Kautaliya Arthshastra Unit 1-2

dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa
eè;orhZ iz'kklfud lajpuk

(INTERMEDIATE ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE IN KAUTILYA'S ARTHASHASTRA)
ALL UG COURSES
ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (AEC): SANSKRIT-B
lsesLVj-III / IV
lhfer izlkj gsrq
DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
20CUS01291
: 2024
: [email protected]
[email protected]
https://sol.du.ac.in
[email protected]
20/4 IV 201 010 2024

SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE
Syllabi Mapping in Book
Unit: 1
Introduction to Kau ṭ ilya’s Artha śā stra: Author, Structure of the Text,
Editions and Translations, Introduction to all Adhikara ṇas.
Unit: 2
Sapt ā nga Theory
Concept of Welfare State
Sam ā harta
Sannidh ā t ā
Dharmasth ī ya
Ka ṇṭ aka ś odhana
Sit ā dhyak ṣ a
I
1-1 mís';
1-2 çLrkouk
1-3 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=% ,d ifjp;
1-4 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk ys[kd ,oa fLFkfrdky
1-5 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh lajpuk
1-6 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds vfèkdj.kksa dk ifjp;
1-7 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa çfrikfnr çeq[k fo"k;
1-7-1 eaf=ifj"kn~
1-7-2 fo|k
1-7-3 lIrkaxjkT; ;k lIrç—fr;k¡
1-7-4 "kkM~xq.; uhfr
1-7-5 nqx&Z foèkku
1-7-6 dj O;oLFkk
1-7-7 jktnwr
1-7-8 xqIrpj
1-8 vFkZ'kkL= ij miyCèk vuqokn ,oa Vhdk,¡
1-9 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk egÙo
1-10 lkjka'k
1-11 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
1-12 cksèk&ç'uksa ds mÙkj
1-13 vH;kl&ç'u
1-14 lanHkZ&xzFa k ,oa lgk;d ikBîlkexzh
II
2-1 mís';
2-2 çLrkouk
2-3 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ladYiuk
2-4 lIrkax fl)kar % laL—r'kkL=h; ijEijk
2-5 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk lIrkax fl)kar
2-5-1 Lokeh
2-5-2 vekR;
2-5-3 tuin
2-5-4 nqxZ
2-5-5 dks'k
2-5-6 cy vFkok naM
2-5-7 fe=
2-5-8 ç—fr O;lu
2-6 lkjka'k
2-7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
2-9 vH;kl&ç'u
3-1 mís';
3-2 çLrkouk
3-3 foÙk ç'kklu
3-3-1 lekgrkZ
3-3-2 lfUuèkkrk
3-3-3 dkekZfUrd
3-4 —f"k ç'kklu
3-4-1 lhrkè;{k
3-5 lkjka'k
3-6 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
3-8 vH;kl&ç'u
3-9 lanHkZ&xzaFk ,oa lgk;d ikBîlkexzh
4-1 mís';
4-2 çLrkouk
4-3 U;kf;d ç'kklu
4-3-1 èkeZLFkh;
4-3-2 d.Vd'kksèku
4-4 lkjka'k
4-5 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
4-7 vH;kl&ç'u
I
lgk;d vkpk;kZ
laL—r foHkkx] eqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
1-1 mís';
1-2 çLrkouk
1-3 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= % ,d ifjp;
1-4 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk ys[kd ,oa fLFkfrdky
1-5 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh lajpuk
1-6 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds vfèkdj.kksa dk ifjp;
1-7 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa çfrikfnr çeq[k fo"k;
1-7-1 eaf=ifj"kn~
1-7-2 fo|k
1-7-3 lIrkaxjkT; ;k lIrç—fr;k¡
1-7-4 "kkM~xq.; uhfr
1-7-5 nqx&Z foèkku
1-7-6 dj O;oLFkk
1-7-7 jktnwr
1-7-8 xqIrpj
1-8 vFkZ'kkL= ij miyCèk vuqokn ,oa Vhdk,¡
1-9 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk egÙo
1-10 lkjka'k
1-11 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
1-13 vH;kl&ç'u
3
bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki&
 Hkkjr dh çkphu jktuhfrd ,oa ç'kkldh; ç.kkyh ls voxr gksaxAs
 dkSfVY; ds thouo`Ùk ,oa —frRo ds fo"k; esa tkusx
a As
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh lajpuk ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
 dkSfVY; dh jkT; 'kkluç.kkyh ds vUrxZr eaf=ifj"kn~] dkuwu O;oLFkk] O;ogkj]
dj O;oLFkk ,oa n.M&foèkku vkfn fo"k;ksa dk ifjKku djsx
a As
 dkSfVY; ds ç'kklfud oSf'k"Vî dks le> ldsx
a As
 dkSfVY; ç'kkldh; ç.kkyh dh orZeku esa çklafxdrk dks le>sx
a sA
fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! çkphu Hkkjrh; Kku&ijEijk ls ifjfpr djkus ds mís'; ls uÃ jk"Vªh;

f'k{kk uhfr 2020 ds vUrxZr fofHkUu Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa dks ikBîØe esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k
gSA çLrkfor 'kkL=ksa esa jktuhfrfo"k;d lcls egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= gSA
dkSfVY;] lezkV pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk eU=h ,oa çèkku lykgdkj FkkA dkSfVY; us vFkZ'kkL=
esa jktuhfr ,oa ç'kklu ds çeq[k fl)kUrksa dk çfriknu fd;k gSA rkRdkfyd lEiw.kZ
ç'kkldh; O;oLFkk jktk ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh fn[kkÃ iM+rh gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa
dkSfVY; ¼pk.kD;½ dk ;g Li"V eUrO; –f"Vxr gksrk gS fd jktk 'kfä'kkyh cuk jgs]
lkFk gh og lke] nke] n.M] Hksn dh dwVuhfr ds ekè;e ls viuk jkT; foLrkj Hkh djrk
jgsA dkSfVY; us ç'kkldksa dh ;ksX;rk ij Hkh cgqr vfèkd cy fn;k FkkA
iUæg vfèkdj.kksa esa foHkDr bl xzUFk esa foLrkj ls jktk ds dÙkZO;ksa] eaf=ifj"kn~]
'kklu ds foHkkx ,oa inkfèkdkjh] dj&U;k;&n.MO;oLFkk] lIrkax ,oa "kkM~xq.; vkfn
jktuhfrijd fl)kUrksa dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ,d ;FkkFkZoknh
fopkjd FksA blh dkj.k ls mUgksua s jkT; esa fdl çdkj lq'kklu LFkkfir gks] ,rnFkZ jkT;
ds lHkh vko';d igyqvksa dks l'kDr cukus ij cy fn;kA
4
Hkkjr esa vFkZ'kkL=h; ijEijk dk bfrgkl vR;Ur çkphu gSA *vFkZ'kkL=* 'kCn dk ç;ksx
çkphu dky esa O;kid vFkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA blds vUrxZr jktuhfr 'kkL=] èkeZ'kkL=]
vFkZ'kkL= vkSj dkuwu vkfn fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk FkkA lkFk gh uhfr'kkL=h;
xzUFk Hkh blh Js.kh esa ifjxf.kr fd, tkrs FksA
osnksa] Le`fr;ksa ,oa iqjk.kksa esa jktuhfr ,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk ds ladrs Li"V :i ls
feyrs gSaA fo'o ok³~e; ds loZ çkphu miyCèk xzaFk _Xosn esa jktk lqnkl dh 'kklu
O;oLFkk esa vFkZ'kkL=ksa dh mRifÙk ds cht ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa 'kkSud us vius pj.kO;wg
esa vFkZ'kkL= dks vFkoZosn dk miosn Lohdkj fd;k gS&
Le`fr;ksa ,oa iqjk.kksa esa jktuhfr dks n.Muhfr ds uke ls mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gSA
ogk¡ n.Muhfr dk o.Z;&fo"k; ogh gS tks vFkZ'kkL=ksa dkA ;|fi vkt vFkZ'kkL= dks
vaxzsth ds *bdksu‚feDl* dk fgUnh :ikUrj ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq çkphudky esa vFkZ'kkL=
ekuoksa ls ;qDr Hkwfe] blds ykHk rFkk Hkwfe ds ikyu gsrq cuk, x, fu;eksa dk ifjpk;d
FkkA pw¡fd bu fu;eksa esa n.M dh Hkh O;oLFkk jgrh Fkh] blfy, bl 'kkL= dks *n.Muhfr*
uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;kA vkpk;Z n.Mh us Hkh dkSfVY; —r vFkZ'kkL= dks *n.Muhfr*
gh dgk gSA os dgrs gSa& fo".kqxqIr us ekS;Z jktk ds fy, 6000 'yksdksa esa n.Muhfr dk
ç.k;u fd;k ¼n'kdqekjpfjre~] 8½A
vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj *vFkZ* 'kCn ds nks vFkZ gSa& euq";ksa dh vkthfodk vkSj og
Hkwfe ftl ij euq"; fuokl djrs gSAa ml Hkwfe dh çkfIr vkSj j{kk ds mik;ksa dk ftlesa
o.kZu jgrk gS mls vFkZ'kkL= dgrs gS&
a
¼dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=% 15-1-01½

5
dkSfVY; dh –f"V esa jktuhfr ,d Lora= 'kkL= gS vkSj vkUohf{kdh ¼U;k; ,oa
rdZ'kkL=½] =;h ¼osn½ rFkk okrkZ ¼vFkZ'kkL=½ ,oa dkuwu vkfn mldh 'kk[kk,¡ gSA lEiw.kZ
lekt dh j{kk jktuhfr ;k n.M O;oLFkk ls gh gksrh gS vFkok ;w¡ dgsa fd jf{kr çtk
gh vius&vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu dj ldrh gSA vr% vFkZ'kkL= dk vè;;u vko';d
gSA
;|fi dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ds ç.k;u ds iwoZ vusd vFkZ'kkL=ksa dh jpuk gks pqdh
Fkh rFkk vFkZ'kkL=ksa dh ,d lq–<+ ijEijk dkSfVY; ds le{k fo|eku Fkh] rFkkfi bl le;
miyCèk jktuhfr fo"k;d xzaFkksa esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= gh egÙoiw.kZ xzaFk gSA dkSfVY; us
vFkZ'kkL= dk ç.k;u iwokZpk;ks± ds fofHkUu vFkZ'kkL=ksa dk lkj xzg.k djds fd;k gS&
¼dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=% vfèkdj.k vè;k; 1½

