 3-7.a Coefficients for Elbows with One Splitter Vane

b. Two Splitter Vanes

Table 3-7.b Coefficients for Elbow with Two Splitter Vanes

c. Three Splitter Vanes

3-8 Elbow, Mitered, with Single-Thickness Vanes, Rectangular (Rozell 1974)

3-9 Elbow, Mitered, with Double-Thickness Vanes, Rectangular (Rozell 1974)

Reynolds Number Correction Factor

W/H = 4, r/H = 1.5, L = 1.5H

4-3 Transition, Rectangular, Three Sides Straighta

4-4 Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-4)a

4-5 Transition, Round/Rectangular (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-27)

4-6 Transition, Rectangular to Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 5-26)

Co for Ao > A1 and H < D Co for Ao < A1 and H < D

5 JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes, Crosses)

5-1 Wye, 30°, Converging (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-1)

Branch, Cc,b Main, Cc,s

5-3 Tee, Converging, Round (Idelchik et al. 1986, Diagram 7-4)

5-6 Tee, Converging, Rectangular (ldelchik 1986, Diagram 7-11)

Ab /As As /Ac Ab /Ac

Ab /As As /Ac Ab /Ac

L = 0.25 W, 3 in. min.

For tee geometry, see Fitting 5-10.

For wye geometry, see Fitting 5-11.