What Is Heat

What is Heat?
Heat is the energy that makes things warm or hot. It's the
movement and vibration of tiny particles, like atoms and
molecules, that make up everything around us.
What is
Temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold
something is. It tells us the amount of heat energy an
object or substance contains. Temperature can be
measured using special instruments called
thermometers.
How do we measure temperature?
Mercury Thermometers Digital Thermometers Infrared Thermometers
Mercury thermometers use the Digital thermometers use Infrared thermometers measure
expansion of liquid mercury to sensors to precisely measure the heat energy radiated by an
indicate the temperature on a temperature and display the object to determine its
calibrated scale. reading on a clear LCD screen. temperature without making
physical contact.
Units of Heat and Temperature
Unit for Heat Unit for Temperature
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol
Joule J Kelvin K
Fahrenheit °F
Celcius °C
Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where heat
energy is absent in a substance. Absolute zero is also known as
zero kelvin temperature since it measures zero on the Kelvin
scale.
The concept of absolute zero was first proposed by French physicist Guillaume
Amontons in 1702.
Understanding absolute zero is important in fields such as thermodynamics, cryogenics,

and astrophysics.
Despite being the lowest temperature possible, it is impossible to actually reach absolute zero.
The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero as its starting point.
At this temperature, molecular motion would stop.
Unit Value of Absolute Zero
Kelvin 0
Celsius -273
Fahrenheit -460
Relationship between celcius and kelvin scale
Celsius and Kelvin are two scales used to measure temperature. Both follow the same
unit difference between each scale but with different starting points. The relation
between Celsius and Kelvin are as follows.
Celsius to kelvin Kelvin to Celsius

K = D + 273 D = K - 273
where ; where ;
K is the temperature on the Kelvin scale. K is the temperature on the Kelvin scale.
D is the temperature on the Celsius scale. D is the temperature on the Celsius scale.
Heat and Temperature in
a Sparkler
When a sparkler is lit, it goes through a chemical

reaction that produce heat and bright display of sparks.
The temperature of a sparkler can reach very high

levels, often exceeding 1,000 degrees Celsius.
Conservation of
Energy
The conservation of energy is a fundamental principle in
physics that states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
By understanding and applying the principle of

conservation of energy, scientists and engineers can
design more efficient systems, reduce energy waste,
and contribute to the conservation of our planet's
resources.
Energy transformation diagrams
Energy transformation diagrams (sankey
diagrams) are used to see how much of
the input energy is being useful.
Each arrow, therefore, is

proportional to the energy used.
Ways of transferring Thermal
Energy
1 Conduction
2 Convection
3 Radiation
Conduction
The process of transmission of energy from one particle of
the medium to another with the particles being in direct
contact with each other.
Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the

heat is conducted from the iron to the clothes.
Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the
melting of an ice cube when held in hands.
Heat Conductors and Insulators
Materials that allow heat to pass through them easily are called good conductors of heat.
Materials that prevent heat to pass through them easily are called Thermal insulators.
Heat Conductors Thermal Insulators

Convection
Process of heat transfer by the movement of molecules within
fluids such as gases and liquids
Convection occurs in kettles

Occur in air condition.
Ocean currents.
Occur in heaters.
Radiation
Radiation is energy that travels in the form of waves or particles.
Heat transferred through electromagnetic waves.
All objects absorb and emit radiation.
Heat from stove.

ultraviolet light from the sun.
Good and Bad Radiators of Heat
Dull black bodies are good absorbers and radiators of heat
White and shiny bodies are good reflectors and bad radiators of heat
How does a Thermo flask work?

What Is Heat

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What is Heat?

Mercury Thermometers Digital Thermometers Infrared Thermometers

Unit for Heat Unit for Temperature

Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Understanding absolute zero is important in fields such as thermodynamics, cryogenics,

The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero as its starting point.

At this temperature, molecular motion would stop.

Unit Value of Absolute Zero

Celsius to kelvin Kelvin to Celsius

When a sparkler is lit, it goes through a chemical

The temperature of a sparkler can reach very high

By understanding and applying the principle of

Each arrow, therefore, is

Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the

Heat Conductors Thermal Insulators

Convection occurs in kettles

Heat transferred through electromagnetic waves.

All objects absorb and emit radiation.

Heat from stove.

Dull black bodies are good absorbers and radiators of heat

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