dkSfVY; us vius vFkZ'kkL= esa vusd iwoZorÊ vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dk fofHkUu çdj.kksa esa
uke funsZ'k fd;k gS tSls& m"kul~ ¼m"kuk½] vkEHk] dkS.kinUr] ijk'kj] ckgqnUrhiq=]
c`gLifr] Hkkj}kt] euq] fi"kqu] okrO;kfèk] fo'kkyk{kA bu vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds dky ds fo"k;
esa dksÃ çkekf.kd rF; miyCèk ugÈ gS ijUrq fo}kuksa dk er gS fd jktuhfr fo"k;d
lkfgR; dk ç.k;u Ã-iw- lIre 'krkCnh esa gksus yxk FkkA ckS) tkrdksa ds vè;;u ls
Li"V tkudkjh feyrh gS fd ml le; rd vFkZ'kkL= ,d çeq[k 'kkL= ds :i esa
Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk FkkA fo}kuksa dh –f"V esa tkrdksa dk jpukdky 500 Ã-iw- ds
yxHkx gh gSA
dkSfVY; ds iwoZorÊ ,oa i'pk}rÊ lHkh vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa esa dkSfVY; lokZfèkd
yksdfç; gSA budh —fr esa fo}Ùkk dk çn'kZu de gS vkSj O;kogkfjdrk vfèkd gSA
;|fi vFkZ'kkL= dh fo"k;&oLrq vR;Ur O;kid gS] ijUrq bldk foHkktu ,oa o.kZu cgqr
gh oSKkfud gSA blesa jktuhfr ,oa ç'kkldh; ç.kkyh ls lEc) ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk
ç;ksx] dÙkZO; ikyu dk vkns'k ,oa n.Muhfr dh çfr"Bk cgqr lqUnj gSA
6
vFkZ'kkL= ds ç.ksrk dkSfVY; ds thou ls lEc) lkexzh dk çk;% vHkko gh gSA rFkkfi
,d rF; tks leLr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ,d Loj ls feyrk gS] og ;g gS fd dkSfVY;
pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk ledkyhu ,oa muds jkT; esa eU=h FkkA vFkZ'kkL=ç.ksrk vkpk;Z
dkSfVY; dh çflf) nwljs dÃ ukeksa ls Hkh gS ftuesa mudk ,d yksd& foJqr uke
pk.kD; gS] tks mUgsa p.kd dk iq= gksus ls fn;k x;kA vr% ;g mudk oa'k uke gSA
dqfVy jktuhfrK gksus ls mUgsa *dkSfVY;* dgk tkrk gSA vr% ;g mudk mikfèk uke gSA
dkSfVY; dk okLrfod ,oa fir`çnÙk uke fo".kqxqIr FkkA ;g uke vFkZ'kkL= esa ç;qDr Hkh
gqvk gSA 400 Ã- lu~ esa jfpr vkpk;Z dkeUnd —r ls bl rF; dh iqf"V gksrh
gS fd vFkZ'kkL= dh jpuk djus okys vkpk;Z dkSfVY; dk okLrfod uke fo".kqxqIr FkkA
ls ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd dkSfVY; us uUnoa'k dk mUewyu dj mlds LFkku
ij ekS;Zo'a k dks çfrf"Br fd;k&
¼uhfrlkj½
esa uUnoa'k ds fouk'k dh ,d dFkk çkIr gS] ftlds vuqlkj dkSfVY;
uked czkã.k us ml jkT; ds vfUre mÙkjkfèkdkjh uUn dk fouk'k djds mlds LFkku
ij ekS;Zo'a k ds çFke çrkih 'kkld pUæxqIr dk jkT;kfHk"ksd fd;kA ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ls
fofnr gksrk gS fd ekS;Zoa'k ds egkçrkih lezkV~ pUæxqIr ekS;Z us fo".kqxIq r uked ,d
vn~Hkqr] dqfVyefr] jktuhfrK dh lgk;rk ls exèk ds uUnoa'k dks lewy fou"V djds
vkSj 'kfä'kkyh ;oujkt fldUnj ds ç;Ruksa dks foQy djds ,d fo'kky lkezkT; dh
LFkkiuk dh Fkh] ftldks bfrgkldkjksa us ekS;ZlkezkT; dk uke fn;kA pUæxqIr ekS;Z 323
Ã- iwoZ ds yxHkx exèk dk Lokeh cuk Fkk vkSj mlus 298 Ã- iwoZ rd jkT; fd;kA
,slk dgk tkrk gS fd pk.kD; dh f'k{kk&nh{kk r{kf'kyk esa lEiUu gqÃ FkhA
r{kf'kyk esa viuh fo}rk ,oa foy{k.k cqf)erk ds dkj.k os ogÈ jktuhfr'kkL= ds vkpk;Z
fu;qDr gks x, FksA
7
dkeUnh; uhfrlkj ds iwoksDZ r rF; ls ;g fl) gS fd vFkZ'kkL= dk ç.k;u vkpk;Z
dkSfVY; us gh fd;k FkkA dsoy bruk gh ugÈ] vfirq çkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijk vkSj
bfrgkl esa fo'kky lkezkT; ds laLFkkid] vkpk;Z] egkekR;] vFkZ'kkL=h] fofèkosÙkk vkSj
dwVuhfrK ds :i esa dkSfVY; dh egrh çfr"Bk gSA vFkZ'kkL= ds milagkj ds ,d 'yksd
esa pk.kD; us xoZiwoZd dgk gS fd& *bl vFkZ'kkL= fo"k;d xzUFk dh jpuk mlus dh]
ftlus cM+s ve"kZ ds lkFk 'kkL= dk] 'kL= dk vkSj uUnjkt ds gkFk esa x;h i`fFkoh dk
,d lkFk m)kj fd;k*&
¼vFkZ'kkL= 15@1½
vFkZ'kkL= esa gh vU;= fy[kk x;k gS] *lc 'kkL=ksa dk fofèkor~ vè;;u djds
vkSj muds ç;ksx le>dj dkSfVY; us ujsUæ ds fy, ;g 'kklu dh fofèk cukÃ*&
¼vFkZ'kkL= 2@10½
vkpk;Z pk.kD; ds thou] dk;Zdyki vkSj fLFkfrdky dks ysdj ,sfrgkfldksa esa cgqr
fookn jgk gS fd vFkZ'kkL= dh jpuk fdlh ,d fo}ku~ }kjk gqÃ ;k og fdlh lEçnk;
esa èkhjs&èkhjs fpjdky rd fodflr gksrk jgk\ D;k mls ekS;Z ;qx esa pk.kD; }kjk cuk;k
x;k ;k ckn esa pk.kD; ds eUrO;ksa ds vuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fä us mldh jpuk dh\
gesa bl fookn esa ;gk¡ iM+us dh vko';drk ugÈA vc vusd fo}kuksa us Lohdkj dj fy;k
gS fd dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ekS;Zdky dh gh jpuk gS vkSj mldk ç.k;u vkpk;Z fo".kqxqIr
pk.kD; }kjk ujsUæ pUæxqIr ds 'kklu dh *fofèk* ds :i esa gh gqvk FkkA vfèkd çpfyr
èkkj.kk ds vuqlkj pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds ea=h pk.kD; gh vFkZ'kkL= ds ç.ksrk gSa vkSj budk
le; gSA ;fn bl xzUFk ds dqN va'kksa dks ckn dk fy[kk gqvk
Hkh ekuk tk;s] rc Hkh blesa lUnsg ugÈ fd bl xzUFk ls ekS;Zdky dh 'kklu O;oLFkk]
vkÆFkd n'kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj ds lEcUèk esa cgqr lh egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa Kkr gksrh gSAa
chloÈ lnh ds çkjEHk esa eSlwj ds lqçfl) fo}ku~ us vkpk;Z
dkSfVY; }kjk fojfpr vFkZ'kkL= dks igyh ckj cM+h 'kq)rk ds lkFk çdkf'kr fd;kA
8
mUgksaus vusd çek.kksa ds vkèkkj ij fl) fd;k gS fd vkpk;Z dkSfVY; pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds
vekR; ¼eU=h½ Fks vkSj vFkZ'kkL= mUgÈ dh —fr gSA ds er esa dkSfVY;
,d dfYir O;fä u gksdj lezkV~ pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds egkekR; Fks] vFkZ'kkL= mUgÈ dh Ñfr
gS] ftldh jpuk 400 Ã- iwoZ esa gqÃA okpLifr xSjksyk ds 'kCnksa esa *vkpk;Z dkSfVY;
dkYifud O;fä u gksdj ,d ;qxfoèkk;d egkjFkh ds :i esa laL—r Hkk"kk dh egkurkvksa
ds lkFk vtj ,oa vej gks pqds gSaA*
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= fu%lUnsg ,d dfBu vkSj fo'kky xzUFk gSA blesa vusd vçfl) vkSj
vçpfyr ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA blds vfrfjDr ,sls dÃ fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ
blesa feyrh gS] tks orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s loZFkk vutkus gSAa fdUrq çkphu Hkkjr
ds jktuhfr'kkL=h; fopkj] dkuwu] O;ogkj] fu;e] ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkfn ds ifjKku ds fy,
;g ,d vewY; HkaMkj gSA dkSfVY; dh jkT;'kkluç.kkyh esa jktk gh ,dek= drkZ&èkrkZ
gS] fdUrq efU=ifj"kn~ vfuok;Z vax gSA jktk viuk leLr dk;Z efU=;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls
gh djrk gSA jktk dk çFke dÙkZO; çtk dks çlUu j[kuk gSA jk"Vªfgr&lEiknu jktk
dk çèkku nkf;Ro gSA dkSfVY; dk mís'; ,d ,sls lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk ftldh
'kklulÙkk fujadq'k gks] ij ftldh uhfr esa yksd&dY;k.k dh O;kid Hkkouk fo|eku
gksA blhfy, dkSfVY; dh fujadq'k uhfr esa çtkrU=kRed fopkjksa dk leUo; fn[kkÃ nsrk
gSA vius 'kkL= esa vkpk;Z dkSfVY; us jktnwr] xqIrpj] iqj] tuin] o.kkZJe O;oLFkk]
U;k;] n.M] m|ksx] jktdj vkfn vusd fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls foospu fd;k gSA dg
ldrs gSa fd egkHkkjr dh mfä
jkT;O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ij iwjh rjg mfpr Bgjrh gSA
dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= dk foHkktu iUæg vfèkdj.kksa esa gS] ftuds vUrxZr vè;k;
gSaA lEiw.kZ vFkZ'kkL= esa 180 çdj.k gSaA vfèkdj.kksa ds vUrxZr dqy vè;k;ksa dh la[;k
150 gSAa blh rjg çfrikfnr fo"k;ksa ds vuqlkj vè;k;ksa ds uke Hkh gSaA lEiw.kZ vFkZ'kkL=
lw=kRed gSA dgÈ&dgÈ 'yksdksa esa lw=ksa dh ckr nksgjk;h x;h gSA
vkpk;Z dkSfVY; us vius vFkZ'kkL= esa iwoZi{k] mÙkji{k vkSj fu"d"kZ bu rhu :iksa okyh
lw=kRed 'kSyh dk voyEcu fy;k gSA iwoZi{k ds :i esa iwokZpk;ks± ds fl)karksa dks 9
miLFkkfir fd;k gS rFkk mÙkji{k esa vius fl)kar dh çfr"Bk dh gS vkSj fu"d"kZ ds :i
esa vè;k; ds vUr esa dqN 'yksdksa dks fy[kk gSA bu 'yksdksa esa lEiw.kZ vè;k; esa çfrikfnr
fo"k;oLrq dk lkj laxzghr gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= xzaFk esa ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx
djus ds dkj.k vFkZ dgÈ&dgÈ dfBurk ls le> esa vkrs gSAa
vFkZ'kkL= dh jpuk lw= vkSj 'yksd nksuksa esa gqÃ gSA blds dqN va'k x|c) gSa rFkk dqN
'yksdc)A blesa 15 vfèkdj.k] 150 vè;k; rFkk N% lglz ¼6000½ 'yksd gSaA vFkZ'kkL=
esa çkphu Hkkjr ds lkekftd] vkÆFkd] jktuhfrd rFkk èkkÆed thou dks fpf=r fd;k
x;k gSA vfèkdj.k ds vuqlkj bldh fo"k;&oLrq bl çdkj gS&
çFke vfèkdj.k dk uke fou;kfèkdkfjd gSA blesa fuEukafdr fo"k;ksa
dk foospu gS& jktkuq'kklu] jktk }kjk 'kkL=kè;;u] vkUohf{kdh ,oa jktuhfr dk LFkku]
o`)tuksa dh laxfr] dkeØksèkkfn N% 'k=qvksa dk ifjR;kx] jktk dh thoup;kZ] eaf=;ksa ,oa
iqjksfgrksa ds xq.k ,oa dÙkZO;] xqIr mik;ksa ds }kjk vekR;ksa ds vkpj.k dh ijh{kk] xqIrpjksa
dh fu;qfä] lHkk cSBd] jktdqekj j{k.k] vUr%iqj dh O;oLFkk] jktk dh lqj{kk] utjcUn
jktdqekj rFkk jktk dk ikjLifjd O;ogkj] jktnwrksa dh fu;qfä] jktHkou dk fuekZ.k
rFkk jktk ds dÙkZO;A
bldk uke vè;{kçpkj gS rFkk bl vfèkdj.k esa oÆ.kr fo"k; bl
çdkj gSa& tuinksa dh LFkkiuk] xzke fuekZ.k] nqxks± dk fuekZ.k] pjkxkg ou] lfUuèkkrk ds
dÙkZO;] dks'kx`g dk fuekZ.k] lekgÙkkZ dk dj&laxzg dk;Z] Hkwfe] [kkuksa] ouks]a ekxks± ds djksa
ds vfèkdkjh] vk;&O;; fujh{kd dk dk;kZy;] turk ds èku dk xcu] jktdh; Lo.kZdkjksa
ds dÙkZO;] i.; dk vè;{k] vk;qèkkxkj dk vè;{k] vkcdkjh foHkkx] v'ofoHkkx] xt'kkyk
ds vè;{k] jFk lsuk] iSny lsuk ds vè;{kksa rFkk lsukifr;ksa ds dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k] eqækfoHkkx]
e|'kkyk ds vè;{k] oèkLFkku] os';ky;] ifjogu foHkkx] i'kq foHkkxA
bldk uke èkeZLFkh; gSA blesa oÆ.kr fo"k; gSa& U;k;&'kklu]
fofèk&fu;e] fookg lacèa k] èkeZ fookg] L=hèku] L=h dk iquÆookg] ifr&iRuh lacaèk] nk;
foHkkx] mÙkjkfèkdkj fu;e] x`gfuekZ.k] _.k] èkjksgj lacaèkh fu;e] nkl ,oa Jfed lacaèkh
10 fu;e] nku ds fu;e] lkgl rFkk n.M ds fu;eA
bldk uke daVd'kksèku gSA blesa oÆ.kr fo"k;ksa dh lwph bl çdkj
gS& f'kYidkjksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dh j{kk] nSoh foifÙk;ksa ls çtk dh j{kk] fl)os'kèkkjh
xqIrpjksa }kjk nq"Vksa dk neu] 'kafdr iq#"kksa dh igpku] lUnsg ij vijkfèk;ksa dks cUnh
cukuk] lHkh çdkj ds jktdh; foHkkxksa dh j{kk] fofoèk çdkj ds nks"kksa ds fy, vkÆFkd
n.M] fcuk ihM+k ;k ihM+k ds lkFk e`R;qn.M] jef.k;ksa ds lkFk lekxe] dqekjh dU;k ds
lkFk laHkksx dk n.MA
bldk uke ;ksxoÙk gSA blds vUrxZr oÆ.kr fo"k; bl çdkj gSa&
jktæksgh mPpkfèkdkfj;ksa ds lacèa k esa n.MO;oLFkk] njckfj;ksa dk vkpj.k] fo'ks"k volj
ij jkT;dks"k dks lEiwfjr djuk] jkT;deZpkfj;ksa ds osru] jkT; 'kfä dh laLFkkiuk]
O;oLFkk dk ;Fkksfpr ikyu] foifÙkdky esa jktiq= dk vfHk"ksd rFkk ,d N= jkT; dh
çfr"BkA
bldk uke e.My;ksfu gSA blesa e.Myjpuk] lkoZHkkSe lÙkk ds lkr
rÙo] jktk ds 'khy&xq.k] 'kkfUr] "kM~&foèk jktuhfr vkSj lEifÙk ds fy, dfBu m|ksx
dk o.kZu gSA
bldk uke "kkM~xq.; gSA blesa oÆ.kr fo"k; gSa& N% xq.kksa dk mís';
rFkk {k;] LFkku ,oa cqf) dk fu'p;] cyoku~ dk vkJ;] le] ghu rFkk cyoku~ jktkvksa
ds pfj= vkSj ghu jktk ds lacaèk] jkT;ksa dk feyku] fe=] lksuk ;k Hkwfe dh çkfIr ds
fy, lfUèk] fe=lfUèk vkSj fgj.;lfUèk vkfnA
bl vfèkdj.k dk uke O;lukfèkdkfjd gSA blds fo"k; bl çdkj
gSa& lkoZHkkSe lÙkk ds rÙoksa ds O;luksa ds fo"k;] jktk vkSj jkT; ds d"V] lkekU; iq#"kksa
ds O;lu] ihM+u oxZ] LrEHk oxZ] lsuk ds d"V rFkk fe= ds d"V vkfnA
bldk uke vfHk;kL;RdeZ gSA blds vUrxZr oÆ.kr fo"k; bl çdkj
gSa& 'kfä] ns'k] dky] cy&vcy dk Kku vkSj vkØe.k dk le;] lSU; laxzg dk le;]
lSU; laxBu] lsuk esa jax:Vksa dh HkrÊ] çlkèku vkSj 'k=qlus k dk lkeuk] cká rFkk
vkH;Urj vkifÙk] jktæksgh rFkk 'k=qtU; vkifÙk;k¡] vFkZ&vuFkZ rFkk lka; lacaèkh
vkifÙk;k¡ vkSj muds çfrdkj ds mik; ls çkIr gksus okyh flf);ksa dk o.kZuA
bl vfèkdj.k dk uke lkaxzkfed vfèkdj.k gSA blesa bu fo"k;ksa dk
o.kZu gS& ;q) ds ckjs esa lsuk dk iM+ko Mkyuk] lsuk dk vfHk;ku] lejkax.k] inkfr
¼iSny lsuk½] v'olsuk rFkk gfLrlsuk ds dk;Z] i{k] d{k rFkk mjL; vkfn fo'ks"k O;wgksa 11
dh lsuk ds ifj.kke ds vuqlkj nks foHkkx] lkj rFkk QYxq cyksa dk foHkkx vkSj prqjx
a
lsuk dk ;q)] ç—frO;wg] fo—frO;wg vkSj çfrO;wg dh jpukA
bldk uke o`Ùkla?k gSA blesa Hksn ç;ksx vkSj mika'kqn.M dk o.kZu
gS] lkFk gh uxjikfydkvksa ,oa O;olk;&fuxeksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu gSA
bldk uke vkcyh;l gSA blesa oÆ.kr fo"k; gSa& 'kfä'kkyh 'k=q
ds ckjs esa nwrdeZ] ea=;q)] lsukifr;ksa dk oèk rFkk jkte.My dh lgk;rk] 'kL=]
vL=&'kL=&lfTtr xqIrpj] vfXu rFkk vUu&dksBkj dk uk'k] jlksa dk xw<+ ç;ksx vkSj
fofoèk çdkj dk u'kk] n.Mç;ksx ds }kjk rFkk vkØe.k ds }kjk fot; dh çkfIrA
bldk uke nqxZyEHkksik; gSA blesa nqxZ dk thruk] QwV mRiUu
djuk vkSj diV ds }kjk jktk dks vk—"V djuk] xqIrpjksa dk 'k=qns'k esa fuokl] 'k=q
ds nqxZ dks ?ksjdj vius vfèkdkj esa djuk rFkk foftr ns'k esa 'kkfUr LFkkiuk vkfn fo"k;ksa
dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
bl vfèkdj.k dk uke vkSifu"kfnd gSA blds oÆ.kr fo"k; gS& a
xqIrlkèkuk] 'k=qoèk ds ç;ksx] çyEHku ;ksx esa vn~Hkqr mRiknu] çyEHku;ksx esa vkS"kfèk rFkk
ea= dk ç;ksx] 'k=q }kjk fd, x, ?kkrd ç;ksxksa dk çfrdkjA
bldk uke rU=;qfä gSA blesa vFkZ'kkL= dh ;qfä;k¡ rFkk
pk.kD; lw= gSaA
fuEu ç'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,&

