Demographic Profile Tribes in India

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
OF SCHEDULED TRIBES IN
INDIA
Distribution of Tribes
The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 States/UTs and the
number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled
Tribes is 705.
The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is 10.43
crore, constituting 8.6% of the total population. 89.97% of them
live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas.
The decadal population growth of the tribal’s from Census 2001
to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire
population.
Growth of Tribal Population
According to the 1991 census, there were 6.7 Cr. Scheduled Tribes
in the country (excluding Jammu and Kashmir), make up 8.08 per
cent of the overall population. India’s tribal population increased to
10.42 Cr. from 8.43 Cr. in 2001
As per the 2011 census, 10.42 crore Indians are notified as
‘Scheduled Tribes’ (ST), which constitute 8.6% of countries total
population.
The growth of the Scheduled Tribes population was due to the
following two reasons:
1.There has been a rapid natural growth of tribal population, and
2.The list of Scheduled Tribes has frequently been expanded.
State Level Patterns
There are wide variations in the state-level distribution of the tribal
populations. While, on one hand, no tribes have been scheduled in Punjab
and Haryana, and the union territories of Delhi, Chandigarh and
Puducherry; as much as 94.43 per cent of the total population in Mizoram
and 94.79 per cent in Lakshadweep belongs to Scheduled Tribes.
Among the 15 major states, Chhattisgarh has the largest proportion of the
Scheduled Tribe population at 30.62 per cent followed by Jharkhand at 26.21
per cent.
Further, 71% of India’s Scheduled Tribes population is also mostly
concentrated in six states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, and Jharkhand.
Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical area – the Central
India and the North- Eastern Area. More than half of the
Scheduled Tribe population is concentrated in Central India, i.e.,
Madhya Pradesh (14.69%), Chhattisgarh (7.5%), Jharkhand
(8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%), Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa
(9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and Rajasthan (8.86%).
The other distinct area is the North East (Assam, Nagaland,
Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal
Pradesh). The Graph below shows the states’ share of ST population
out of India’s ST population:
It can be seen from the Graph and the Maps that
more than two-third of the ST population is
concentrated only in the seven States of the country,
viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Jharkhand andChhattisgarh. There is no
ST populationin 3 States (Delhi NCR, Punjab
andHaryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry
andChandigarh), as no Scheduled Tribe is notified .
Rural-Urban Population
The trends in the Population of the Scheduled Tribes by
residence (Total, Rural and Urban) for Census Years 1961-
2011 is given in the Graph below.
Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio (number of Females per 1000 Males) is an
important population characteristic that highlights the social
attention provided to women. Though the sex ratio has been
a matter of concern for the all population, the same has been
good in the case of Tribal Population.
From Census 2001 to Census 2011 there has been an increase
from 978 to 990 females per 1000 males. The State-wise Sex
Ratio among Scheduled Tribes by residence is compared for
Census 2001 & 2011 in Table.
Sex Ratio among Scheduled Tribes by
residence : Census 2001 - 2011
Child Sex ratio
Table gives the Child Sex ratio for Total, General and ST Population
for Census Years 1991, 2001 and 2011. It is found that the Child Sex
Ratio (CSR)(Population 0-6 age group) of the Total, General and the
Scheduled Tribes Population has been declining since Census 1991,
2001 and Census 2011. The CSR of the Scheduled Tribes has been
985 in Census 1991 to 972 in Census 2001 and then to 957 in Census
2011. CSR is also illustrated in the Table, from the last census 2001.
However it is higher than the All India CSR of 91 .
Comparison of Child Sex Ratio (Population 0-6
age group) : Census 1991, 2001 & 2011
Literacy Rate (LR) of Total and ST Population during
1961-2011
Literacy rate (LR) is defined as percentage of literates among the
population aged seven years and above. Although literacy levels of
STs have improved, the gap in literacy levels, both for tribal men
and women, has not declined significantly. In fact the gap increased
between 1971 to 1991, falling thereafter, to a little above the 1971
level. Table below illustrates a comparison between the literacy rates
of the Total population and the STs, from Census 1961 to Census
2011:
For the Scheduled Tribe Population in India, the Literacy Rate increased
from 8.53 percent in 1961 to 58.96 percent in 2011 for STs while the
corresponding increase of the total population was from 28.30 percent in
1961 to 72.99 percent in 2011 (S 2.1 and the graph G 2.1).
LR increased by 11.86 percentage points from 2001 to 2011 for STs and 8.15
percentage points for total population during the same period.
LR has however, all along been lower both for males and females STs as
compared to SCs and Total Population. Male - female gap in literacy rate
decreased from 24.41 percentage points in 2001 to 19.18 percentage points
in 2011 for STs and for the total population, it declined from 21.59
percentage points in 2001to 16.25 percentage points in 2011. For SCs, this
gap decreased from 24.74 in 2001 to 18.71 in 2011. (Table 2.1)
Table 1.10 in the detailed Section gives
Comparison of the State-wise Percentage
of Scheduled Tribe Population as per
residence in Census 2001 and 2011.
From Census 2001 to Census 2011,
the percentage of Scheduled Tribes
Population in the Rural Areas has
increased from 10.4 to 11.3 whereas the
Urban Tribal Population has increased
only a marginally (from 2.4% to 2.8%).

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