8th Grade

CHEMICAL BONDING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
02
IONIC BONDING

03
COVALENT BONDING
04
METALLIC BONDING
PERIODIC TABLE
What are atoms:
 What Is Atomic Structure?

1. The atomic structure of an

element refers to the constitution
of its nucleus and the
arrangement of the electrons
around it. Primarily, the atomic
structure of matter is made up
of protons, electrons and
neutrons.
2. The protons and neutrons make
up the nucleus of the atom, which
is surrounded by the electrons
belonging to the atom.
The atomic number of an
element describes the total
number of protons in its nucleus.
 Electron Configuration:

● Arrangement of Electrons in shells.

● The first shell contains 2 electrons.
● The second shell contains 8 electrons.
● The third shell contains 8 electrons.
● The electrons only go to the next shell once
each shell is full.
01 IONIC BONDING
The electrostatic force of attraction which holds the
two oppositely charged ions together is called the
ionic bond.
Formation of NaCl
Let’s
do it!
 Properties of Ionic Compounds:

• Ionic compounds have high melting as well as boiling

points.
• They are hard and brittle in nature.
• They conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
• Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature
• They are poor conductors or good insulator in the solid
state
Example of Ionic compound:
● The sodium ions attract
chloride ions and the chloride
ion attracts sodium ions. The
result is a three-dimensional
structure of alternate Na+ and
Cl– ions. This is a crystal of
sodium chloride. The crystal is
uncharged because the
number of sodium ions is equal
to the number of chloride ions.
The forces of attraction
between the ions hold them in
the structures.
These ionic bonds between the
charged particles result in a giant
structure of ions. Because the ions
are held together tightly in these
giant structures it takes a lot of
energy to break all the bonds. As a
result, ionic compounds have
high melting points and boiling
points.
 COVALENT BONDING
02
A covalent bond is formed by the equal sharing of electrons
from both participating atoms. The pair of electrons
participating in this type of bonding is called a shared pair or
bonding pair. Covalent bonds are also called molecular
bonds. Sharing of bonding pairs will ensure that the atoms
achieve stability in their outer shell, which is similar to the
atoms of noble gases.
 Types of Covalent Bonds:

Depending upon the number of shared electron pairs, the covalent bond can be
classified into:

Single Covalent Bond

Double Covalent Bond

Triple Covalent Bond

 Single Bond:
● A single bond is formed when only
one pair of electrons is shared
between the two participating atoms.
It is represented by one dash (-).
Although this form of covalent bond
has a smaller density and is weaker
than a double and triple bond, it is the
most stable.
● For example, the HCL molecule has
one hydrogen atom with one valence
electron and one chlorine atom with
seven valence electrons. In this case,
a single bond is formed between
hydrogen and chlorine by sharing one
electron.
 Double Bonds:
● A double bond is formed when two pairs of
electrons are shared between the two
participating atoms. It is represented by two
dashes (=). Double covalent bonds are much
stronger than single bonds, but they are less
stable.
● For example, a carbon dioxide molecule has
one carbon atom with six valence electrons and
two oxygen atoms with four valence electrons.
● To complete its octet, carbon shares two of its
valence electrons with one oxygen atom and
two with another oxygen atom. Each oxygen
atom shares its two electrons with carbon, and
therefore there are two double bonds in CO2.
 Triple Bonds:

● A triple bond is formed when three pairs of

electrons are shared between the two
participating atoms. Triple covalent bonds
are represented by three dashes (≡) and
are the least stable type of covalent bonds.
● For example, in the formation of a
nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atom
having five valence electrons provides
three electrons to form three electron pairs
for sharing. Thus, a triple bond is formed
between the two nitrogen atoms.
 Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bond
Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds
A covalent bond is formed between two This type of bond is formed between a metal
similar electronegative non-metals and non-metal

Bonds formed from covalent bonding have a Ionic bonds have no definite shape
definite shape

Low melting point and boiling point High melting point and boiling point

Low polarity and more flammable High polarity and less flammable

Covalent bonds are in a liquid or gaseous At room temperature, ionic bonds have a solid
state at room temperature state.

Examples: Methane, Hydrochloric acid Examples: Sodium chloride, Sulfuric Acid

 Uses and Applications:
•Graphite powder is used as a lubricant in the form of
dispersion material or powder.
•Graphite is widely used in lead pencils.
•It is used in the manufacture of electrodes of carbon
employed in electrolytic cells, as it is an excellent
conductor of electricity.
•It is used to make graphite crucibles since it possesses
high melting points.
•It is widely used in nuclear reactors and moderators.
 Uses and Applications:
•Diamond is known to be the hardest substance on Earth.
It is used in the making of tools that are utilised for
grinding, cutting, drilling, etc.
•Diamond is used in the manufacture of filaments made of
tungsten used for light bulbs.
•It is used in the making of jewellery.
•Diamonds are used by most surgeons to remove
cataracts from the eyes as a high-precision instrument.
Diamond and Graphite are allotropes of carbon.
These minerals chemically consist of carbon
atoms with different physical properties. In
general, they are known to be polymorphs,
having the same type of chemistry but with
various crystalline structures.
In these allotropes of carbon, the atoms
consisting of carbon in that of the diamond and
graphite are bound together by strong covalent
bonds with different arrangements.
Diamond and graphite have shift structures which
represent their diverse properties, and both are
pure carbon. However, the graphite’s particles
join the three atoms of carbon and get associated
with the plates that are parallel to each other. The
particles of diamond enter the four atoms of
carbon in a gem frame.
 03
Metallic Bonding
A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed between
positively charged atoms in which the free electrons are
shared among a lattice of cations. In contrast, covalent and
ionic bonds form between two discrete atoms. Metallic
bonding is the main type of chemical bond that forms
between metal atoms.
 Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to allow a

charge to move through it. Since the movement of electrons is not restricted in
the electron sea, any electric current passed through the metal passes through
it, as illustrated below.
What is the Difference Between Metallic Bonding and Ionic Bonding?
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between two chemical species.
They arise from a difference in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms.
On the other hand, metallic bonds are formed when a rigid, definite lattice of
metal cations share a sea of delocalized valence electrons. However, both
these types of bonding involve electrostatic forces of attraction.
What are the Factors Affecting the Strength of Metallic Bonds?
The three factors are:
•The number of electrons delocalized from the metal; the greater the number of
delocalized electrons, the stronger the bond
•Charge held by the metal cation; the greater the magnitude of the charge, the
stronger the force of attraction between the electron sea and the cations
•Size of the cation; the smaller the ionic radius, the greater the effective nuclear
charge acting on the electron sea
Thus, the electron configuration of the element can be studied to predict the strength
of the metallic bonding in it.
The meaning of the term ‘alloy’ is a substance formed
from the combination of two or more metals. Alloys
can also be formed from combinations of metals and
other elements. The properties exhibited by alloys are
often quite different from the properties of their
individual components. It is not uncommon for alloys to
have greater strength and hardness when compared
to pure metals. An example of an alloy is red gold,
which is produced by alloying copper and gold
together. Another important alloy of gold is white gold,
which is produced by alloying silver and gold together.
THANKS!