(i) vFkZ'kkL= ds jpukdkj dkSu gS\a
(ii) dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= fdl fo"k; ij vkèkkfjr gS\
(iii) dkSfVY; dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
(iv) vFkZ'kkL= esa fdrus vfèkdj.k gS\a
(v) dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vè;k;ksa dh la[;k D;k gS\
12
çkphu Hkkjr esa jk"Vª&l?akVu dh –f"V ls *efU=ifj"kn~* dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dkSfVY;
dgrs gSa fd ftl çdkj ,d ifg;s dh xkM+h ugÈ py ldrh mlh çdkj efU=ifj"kn~
ds fcuk jktdkt ugÈ py ldrkA vr% jktk dks lq;ksX; vekR;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls
jktdkt dks pykuk pkfg,A
dkSfVY; us eaf=;ksa dh lHkk dks *eaf=ifj"kn~* gh dgk gSA eaf=;ksa dh la[;k ds

fo"k; esa euq dgrs gSa fd *eaf=ifj"kn~* esa ckjg vekR;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tkuh pkfg,A
dkSfVY; us efU=ifj"kn~ ds çeq[k pkj lnL; rFkk
crk;s gSa rFkk buds vfrfjDr ikSj] tuin vkfn Hkh ifj"kn~ ds lnL; gksrs FksA
blds vfrfjDr dqN inkfèkdkjh Hkh fu;qDr gksrs Fks ftuesa ls çeq[k fuEuor~ gSa&
dks osrukè;{k] Z dks fuekZ.k dk;Z ,oa O;kikj dk;Z ns[kus okyk]
dks vk;&O;; dk fujh{kd] dks [kkuksa dk fujh{kd]
dks [kk| lkexzh dk laxzg djus okyk] dks taxy ,oa i'kq&if{k;ksa ls lEcUèkh
dk;Z ns[kus okyk] dks eki&rkSy ds ifjek.k ij fu;U=.k j[kus okyk]
dks ekxZ&dj ysus okyk] dks oL= vkfn dh O;oLFkk j[kus okyk o
dks tyekxZ dk fujh{k.k djus okyk crk;k gSA
oLrqr% efU=ifj"kn~ fofHkUu foHkkxh; vè;{kksa dh jhfr&uhfr dks fuèkkZfjr djus
okyh laLFkk dgh xÃ gSA
*fo|k* 'kCn *fon~ Kkus* èkkrq ls fu"iUu gksrk gS ftldk vFkZ gS& *Kku*A fo|k lEcUèkh
fopkj esa vkpk;Z dkSfVY; pkj çdkj dh fo|k,¡ ekurs gSa& vkUoh{kdh =;h okrkZ
n.Muhfr'psfr fo|k%A tks oLrqr% èkeZ rFkk vèkeZ dk Kku djkrs gSa&
13
¼1½ lka[;] ;ksx vkSj rdZfo|k&vkUoh{kdh fo|k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
=;h vkfn fo|kvksa dh çèkkurk&vçèkkurk dks] fHkUu&fHkUu ;qfä;ksa ls fuèkkZfjr
djrh gq;h vkUoh{kdh fo|k yksd dk midkj djrh gS] lq[k&nq%[k ls cqf) dks
fLFkj j[krh gS( vkSj lkspus] fopkjus] cksyus rFkk dk;Z djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
¼2½ vFkkZr~ =;h ds vUrxZr lkeosn] _Xosn rFkk
;tqoZns vkrs gSAa bu osn=; ds lkFk vFkoZons vkSj bfrgkl ,oa osnkax&f'k{kk] dYi]
O;kdj.k] fu#Dr] NUn vkSj T;ksfr"k Hkh =;h ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA oLrqr% =;h esa
pkjksa o.kks± ¼czkã.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kwæ½ vkSj pkjksa vkJeksa ¼czãp;Z] x`gLFk] okuçLFk]
laU;kl½ dks vius&vius drZO; esa fLFkj j[kus ds èkeZ ;k dÙkZO; fufgr gSaA vr%
;s lekt ds fy, cgqr gh mi;ksxh gSAa
¼3½ vFkkZr~ —f"k] i'kqikyu vkSj O;kikj&
;s okrkZfo|k ds fo"k; gSaA ;g *fo|k* èkkU;] i'kq] fgj.;&rkez vkfn [kfut inkFkZ
vkSj ukSdj&pkdj vkfn dks nsus okyh ije midkfj.kh gSA blh fo|k ls mikÆtr
dks'k vkSj lsuk ds cy ij jktk Loi{k rFkk iji{k dks o'k esa dj ysrk gSA
¼4½
vkUoh{kdh] =;h vkSj okrkZ& bu lHkh fo|kvksa dh lq[k&le`f)
n.M ij vkfJr gSA n.M ;kfu 'kklu dks çfrikfnr djus okyh uhfr gh
n.Muhfr dgh tkrh gSA ;g uhfr vçkIr dks çkIr djkrh gS] çkIr dh j{kk djrh
gS vkSj ;gh laoÆ)r oLrqvksa dks leqfpr dk;ks± esa yxkus dk funsZ'k djrh gSA blh
ij lalkj dh yksd;k=k fuHkZj djrh gSA vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj] jktk dks
leqfpr n.M nsus okyk gksuk pkfg;sA ftlls pkjksa o.kZ] leLr yksd vius&vius
èkeZ dk;ks± esa ço`Ùk gksdj fujUrj viuh&viuh e;kZnk ij cus jgrs gSa&
¼dkS-v-½
vFkkZr~ dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj] jkT;

dks Lokeh] vekR;] tuin] nqxZ] dks'k] n.M ¼lsuk½ vkSj fe= lIr ç—fr;ksa ls ;qDr ekuk
gSA çkphu Hkkjrh; jkt'kkL= ds vUrxZr çk;% lHkh vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us Hkh jkT; dks
14 lIrçÑfr;ksa ls ;qDr ekuk gSA ftudk laf{kIr ifjp; bl çdkj gS&
¼1½ èkkÆed] lR;oknh] mPpkfHkyk"kh] 'kh?kz dk;Z djus okyk] 'kkL=ppkZ djus
okyk] 'kkL=Kku] n{krk] 'kkS;Z vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr] Lej.k'khy] viuh lsuk ds
;q)ksfpr ns'k&dky&mRlkg ,oa dk;Z dks Lo;a ns[kus okyk] mnkj cksyus okyk
vkSj o`)tuksa ds mins'kksa ,oa vkpkjksa dks ekuus okyk& bu xq.kksa ls ;qDr jktk
vkRelaiUu dgk tkrk gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj jktk dks jkT; dks eRL; U;k; ls
cpkus ds fy, n.Mdkjh gksuk vko';d gSA n.Mdkjh jktk ds gksus ds dkj.k
cyoku~ vius cy dk nq#i;ksx ugÈ dj ikrs rFkk fucZyksa dks laj{k.k fey tkrk
gSA
¼2½ vekR; dk o.kZu eaf=ifj"kn~ ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA jktk dks pkfg;s fd
Js"B vekR;ksa dh fu;qfä dj muds ijke'kks± dk ikyu djs] D;ksafd vekR;ksa ds
ijke'kks± ds }kjk jktk dfBure dk;ks± dks Hkh ljyrk ls gy dj ldrk gSA
dqyhu] vius ns'k esa mRiUu] leFkZ] prqj] lfg".kq] yfyrdykvksa dk Kkrk vkfn
vekR;ksa ds xq.k crk;s gSAa
¼3½ dkSfVY; us lexz jkT; dks iqj ,oa tuin ds :i esa f}foèk foHkktu fd;k
gSA iqj dk vFkZ jktèkkuh rFkk tuin dk vFkZ jk"Vª ls gSA jk"Vª dh okLrfod 'kfä
tulekt dh fo'oluh;rk ls ;qDr gksrh gSA çtk ds ln~xq.k ,oa laxfBr 'kfä
'kklu dks ,oa jk"Vª dks Js"B LFkku çnku djrs gSaA
¼4½ nqxks± ds }kjk jkT; dh j{kkç.kkyh ,oa vkØkedrk dk irk pyrk gSA jktk
dks tuin dh pkjksa lhekvksa ij ;q)ksfpr çk—frd nqxks± dk fuekZ.k djokuk
pkfg,A dkSfVY; us vkSnd] ikoZr] èkkUou vkSj ounqxZ uked pkj çdkj ds nqxks±
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA buesa ls fxfj nqxZ dks loZJ"s B crk;k gS] D;ksfa d mldks thruk
vR;Ur dfBu gSA
¼5½ jktdks"k ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa iwoZtksa dh rFkk viuh èkeZ dh dekÃ
lafpr gks] bl çdkj jktdks"k èku&èkkU;] lqo.kZ] pk¡nh] vusd çdkj ds cgqeYw ;
jRuksa rFkk lksus ls Hkjk gqvk gks] tks nqÆHk{k ,oa vkifÙk ds le; leLr çtk dh
j{kk dj ldsA bu xq.kksa ls ;qDr [ktkuk dks'k lEiUu dgykrk gSA dks'k ds }kjk
gh jkT; ds leLr dk;ks± dk lapkyu gksrk gSA dkSfVY; us xq.kh yksxksa ,oa èkekZRek
iq#"kksa ls èku ysuk oÆtr ekuk gS ,oa nq"Vksa ls vfèkdkfèkd èku çkIr djus dks mfpr
crk;k gSA
15
¼6½ dkSfVY; ds er esa jktk n.M dh lgk;rk ls vkUohf{kdh] =;h ,oa
okrkZ dk LFkkf;Ro ,oa j{k.k vFkok ;ksx{kse djrk gSA blh ds }kjk jktk çtk dks
eRL;&U;k; ¼eRL;& U;k; ls rkRi;Z gS& cM+h eNyh }kjk NksVh eNyh dks [kk
tkuk½ ls cpkrk gSA n.M&O;oLFkk ls jf{kr pkjksa vkJe ,oa lEiw.kZ yksd
vius&vius èkeZ dk;ks± esa ço`Ùk gksdj Js"B deks± dk lEiknu djrs gSAa
¼7½ fe= oa'kijEijkxr gksa] LFkk;h gksa] vius o'k esa jg ldsa] ftuls fojksèk dh
laHkkouk u gks] çHkq&eU=&mRlkg vkfn 'kfä;ksa ls ;qDr tks le; vkus ij
lgk;rk dj ldsaA dkSfVY; dk er gS fd jktk] lsuk ,oa Hkwfe ikdj mruk
le`)'kkyh ugÈ gksrk ftruk fd ,d xq.kh fe= ikdjA
ijLij ,d&nwljs dh lgk;d ;s lIr ç—fr;k¡ vFkok lIrkax fl)kUr vius&vius
dk;ks± esa yxh gq;h uke ls dgh tkrh gSaA
vU; jkT;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj dks Li"V djus ds fy;s dkSfVY; us "kkM~xq.; okyh uhfr dk
dFku fd;k gSA ;s Ng xq.k gSa& lfUèk] foxzg] ;ku] vklu] laJ; o }SèkhHkkoA vkpk;Z
dkSfVY; ds er esa lkr ç—fr;k¡ vkSj ckjg jkte.My gh bu Ng xq.kksa ds vkèkkj gSa&
bu Ng xq.kksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; fuEu çdkj ls gS&
¼1½ & vFkkZr~ nks jktkvksa dk dqN 'krks± ij esy gks
tkuk lfUèk gSA tc nks jktk vkilh 'k=q Hkko dks R;kxdj ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk
djus dk le>kSrk djrs gS]a rks og lfUèk Hkko dgykrk gSA dkSfVY; ds er esa
fe=lafèk] fgj.;lafèk] Hkwfelafèk] vuoflr lafèk vkSj deZlfa èk ;s lafèk ds Hksn gksrs
gSaA
¼2½ & vFkkZr~ 'k=q dk dksÃ vidkj djuk foxzg dgykrk
gSA ;fn 'k=q dh rqyuk esa Lo;a dks cyoku~ le>k tk;s rks foxzg ¼vkØe.k½ dj
nsuk pkfg,] ,slk dkSfVY; dk dFku gSA dkSfVY; us ;q) ds rhu çdkj dgs gSa&
çdk'k;q)] dwV;q)] rw".kh;q)A
¼3½ & 'k=q ij p<+kÃ djuk ;ku dgykrk gSA dkSfVY; ds
erkuqlkj] jktk tc ns[ks fd 'k=q O;luksa esa Qalk gS] mldk ç—fr&eaMy ¼lsuk½
16
Hkh O;luksa esa fyIr gS] jktk Lo;a mRlkgghu gS] rks ,slh fLFkfr esa foxzg djds ;ku
¼p<+kÃ½ dj nsuk pkfg,A
¼4½ & vFkkZr~ mis{kk djuk vklu dgykrk gSA ijLij
gkfu igq¡pkus esa vleFkZ lfUèk dh bPNk j[kus okys foftxh"kq vkSj 'k=q jktk dks
pkfg, fd og foxzg djds vklu dk vkyEcu djs vFkok lfUèk djds vklu dk
lgkjk ysA orZeku esa dqN va'k esa bls 'khr ;q) ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
¼5½ & vFkkZr~ vkReleiZ.k djuk laJ; dgk tkrk gSA
dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj }SèkhHkko vkSj laJ; ds leku ykHk gksus ij }SèkhHkko dks gh
xzg.k djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ,slk djus ij jktk Lo;a dh gh mUufr djrk gSA
blds foijhr laJ; dk lgkjk ysus okyk jktk vius vkJ;nkrk dk gh vfèkd
midkj djrk gS viuk ugÈA
¼6½ & vFkkZr~ lafèk&foxzg nksuksa ls
dke ysuk }SèkhHkko dgykrk gSA dkSfVY; ds erkuqlkj] jktk dks dkSoas dh vk¡[k
dh iqryh ds leku nksuksa vksj O;ogkj j[kuk pkfg,A rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fn[kkus
esa dqN dk;Z rFkk djus esa dqN dk;Z dks gh }SèkhHkko dgrs gSaA }SèkhHkko vkSj laJ;
ds leku ykHk gksus ij }SèkhHkko dks gh xzg.k djuk pkfg,A
*prqÆn'k tuinkUrs lkEijkf;da nSo—ra nqxZ dkj;sr~* vFkkZr~ tuin&lhekvksa ds pkjksa

fn'kkvksa esa jktk ;q)ksfpr çk—frd nqxZ dk fuekZ.k djok;sA dkSfVY; us ¼1½ vkSnd] ¼2½
ikoZr] ¼3½ èkkUod vkSj
¼4½ ounqxZ uked pkj nqxks± dk o.kZu fd;k gS] tks bl çdkj gSa&
ftl nqxZ ds pkjksa vksj ikuh gks rFkk xgjs rkykcksa ls f?kjk gqvk Vkiw ds
leku çrhr gksrk gks og *vkSndnqxZ* dgykrk gSA
cM+h&cM+h pêkuksa vFkok ioZr dh dUnjkvksa ds :i esa fuÆer nqxZ ikoZrnqxZ
dgykrk gSA
ty rFkk ?kkl vkfn ls jfgr vFkok loZFkk Ålj Hkwfe esa fuÆer nqxZ
èkkUounqxZ dgykrk gSA 17
blh çdkj pkjksa vksj nyny ls f?kjk gqvk vFkok dk¡Vns kj l?ku >kfM+;ksa ls
f?kjk gqvk nqxZ ounqxZ dgykrk gSA
buesa ls vkSnd rFkk ikoZrnqxZ vkifÙkdky esa tuin dh j{kk ds mi;ksx esa yk;s
tkrs gSaA èkkUou vkSj ounqxZ ouikyksa dh j{kk ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSa vFkok vkifÙk ds
le; bu nqxks± esa Hkkxdj jktk Hkh viuh j{kk dj ldrk gSA
vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj *dj* og èku ;k 'kqYd gksrk gS] tks Øsrkvksa rFkk foØsrkvksa
ij ,oa jkT; ds ckgj ;k Hkhrj ys tkus ;k ykus okyh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA
dkSfVY; us fofHkUu çdkj ds djksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA tSls&
¼1½ çtk viuh Qly ;k vk; dk 1@6 Hkkx jktk dks dj :i esa nsrh
Fkh] tks "k"Bka'k dgk tkrk FkkA blh dks jktdj dgrs gSaA bl dky esa fofHkUu
çdkj ds jktdj FksA jktdj ds lap; ds lkèkuksa esa] ftUgsa dkSfVY; us vk;'kjhj
dgk gS os nqxZ] jk"Vª] [kku] lsrq] ou] ozt vkSj of.kDiFk çeq[k gSaA ftudk fooj.k
fuEuor~ gS&
¼2½ 'kqYd ¼pqx
a h½] tqekZuk] uxjkè;{k] y{k.kkè;{k] eqækè;{k] lwukè;{k ¼Qk¡lh
nsus okyk½ lw=kè;{k] lqo.kkZè;{k] rsy&?kh vkfn dks cspus okyk] |wrdkj] c<+Ã]
yqgkj] lqukj] }kjiky vkSj uV&urZd vkfn ls fy;s tkus okyk èku *nqxZdj* dgk
tkrk FkkA
¼3½ lhrk ¼[ksrh½] cfy ¼migkj½] dj ¼Qy] o`{k vkfn dk VSDl½] O;kikj
dj] uko dk dj] orZuh ¼ekxZ dj½] pksj dks idM+us ds fy, xzkeokfl;ksa vkfn ls
çkIr èku *jk"Vªdj* dgykrk FkkA
¼4½ lksuk] pk¡nh] ghjk] ef.k] eksrh vkSj yksgk] yo.k ¼ued½] iRFkj vkfn
[kfut inkFkks± ls çkIr èku *[kfudj* dgykrk FkkA
¼5½ Qy] Qwy] vUu ds [ksr vkSj gYnh vkfn ds [ksrksa ls çkIr èku *lsrqdj*
dgykrk FkkA
¼6½ fgj.k vkfn i'kq] ydM+h vkfn oLrqvksa ij yxus okyk dj *oudj* dgk
18
tkrk FkkA
¼7½ xk;] HkSl
a ] cdjh] HksM]+ Å¡V] ?kksMk+ ] [kPpj] xèkk vkfn ozt ;k xks"B esa
jgus okys tkuojksa ij yxus okyk dj *oztdj* dgk tkrk FkkA
¼8½ LFkyekxZ vkSj tyekxZ] O;kikj ds bu nks ekxks± ls çkIr èku
*of.kDiFkdj* dgk tkrk FkkA
;s lHkh *dj* jkT; dh vkenuh ds lzkrs FksA buds vfrfjDr vU; fofoèk çdkj
ls olwyk x;k èku jkT; dh vk; ds lzkrs FksA bu lHkh djksa dks xzg.k djus okys
vfèkdkjh dks *lekgÙkkZ* dgrs gSAa
jktuhfr ds {ks= esa nwr dks orZeku esa jktnwr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA èkeZ'kkL= vkSj
dkSfVY; çHk`fr çkphu vFkZ'kkL=dkjksa dh –f"V esa jktnwr dks leku :i ls çfrf"Br ekuk
x;k gSA dkSfVY; rks dgdj nwr dks jktk dk eq[k
Lohdkj djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] jktk tSlh O;oLFkk vkSj uhfr&fu;e fuèkkZfjr djrk
gS] nwljs jk"Vª esa jktk dk ogh dk;Z jktnwr djrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks nwljs jk"Vªkas
esa jktnwr gh jktk dk çfrfufèk gksrk gSA
jktnwrksa ds vkpkj&O;ogkj ds lEcUèk esa dkSfVY; dgrs gSa fd xqIr ea=.kk ds
fuf'pr gks tkus ds ckn nwr dks 'k=q jk"Vª dh vksj çLFkku djuk pkfg;s rFkk çk.kksa dk
ladV mifLFkr gks tkus ij Hkh jktnwr dks vius jktk ds lans'k dks fcuk ckèkk ds nwljs
jktk ds lkeus çLrqr djuk pkfg,A ikydh vkfn lokjh] ?kksM+s vkfn okgu] ukSdj&pkdj
vkSj lksu&
s fcNkus vkfn lkexzh dh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr O;oLFkk djds jktnwr dks 'k=q ns'k dh
vksj tkuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; us jktnwrksa dh rhu Jsf.k;k¡ crkÃ gSa&
¼1½ ful`"VkFkZ] ¼2½ ifjferkFkZ vkSj ¼3½ 'kklugjA vekR; ds xq.kksa ls ;qDr jktnwr
dks ful`"VkFkZ dgk x;k gS] pkSFkkÃ xq.kghu dks ifjferkFkZ rFkk vèkZ xq.kghu dks 'kklugj
jktnwr dgk x;k gSA
dkSfVY; dh vFkZuhfr esa xqIrpjksa dk LFkku cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA orZeku dh Hkk¡fr iwoZ le;
esa xqIrpjksa dk dk;Z ek= vijkèkksa dk yxkuk gh ugÈ Fkk vfirq xqIrpjksa dh vko';drk
jktuhfr ds {ks= esa Hkh vko';d FkhA jktk xqIrpjksa ds ekè;e ls çtk ds d"Vks]a Dys'kksa
19
vkSj ihM+kvksa dk irk yxkrk FkkA çtk dh lq[k&'kkfUr esa ckèkk mRiUu djus okyksa vkSj
jktdh; fu;eksa ds ikyu djus&djkus esa jksd yxkus okyksa dk neu dSls gks] bu lcdh
lwpuk jktk rd igq¡pkus dk dk;Z xqIrpj dk gh gksrk FkkA
vr% lekt dh vkUrfjd fLFkfr dks tkuus ds fy;s xqIrpjksa ds nks Hksn crk, x,
gSa& çFke LFkk;h xqIrpj rFkk f}rh; Hkze.k'khy xqIrpjA
1- LFkk;h xqIrpj ,d LFkku ij jgdj dk;Z djus ds dkj.k
*laLFkk* uke ls tkus tkrs gSAa LFkk;h xqIrpj ds ukS foHkkx fd, x, gSa& ¼1½
dkifVd] ¼2½ mnkfLFkd] ¼3½ x`gifrd] ¼4½ oSngs d] ¼5½ rkil] ¼6½ l=h] ¼7½ rh{.k]
¼8½ jln vkSj ¼9½ fHk{kqdhA
2- Hkze.k'khy xqIrpj ?kwe&?kwedj dk;Z djus ds dkj.k
*lapkj* uke ls tkus tkrs gSAa buds Hkh fuEu foHkkx fd, x, gSa& ¼1½ l=h] ¼2½
rh{.k] ¼3½ jln vkSj ¼4½ ifjozkftdkA
vkpk;Z dkSfVY; us Åij oÆ.kr fo"k;ksa ds vfrfjDr nk; foHkkx] ik#";] fookg
laLFkk] dks'kkfHklagj.k ;kfu dks'k dk vfèkdkfèkd laxgz ,oa O;wg jpuk vkfn vusd
egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dk foospu vius xzUFk esa fd;k gS ftudk jktuSfrd ,oa ç'kklfud
n`f"V ls vR;fèkd egÙo gSA
dkSfVY;&ç.khr vFkZ'kkL= ds fgUnh vuqoknksa ds vfrfjDr ml ij dÃ laL—r Vhdk,¡ Hkh

fy[kh x;h gS]a ftuesa x.kifr 'kkL=h —r laL—r *Jhewyk* Vhdk rFkk M‚- 'kke 'kkL=h
dk vaxzsth vuqokn bl fo"k; dh lok±xh.k] 'kksèkiw.kZ vkSj çkekf.kd —fr;k¡ gSAa M‚- 'kke
'kkL=h us loZçFke 1905 Ã- esa bf.M;u ,.VhDosjh esa eSlwj ls lkuqokn bl xzUFk dk
çdk'ku fd;kA LoxÊ; 'kkL=h th us vFkZ'kkL= dk xEHkhj vè;;u djus ds ckn mlds
ewy Hkkx dks fo"k; vkSj çlax ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx oxks±] okD;ksa vkSj okD;[k.Mksa esa
foHkkftr dj vR;Ur ekSfyd dk;Z fd;k gSA
blds vfrfjDr dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ij Jh HkêLokeh —r *çfriniafpdk* vkSj
JhfHk{kqçHkefr —r *pk.kD;Vhdk* Hkh vR;Ur çpfyr gSAa
20
400 Ã- lu~ ds yxHkx dkeUnd us dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ds vkèkkj ij *dkeUnh;
uhfrlkj* uked 20 lxks± esa foHkDr dkO;:i ,d vFkZ'kkL= fy[kk FkkA ;g uSfrdrk vkSj
fons'k&uhfr ds fl)kUrksa ij Hkh fopkj djrk gSA
lksenso lwfj dk *uhfrokD;ke`r*] gsepUæ dk *y?kq vFkZuhfr*] Hkkst dk *;qfädYir#*]
'kqØ dk *'kqØuhfr* vkfn dqN nwljs lqçfl) vFkZ'kkL= gSa] ftudks uhfr'kkL= ds
O;kogkfjd i{k dh O;k[;k djus okys xzUFkksa ds vUrxZr Hkh fxuk tk ldrk gSA
pk.kD;uhfrniZ.k uhfr'yksdksa dk O;ofLFkr laxzg gSA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds losZ{k.k ds mijkUr dqN vU; egÙoiw.kZ 'kksèkdk;Z vuqokn]
lEiknu ,oa O;k[;k ds :i esa miyCèk gksrs gS]a ftudk fooj.k fuEuor~ gS&
 The Kautilya Arthasastra (1972) Part I-III translated by R.P. Kangle and
published by University of Bombay.
 dkS f Vyh;kFkZ ' kkL=e~ ¼1986½ & Edited by H.P. Malledevru & M.S.
Venkatanathacharya and published by Oriental Research Institute, Mysore.
 dkSfVyh;e~ vFkZ'kkL=e~ ¼1996½] fgUnh O;k[;kdkj & okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEck
laL—r çfr"Bku ls çdkf'krA
 Kautilya's Arthashastra (2010), edited by P. Shashirekha & Glimpse Puto and
published by Sanskrit Academy, Hydrabad.
 Kautilya's Arthashastra and Social Welfare (2017) by V.N. Jha and published
by Sahitya Academy.
 Kautilya's Arthashastra by N.P. Unni and published by Bharatiya Vidya
Prakashan.
laL—r lkfgR; ds vusd xzaFkksa ij vFkZ'kkL= ds çHkko ds dkj.k mldh ekU;rk vkSj
egkurk dk lgt vuqHko yxk;k tk ldrk gSA egkdfo dkfynkl dh *j?kqoa'k*]
*dqekjlaHko* vkSj *vfHkKku'kkdqUry* ;s lHkh jpuk,¡ vFkZ'kkL= ls çHkkfor gSaA dkeUnd
21
*uhfrlkj* esa vFkZ'kkL= dh ppkZ gSA fo'kk[knÙk fojfpr *eqækjk{kl* ukVd rks dkSfVY;
ds O;fäRo dk vuqie ifjpk;d gSA n.Mh dfo us *n'kdqekjpfjr* esa vkpk;Z fo".kqxqIr
fuÆer n.Muhfr dk mYys[k fd;k gS ftlesa 6000 'yksd gSAa ck.kHkê us *dknEcjh* esa
dkSfVY; ds 'kkL= dk mYys[k fd;k gSA *iapra=*] *uhfrokD;ke`r* vkfn xzaFkksa esa vFkZ'kkL=
ds çfl) if.Mr vkpk;Z pk.kD; ;k dkSfVY; ds uke dk Lej.k fd;k x;k gSA Vhdkdkj
efYyukFk us viuh Vhdkvksa esa *bfr dkSfVY;%* fy[kdj vFkZ'kkL= ls m)j.k fn, gSAa
vFkZ'kkL= ds leh{k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd dkSfVY; Hkkjrh; Kku&foKku ds
çdk.M if.Mr FksA mUgksaus pkjksa osn] vFkoZosn ds ea=ç;ksx] N% osnkax] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr]
iqjk.k vkfn xzaFkksa esa miyCèk vFkZ'kkL=h; lkexzh dks vkSj vius dky ds miyCèk èkeZ'kkL=
vkSj vFkZ'kkL= ds i`Fkd~ vFkok lefUor xzaFkksa dks vius vFkZ'kkL= dk ewylzkrs cuk;k gSA
blds vfrfjDr n'kZu] T;ksfr"k] èkkrqfoKku] fo"k ç;ksx] jlk;u çfØ;k] jRu ijh{kk]
Hks"kfo|k] [kuudeZ] LFkkiR;dyk] nqxZfuekZ.k tSls fo"k;ksa ds lkFk yksd çpfyr Kku dk
Hkh vFkZ'kkL= esa lekos'k fd;k gSA
bl lok±xh.k xzUFk dks vFkZ vkSj dke dk fo'odks'k dgk tk ldrk gSA vFkZ'kkL=
ds vfUre 'yksdksa esa dgk x;k gS fd vFkZ'kkL= èkeZ] vFkZ rFkk dke esa ço`Ùk djrk gS]
mudh j{kk djrk gS vkSj vFkZ ds fojksèkh vèkeks± dks u"V djrk gS&
¼vFkZ'kkL= 15½
fjDr&LFkkuksa dks iw.kZ dhft,&

(i) dkSfVY; us eaf=;ksa dh lHkk dks ----------------- dgk gSA
(ii) vFkZ'kkL= esa oÆ.kr lfUuèkkrk gh ----------------- gksrk gSA
(iii) —f"k] i'kqikyu vkSj ----------------- ;s rhuksa okrkZ ds fo"k; gSA
(iv) dkSfVyh; vFkZ'kkL= ij miyCèk *Jhewyk* Vhdk ----------------- }kjk jfpr gSA
(v) vFkZ'kkL= esa *tuin* 'kCn ----------------- ds fy, ç;qDr gqvk gSA
22
fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! vkpk;Z dkSfVY; —r vFkZ'kkL= dks mPp dksfV dk jktuhfr'kkL= ekuk
tkrk gS ftlesa jktuhfr] vFkZ'kkL= rFkk ç'kklu lekfgr gSAa dkSfVY; us vFkZ'kkL= esa
,d fodflr] LFkkfir rFkk jktdkS'ky ds fl)karksa ls ifjiw.kZ ,d ,sls lq'kkflr jk"Vª dh
ifjdYiuk çLrqr dh gS ftldk vuqlj.k f'kokth tSls vusd jktkvksa us Hkh fd;k gSA
dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj jktk dk pfj=oku~ ,oa çHkko'kkyh gksuk jkT; dh 'kklu&O;oLFkk
dk vkèkkj gSA jktk dk çèkku dÙkZO; çtk dks çlUu j[kuk gSA jktk viuk leLr dk;Z
efU=;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls gh djrk gSA blh dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, dkSfVY; 'kklu&O;oLFkk
ds vUrxZr eaf=x.k] jktnwr] xqIrpj] nqxZ] U;k;] n.M ,oa djO;oLFkk vkfn dk foèkku
djrs gSAa vr% bl ikB esa jktuhfr ds vUrxZr ç'kklu ds lEcUèk esa dkSfVY; ds
vkèkkjHkwr fl)karksa dks i<+dj vki rkRdkfyd jktuSfrd ç.kkyh dks lE;ä;k le> ik,
gksax]s rHkh orZeku ifjçs{; esa mu fl)karksa dh çklafxdrk dk vkdyu djus esa l{ke
gksaxsA
 eU=h
 Lokeh
 jpuk djuk
 cnyk ysuk
 lykg
 Hk.Mkj
 dks"kkè;{k
 dj laxgz drkZ] jkT; esa fuekZ.k dk;Z ns[kus okyk
 jktkvksa dk ijLij esy gksyk
 vkReleiZ.k djuk 23
(i) dkSfVY; (ii) jktuhfr ij (iii) fo".kqxIq r
(iv) iUæg (v) 150
(i) eaf=ifj"kn~ (ii) dks"kkè;{k (iii) O;kikj

(iv) x.kifr 'kkL=h (5) jk"Vª
1- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh fo"k;oLrq ,oa lajpuk ij çdk'k Mkfy,A

2- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa oÆ.kr jkT; ds lIrkaxksa dk foospu dhft,A
3- dkSfVY; dh jktuhfr ,oa 'kkluç.kkyh dk egÙo çfrikfnr dhft,A
4- fuEu esa ls fdUgÈ rhu ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,&
nqxZ foèkku] fo|k] efU=ifj"kn~] jktnwr] xqIrpjA
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] vuqokn& mn;oh; 'kkL=h] esgjpUæ y{e.knkl] fnYyh] 1968

 dkSfVY;e~ vFkZ'kkL=e~ ¼fgUnh O;k[;ksisrE½] okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou]
okjk.klh] laLdj.k 2015
 dsyk] Hkxokunkl& dkSfVY; dh 'kklu i)fr] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku]

24 okjk.klh] 1968
 tSu] dSyk'kpUæ& çkphu Hkkjrh; lkekftd vkSj vkÆFkd laLFkk,¡] fgUnh xzUFk
vdkneh] Hkksiky] e-ç-] 1976
 frokjh] 'kf'k& laL—r lkfgR; esa jk"Vªokn ,oa Hkkjrh; jkt'kkL=] fo|kfufèk
çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2017
 'kekZ] mek'kadj *_f"k*& laL—r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] pkS[kEck fo'oHkkjrh]
okjk.klh] 2004
 JhokLro] mek'kadj çlkn& dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=&leh{kkRed vè;;u] çdk'ku
laLFkku fnYyh] 1988
25
II
lg vkpk;kZ]
laL—r foHkkx] ysMh Jh jked‚yst Q‚j oweus ]
2-1 mís';
2-2 çLrkouk
2-3 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ladYiuk
2-4 lIrkax fl)kar % laL—r'kkL=h; ijEijk
2-5 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dk lIrkax fl)kar
2-5-1 Lokeh
2-5-2 vekR;
2-5-3 tuin
2-5-4 nqxZ
2-5-5 dks'k
2-5-6 cy vFkok naM
2-5-7 fe=
2-5-8 ç—fr O;lu
2-6 lkjka'k
2-7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
2-9 vH;kl&ç'u
bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki&

 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds çeq[k Çcnqvksa dks tku ik,¡xAs
 dkSfVY; ds jkT; dh dY;k.kdkjh voèkkj.kk dks le> ik,¡xAs
29
 çkphu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh lai.w kZ jkT; dh ladYiuk ds :i esa lIrkax dk
vè;;u dj ik,¡xAs
 dkSfVY; ds jktuhfrd Çpru dk ,d lqO;ofLFkr :i le>saxAs
fç; fo|kfFkZ;ks! thou ds egÙoiw.kZ {ks= esa çkphu Hkkjrh; Çprdksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA
uÃ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds varxZr Nk=ksa dks çkphu Hkkjrh; Kku ijaijk ls ifjfpr djkus
dk mís'; çLrkfor fd;k x;k gSA bl mís'; dh iwÆr ds fy, ikBîØe Lrj ij fofHkUu
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa dk lfEeyu fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru ds varxZr
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d egÙoiw.kZ xzFa k ds :i esa çkIr gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds
ekè;e ls gh ;wjksih; fo}kuksa dh ml èkkj.kk dks èoLr fd;k tk ldk ftlds varxZr
;g dgk x;k Fkk fd Hkkjro"kZ esa jktuhfrd Çpru] jktuhfrd laxBu bR;kfn tSls
fo"k;ksa dk fopkj ugÈ fd;k x;kA lu~ 1901 esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh çkfIr ds ckn
çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk ,d lqO;ofLFkr :i gekjs lkeus vk x;kA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa u dsoy Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk mnkÙk :i lkeus vkrk gS]
vfirq ,d lq'kklu dh O;oLFkk dks Hkh LFkkfir djus dk mYys[k gesa çkIr gksrk gSA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mÙke 'kklu ds fy, visf{kr vkSj vko';d rÙoksa dk foLrkj ls
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB esa dkSfVY; ds dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ladYiuk vkSj jkT;
ds lIrkax fl)kar dk foLrkj ls vè;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA
dY;k.kdkjh 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& ,slh fLFkfr gksuk tgk¡ tu lkekU; çlUurk] le`f) vkSj
lkSHkkX; ls ifjiw.kZ gksA tgk¡ fdlh ,d leqnk; fof'k"V dk ugÈ] vfirq lai.w kZ lekt vkSj
O;kid Lrj ij laiw.kZ jkT; dk dY;k.k gksrk gksA
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh voèkkj.kk ds varxZr jkT; ds vè;{k vFkok Lokeh dk
nkf;Ro dsoy fofèk ,oa U;k; dh O;oLFkk djuk gh ugÈ] vfirq lHkh çdkj ls fodflr
30
jkT; dks LFkkfir djuk gS vFkkZr~ ,slk jkT; tgk¡ çtk dk loZrkseq[kh fodkl gksA
;|fi çkphu Hkkjr esa jkT; dh O;oLFkk jktra=kRed Fkh ijarq dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh
voèkkj.kk ml dky esa Hkh mifLFkr FkhA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa jkT; dh dY;k.kdkjh
voèkkj.kk ds Li"V ladsr çkIr gksrs gSAa bl 'kkL= esa jktk çtk dk fujadq'k Lokeh u
gksdj vfirq çtk dk dY;k.k djus okys jk"Vª vè;{k ds :i esa fn[kkÃ nsrk gSA blh
çdkj jktk ds lgk;d eaf=;ksa esa Hkh mPp dksfV ds xq.kksa dh vis{kk j[krs gq, mudh
;ksX;rk ,oa lR;okfnrk rFkk vU; mÙke xq.kksa dks vfrfjä egÙo fn;k x;k gSA
dkSfVY; us jkT; dh ,slh O;oLFkk ds lw= çLrqr fd, gSa ftuds varxZr jktk
çlUufpÙk jgrk gqvk jkT; ,oa çtk ds dY;k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA dkSfVY; us
jkT; dks iw.kZr;k ekuoh; ra= ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj jkT; nSoh laLFkku ugÈ gSA
dkSfVY; dk jkT; lacaèkh fl)kar dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk fl)kar FkkA dkSfVY; bl
fo"k; ls voxr Fks fd eRL; U;k; :ih vjktdrk ls tu lkekU; nq%[kh FksA vr% bl
vjktdrk ls eqfä ds fy, yksxksa us euq oSoLor dks jktk ds :i esa pqukA dkSfVY;
vFkZ'kkL= esa bl çdkj ds mYys[k feyrs gSa&
blh çdkj ds fopkj vU; xzFa kksa esa Hkh miyCèk gksrs gSAa dkSfVY; dk ekuuk gS fd tc
çtk us jktk dks pquk rks muls u dsoy lqj{kk çnku djus vkSj vjktd ço`fÙk ls eqä
dj yksxksa dks nafMr djus dh vis{kk dh xÃ] vfirq O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd lqO;oLFkk
LFkkfir djus dh Hkh vis{kk dh FkhA blds fy, mUgksaus Qly vkfn dk NBk Hkkx rFkk
O;kikfj;ksa ls vk; dk nlok¡ Hkkx 'kqYd ds :i esa xzg.k djus dk vfèkdkj jktk dks
fn;kA jktuhfrd O;k[;kdkjksa dk er gS fd dkSfVY; us jkT; ds fo"k; esa lkekftd
vuqcèa k dk fl)kar fn;k gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj Lokeh vFkkZr~ jktk vkUohf{kdh] =;h]
okrkZ vkSj naMuhfr ds uSfrd fu;eksa ls caèkk gqvk gSA dkSfVY; us nks Vwd fl)kar fn;k
gS fd jktk dk lq[k çtk ds lq[k ,oa laiUurk esa gh fufgr gS&
31
çtk&lq[ks vkSj çtkuka fgrs ls vfHkçk; gS fd dkSfVY; us jkT; ds varxZr lHkh thoksa
ds fgr dh vksj ladrs fd;k gS vFkkZr~ dsoy ekuoksa dk ugÈ] vfirq ekuosrj çtkfr;ks]a
i'kqvksa&if{k;ksa ds fgr lacaèkh fu;eksa dk foèkku fd;k gSA lHkh çkf.k;ksa dh lqj{kk dks
lqfuf'pr djuk jktk dk nkf;Ro crk;k gSA dkSfVY; us jkT; esa mifLFkr nqcZy oxZ dh
lqj{kk] miHkksäkvksa dk laj{k.k] U;k;] lkekftd&vkÆFkd lqj{kk ,oa cafèk;ksa ds dY;k.k
dk Hkh çcaèk fd;k gS vkSj blds fy, jktk ds cgqr ls xq.k mUgksua s crk, gSAa dkSfVY;
us jktk ds nkf;Roksa dh ppkZ dh gS vkSj jktk ds nkf;Roksa dks nks eq[; :iksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k gS&
 laj{k.k lacaèkh
 laoèkZudkjh
çtk dk LokHkkfod laj{kd gksus ds dkj.k jktk dk dÙkZO; Fkk ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd
çtk ds thou dh j{kk gks ik,A fof'k"V :i ls foifÙkxzLr foèkokvksa dh] larkughu
fL=;ksa dh] f'k'kqvksa lfgr ekrkvksa] vukFkksa] chekjksa vkfn dks laj{k.k çkIr gks ldsA yksxksa
dh laifÙk dh j{kk gks ldsA Çglk dks jksdus ds fy, fofèk vkSj U;k; dh O;oLFkk djuk]
ladVksa dks jksdus ds fy, lSU; cy dks cy'kkyh cukuk] çtk ds nq%[kksa dks le>uk vkSj
mudk lekèkku djuk] nq"Vksa dks nafMr djukA la{ksi esa jktk ds laj{k.k lEcUèkh dÙkZO;
fuEuor~ gSa&
 laU;kfl;ksa] Jksf=; ,oa czãpkfj;ksa dks laj{k.kA
 yksxksa dh laifÙk dh j{kkA
 Çglk dks jksduk rFkk fofèk&U;k; dk çcaèk djukA
 ladVksa dks jksdukA
Lokeh u dsoy çtk laj{k.k djs vfirq çtk dk laoèkZu djuk Hkh vfr vko';d gS tSl&
s
 çtk ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djuk] mudk fgr lkèkuk] çtk dh uSfrd vkSj
HkkSfrd laiUurk lqfuf'pr djukA
 thou esa Lora=rk ls dk;ks± dks djus dk vfèkdkj nsukA
32  ,drk vkSj lkSgknZ cuk, j[kukA
 èkeZ dks c<+kukA
 —f"k m|ksx ,oa dykvksa dks çksRlkgu nsukA
 vkthfodk ds lalkèkuksa dks c<+kuk] fof'k"V :i ls deZdkjksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa dks
çksRlkfgr djukA
 f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj czãpkfj;ksa dks lg;ksx nsukA
bl çdkj dkSfVY; us ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ladYiuk dh Fkh ftlds varxZr jkT;
u dsoy lqjf{kr jgrk Fkk] vfirq vR;fèkd laoèkZu dks çkIr gksrk FkkA
1- dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\

2- dkSfVY; us dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds fy, D;k çkoèkku fd,\
3- çtkfgrs ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\
4- jktk ds nkf;Roksa ds nks eq[; :i dkSu ls gSa\
çkphu Hkkjrh; jkT;'kkL= dk voyksdu djds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds fofoèk fl)karksa dk

fodflr :i gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA çkphu xzaFkksa esa jkT; vkSj mlls lacafèkr O;oLFkk ds
fofHkUu fl)kar çkIr gksrs gSa] mu fl)karksa esa jkT; dk lIrkax fl)kar cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA
çkphu Hkkjr esa jkT; ,d vko';d rÙo ekuk x;k gS D;ksafd blh ls 'kkafr] vuq'kklu
rFkk çlUurk lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA jkT; dh ç—fr D;k Fkh\ mldk Lo:i D;k Fkk\ bl
fo"k; esa ladrs rks oSfnd dky ls gh çkjaHk gks tkrs gSa ijarq fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk çkIr ugÈ
gksrhA jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk ds bl vHkko dh dqN lhek rd iwÆr djrk gS jkT; dk
^laxfBr jkT;* gksus dk fl)karA jkT; dh l?akVukRed ç—fr vFkkZr~ Lo:i ls vfHkçk;
gS tgk¡ jkT; ds fo|eku rÙo ijLij laxfBr vkSj deZ'khy gksAa bl –f"V ls loZçFke
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lIr ç—fr ds :i esa jkT; dh ,d lqO;ofLFkr ifjHkk"kk nh xÃ
gSA bu lIr ç—fr;ksa dks gh lIrkax ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
33
laHkor% çkphu efuf"k;ksa us Hkh jkT; dks lai.w kZrk çnku djus ds fy, gh mldk
Lo:i lIrç—R;kRed fuèkkZfjr fd;kA jkT; dks ,d ltho laxBu ds :i esa çLrqr
fd;kA bl laxBu esa Lokeh vkRek gS rFkk 'ks"k Ng ç—fr;k¡ jkT; :ih 'kjhj ds vax
gSaA çkP; fopkjdksa dks jkT; ds laoSèkkfud lkr vax Kkr FksA ;s lkr vax ;|fi vius
vki esa Lora= gksrs gq, ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd~ Fks] ijarq ijLij vR;fèkd lac) Hkh Fks vFkkZr~
,d nwljs ds lgk;d rÙo FksA ,df=r :i esa ;s ,d lqlaxfBr] lqO;ofLFkr jkT; dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ftl çdkj jFk ds ifg, esa lkr vjs layXu gksa] os vjs ,d nwljs ls
i`Fkd~ Hkys gh gksa] ijarq ,d gh ukfHk esa leku :i ls ;qä gksdj ,d nwljs ls ewy :i
ls lac) jgrs gSAa
laxfBr jkT; dh ;g fopkjèkkjk çkphu xzhd jktuhfrd fl)karksa esa Hkh çkIr gksrh
gSA jkT; dh ,d ekuoh; 'kjhj ls miek nsrs gq, IysVks us dgk fd ,d vaxqyh ds dVus
ls lkjk 'kjhj ihM+k ls Hkj tkrk gSA bl çdkj jkT; dk ,d vax nwf"kr gksus ij jkT;
:ih 'kjhj ds lkjs vaxksa ds fy, leL;k mRiUu dj nsrk gSA vjLrq us Hkh dgk fd ,d
Lora= vax vkSj ,d vdsys O;fä dk dksÃ egÙo ugÈ gksrk] ;fn mls lEiw.kZrk ds lkFk
xzg.k u fd;k tk,] tSls fd 'kjhj ds fcuk ,d Hkqtk O;FkZ gSA bl fo"k; dks tku dj
Hkkjrh; vkpk;ks± us jkT; ds fofHkUu vaxksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
fjä LFkku Hkjs&

a
1- çkphu Hkkjr esa &&&&&&&&&&& ,d vko';d rÙo ekuk x;k gS A
2- bu &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dks gh lIrkax ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS A
3- ,df=r :i esa ;s ,d&&&&&&&&&&&&&& jkT; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSAa
4- tSls fd &&&&&&&&&& ds fcuk ,d &&&&&&&& O;FkZ gS A
vkèkqfud jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; vFkok jk"Vª dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,¡ çkIr gksrh gSAa çkphu
Hkkjrh; ifjçs{; esa oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj mÙkjoSfnd lw= lkfgR; esa jkT; dks O;ofLFkr
:i ls ifjHkkf"kr ugÈ fd;k x;k] ijarq nksuksa egkdkO;ksa&jkek;.k ,oa egkHkkjr] dkSfVY;
34
vFkZ'kkL=] Le`fr lkfgR; rFkk ijorÊ laL—r jktuhfrd lkfgR; vkfn esa jkT; dk
laxfBr :i çkIr gksrk gSA jkT; ds laoSèkkfud lkr vax çkphu fopkjdksa dks Kkr Fks
vkSj ;s vax &Lokeh] vekR;] tuin] nqxZ] dks'k] naM vkSj fe= FksA
bUgsa jkT; dh lkr ç—fr;k¡ dgk x;k gSA ;|fi çkphu Hkkjrh; xzFa kksa esa jkT;
dh lajpuk lIr ç—fr okyh gS ijarq dgÈ&dgÈ jkT; ds lkr vaxksa ds lkFk&lkFk
v"Vkax dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA fofHkUu xzFa kksa esa buds uke Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu çkIr gksrs
gSaA tSls egkHkkjr ds 'kkfUrioZ esa&
fjä LFkku Hkjs&

a
1- ;s vax &Lokeh]&&&&&&&&] tuin]&&&& ] dks'k] &&&&& vkSj fe= FksA
2- dgÈ&dgÈ jkT; ds lkr vaxksa ds lkFk&lkFk &&&& dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA
3- LokE;ekR; &&&&&&& nqxZdks'kn.M &&&&&&& ç—fr%A
çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkT; ds lkr vaxksa dk mYys[k

lcls igys dkSfVY; us ,d lqO;ofLFkr :i esa fd;k gSA bu lkr vo;oksa dks lIr ç— 35
fr vFkok lIrkax ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS &
&dkS- 6&1A dkSfVY; u dsoy lkr ç—fr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa vfirq mUgksua s
bu ç—fr;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh gSA
lIr ç—fr;ksa esa Lokeh loksZifj gSA og oLrqr% lHkh ç—fr;ksa dh dwV LFkkuh; 'kfä gSA
Lokeh ds egÙo dks –f"V esa j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çprdksa] fo'ks"k :i ls tSls&
dkSfVY; us jktk ds fy, fof'k"V ;ksX;rkvksa vFkok visf{kr xq.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
 bu xq.kksa ls vfHkçsr gS fd jktk tu lkekU; rd igq¡p ik,]
laidZ dj ik, vkSj mldk vuqlj.k dj ik,A
vFkkZr~ 'kklukèkh'k mPp dqy esa mRiUu] 'kfä laiUu] o`)tuksa ds fopkjksa dks lquus
okyk] lR;oknh] —rK] mPp vfHkyk"kh] lkearksa dks o'k esa djus okyk] –<+ cqf)
vkSj fou;'khy gksA vkfHkxkfed xq.kksa ls vfHkçk; mu xq.kksa ls gS tks jktk esa
çkÑfrd :i ls fo|eku gSaA
 & ;g xq.kLokeh ds laKku ls lacaèk gSa&
vFkkZr~ ftKklq] vU; ds fopkjksa dks lquus okyk] lqudj xzg.k djus okyk]
Ågk&iksg ls jfgr gksuk jktk ds fy, visf{kr FkkA
 Lokeh dh ÅtkZ mRlkg ls lacaèk gS&
'kkS;Z] ve"kZ] fu.kZ; ,oa dk;ks± esa 'kh?kzrk vkSj n{krk djuk] ;s 'kklukèkh'k ds mRlkg
xq.k gSAa
 Lokeh ds os xq.k gSa] tks mlds vkRe vFkkZr~ Lo;a }kjk vfèkÑr
gSa&
36
okXeh çxYHk% Le`frefrcyokuqnxz% Loxzgh% —rf'kYiks O;lus n.Muk¸;qidkjksidkj;ks&
nZ̀f"Vçfrdkjh ghekuiRI—R;ksÆofu;ksäk nh?kZnwjn'kÊ ns'kdkyiq#"kdkjdk;Zçèkku%
lfUèkfoØ;R;kxla ;ei.kijfPNæfoHkkxh la o ` r knhukfHkgkL;ftãHkz d q V h{k.k%
dkeØksèkyksHkLrEHkpkiyksirk'kqU;ghu% 'kD;% fLerksxzkfHkHkk"kh o`)ksins'kkpkj
bR;kRelEir~A
vFkkZr~ okXeh ¼cksyus esa dq'ky½] çxYHk ¼cqf)eku½] Le`froku] cyoku] la;eh] leLr
dykvksa esa fuiq.k] jktuhfr fo'ks"kK] vkifÙk ,oa ç—fr ds le; vukfn dk mfpr
çcaèk djus okyk] nh?kZn'kÊ] nwjn'kÊ] ns'k&dky ds vuqlkj iq#"kkFkZ ¼ifjJe½ djus
okyk] ea= dks xqIr j[kus okyk] lafèk&foxzg ds jgL; dk Kkrk gksuk vkfn jktk
ds vkRelair~ xq.k gSaA
mi;qZä xq.kksa ds vfrfjä dkSfVY; us jktk ds fy, bafæ;ksa dks o'k esa j[kuk
vko';d crk;k gS D;ksfa d fo|k vkSj fou; dk gsrq bafæ;t; gS vr% dke] Øksèk] yksHk]
eku] en ¼vgadkj½ vkSj g"kZ dk R;kx djuk vko';d gSA
dkSfVY; us Lokeh dks okLrfod laçHkq ekuk gS vr% mlds nkf;Ro fuèkkZfjr fd,
gSaA Lokeh dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd og jkT; vkSj çtk dk laj{k.k djsa rFkk laoèkZu djsaA
dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj jktdqekj dh f'k{kk xHkkZoLFkk ls gh çkjaHk gks tkrh gSA f'k{kk ls
lacfa èkr fl)karksa esa lS)kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd nksuksa i{kksa dk leUo; ns[kus dks feyrk
gSA jktdqekj ds fy, o.kZekyk vkSj vadxf.kr dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gh miu;u ds
mijkar fo}ku vkpk;ks± ls =;h ¼osnkè;;u½ vkUohf{kdh ¼U;k; ,oa rdZ'kkL=½] okrkZ ¼Ñf"k
,oa i'kqikyu] O;olk;½ rFkk n.Muhfr ¼jktuhfr½ dh f'k{kk çkIr djus dk foèkku gSA
=;h ds varxZr rhu osn&_Xosn] ;tqosZn vkSj lkeosn dk vè;;u gksrk FkkA oLrqr%
jkT; dk dY;k.k lkekftd èkeZ dh LFkkiuk ls gh laHko gksrk gS vr% jktk ds fy,
vko';d gS fd og lkekftd fu;eksa ,oa foèkkuksa dks vPNh çdkj ls tkusA okrkZ
vFkZO;oLFkk ls lac) gS] bl vè;;u ls jktk dks Kku çkIr gksrk Fkk fd jkT; ds
lalkèkuksa dk ç;ksx fdl çdkj fd;k tk, vkSj jkT; dh vk;o`f) dSls dh tk,A
vkUohf{kdh ds Kku ls eu] opu ,oa deZ esa ifjiDork vkrh FkhA naMuhfr ds ekè;e ls
jktk jkT; dk;ks± vkSj jkT; fu;eksa dks dk;kZfUor djokrk Fkk rFkk mu fu;eksa dk
mYya?ku djus okyksa dks naM nsrk FkkA 37
Lokeh fdruk Hkh 'kfä'kkyh vkSj ;ksX; gks] Lo;a ;k ,dkdh jkT; dk lapkyu ugÈ dj
ldrkA vr% jkT; lapkyu dh lQyrk ds fy, lgk;dksa dh vko';drk gSA bl
vko';drk dh iwÆr lIrkax ds nwljs vax vekR; ds :i esa gksrh gSA vekR; 'kCn ,d
foLr`r vFkZ dk çrhd gSA vekR; dgus ls dsoy ,d ea=h in ugÈ] vfirq jkT; dh
lai.w kZ ç'kklfud ç.kkyh] dk;Zikfydk] foèkkf;dk] U;k;ikfydk vfHkçsr gSA ftl
O;oLFkk esa Lokeh dks ijke'kZ nsus okys] ekxZn'kZu djus okys] lg;ksx nsus okys lfEefyr
FksA fofoèk dk;Z foHkkxksa dh vè;{krk djus okys vfèkdkjhx.k] uxj ,oa xzkeksa ds eqf[k;k
vkfn Hkh vekR; 'kCn ds varxZr lekfgr gksrs gSAa vekR; 'kCn jkT; dh ç'kklfud
O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrk gSA vekR; in ds varxZr ea=h] vekR; vkSj lfpo rhuksa vk
tkrs gSAa lkekU;r% bu rhuksa esa dksÃ fof'k"V Hksn ugÈ fd;k x;kA fdUrq dkSfVY; vekR;
dks ea=h ls fHkUu ekurs gSa vkSj eU=h dks in ds vuqlkj mPp Js.kh esa j[krs gSa tcfd
vekR; dks dfu"B Js.kh esa j[krs gSAa bu nksuksa esa Hksn djus dk vkèkkj mièkk }kjk dh
xÃ ijh{kk dks cukrs gSaA
dkSfVY; us ea=h ds fy, visf{kr xq.kksa dh yach lwph nh gS&

jktk ds tuin esa ,oa mPp dqy esa mRiUu] fofoèk f'kYiksa esa ikjaxr] vFkZ'kkL=h; us=ksa
ls ;qä] lgt cqf)eku~] n{k] okXeh] çxYHk] ;qfä vkSj rdZ ls ;qä] mRlkgoku~] çHkqRooku~]
d"Vlfg".kq] 'kq)] eS=hiw.kZ] –<Hkfä] 'khyLoHkko] cyoku~] fujksxh] xoZ jfgr] fLFkj ç—fr]
voSjh] lkSE;n'kÊ vkfnA
ea=h ifj"kn esa eaf=;ksa dh la[;k ds fo"k; esa dkSfVY; vius ls iwoZ vkpk;Z ds erksa dk
mYys[k djrs gSa] ftlds vuqlkj euq ds vuq;k;h 12 eaf=;ksa dh] c`gLifr ds vuq;k;h
16 eaf=;ksa dh] mL'kul~ ds erkoyach 20 eaf=;ksa dh la[;k fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA dkSfVY;
us la[;k ds fo"k; esa lkeF;Z ds vuqlkj gh eaf=;ksa dh la[;k fu;r djus dk foèkku
fd;k gSA
dkSfVY; eaf=;ks]a vekR;ksa vkfn dh fu;qfä ds fy, vR;ar lrdZrk cjrus dk foèkku djrs
38 gSaA os ea=hifj"kn~ ds fy, fofHkUu ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj xq.kksa dh vis{kk djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj
vekR;ksa dh fu;qfä esa lgikBh vkfn vis{kkvksa ij fopkj fd;k tk,] ijarq ;g Hkh
vko';d gS fd fo|k] cqf)] lkgl] xq.k] nks"k] ns'k] dky vkSj ik= dk fopkj djds gh
vekR;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tk,A vè;{k vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä esa Hkh dkSfVY; fofHkUu
;ksX;rkvksa dh vis{kk djrs gSAa muds vuqlkj foHkkxh; vè;{kksa esa Hkh vekR;ksa okyh
;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,A
ea=h dk çeq[k dk;Z jktk dks ea=.kk nsuk gksrk FkkA blds vfrfjä mlds ijke'kZ ls fy,
x, fu.kZ; esa Hkh mldh fØ;kRed Hkwfedk jgrh FkhA blds vfrfjä] vk;&O;; dk
fujh{k.k] lSfudksa dh fu;qfä] 'k=q rFkk vkVfodksa dk neu] jk"Vª dh j{kk] ;qojkt dh j{kk
rFkk ;qojkt dk vfHk"ksd] ;s lHkh dk;Z eaf=;ksa ds vfèkdkj {ks= esa vkrs FksA dkSfVY; ds
vuqlkj ea=h gh lc dk;ks± dk lzkrs gSA futZu LFkkuksa dks clkuk] lSfud fu;qfä djuk]
dj&laxzg vkfn Hkh eaf=;ksa ds gh dk;Z FksA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa fo'ks"k :i ls xzke
ç'kklu] U;kf;d ç'kklu] foÙk ç'kklu vkSj lSU; ç'kklu ds fy, fofoèk eaf=;ksa dh
fu;qfä dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vekR; vax dks O;k[;kf;r djus ds fy, lqO;ofLFkr
vè;{k çpkj uked f}rh; vfèkdj.k æ"VO; gSA
1- jktk ds vkfHkxkfed xq.kksa ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\

2- ea= dks xqIr j[kus okyk] lafèk foxzg ds jgL; dk Kkrk gksuk vkfn jktk ds dkSu
ls xq.k gSa\
3- ea=h dk çeq[k dk;Z D;k gksrk Fkk\
4- vekR; 'kCn jkT; dh fdl O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrk gS\
5- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vekR; vax dks O;k[;kf;r djus ds fy, dkSu lk
vfèkdj.k æ"VO; gS\
lIrkax dk r`rh; vax tuin gSA tuin ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls ^jk"Vª fo"k;* vkSj ^ns'k*
'kCn ç;qä gq, gSaA dkSfVY; us tuin ds nks i{k fy, gSa&,d vksj dkSfVY; us tuin
39
dk HkkSfrd :i fu:fir fd;k gSA tSls dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj] tuin dh Hkwfe Å¡ph o
uhph] vleku vFkok iRFkjksa ls Hkjh u gks] taxyksa ck?kksa vkfn ls jfgr gks] mitkÅ [ksr
gksa] ydfM+;ksa vkSj gkfFk;ksa dh çpqjrk gksA dkSfVY; dh tuin ds fy, ;g ifjHkk"kk ,d
{ks= vFkkZr~ VsfjVjh ds :i esa gSA nwljh vksj dkSfVY; us fl)kar fn;k fd nwljs ns'kksa ls
euq";ksa dks cqykdj ;k vius ns'k dh tula[;k c<+kdj uohu çns'kksa dks clk;k tk,A
dkSfVY; foèkku djrs gSa fd çfr tuin esa de ls de 100 ?kj vkSj vfèkdre 500 ?kj
clk, tk,¡ ftuesa 'kwæ o fdlku vfèkd gksAa blds vfrfjä tuin esa fLFkr xk¡oksa dh
ijLij nwjh vkSj xk¡oksa dh lhek Hkh fuèkkZfjr dh tk,A
dkSfVY; tula[;k dks tuin dk vko';d rÙo ekurs gSaA tula[;k fdruh gks]
bl fo"k; esa dkSfVY; dk er gS fd jkT; dh dksÃ fuf'pr tula[;k ugÈ gks ldrh]
Çdrq bruh vo'; gksuh pkfg, ftlls tuin dk dk;Z Hkyh&Hkk¡fr py ldsA
tuin ds y{k.kksa dks crkrs gq, dkSfVY; us dgk fd tuin 'k=q }s"kh gks] deZ'khy
vkSj ifjJe djus okys —"kdksa ls ;qä gks] ifo= vkSj fouez ns'kHkäksa ls ;qä gksA dkSfVY;
dh bl ifjHkk"kk ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd tuin dk rkRi;Z yksx] tula[;k vkfn
gSA oLrqr% laL—r esa ç;qä tuin 'kCn nksuksa vFkks± dks crkrk gSA
lIrkax esa egÙo dh –f"V ls nqxZ dk prqFkZ LFkku gSA nqxZ cká vkØe.k ls laj{k.k djus
dk mik; gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa nqxks± ds çdkj ,oa nqxZ fuekZ.k dh foLrkj ls ppkZ
dh xÃ gSA dkSfVY; dk er gS fd jkT; dh lhekvksa vFkok pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa nqxZ fuekZ.k
gksuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; us nqxZ ds pkj çdkj crk, gS& a vkSnd nqxZ] ikoZr nqxZ] èkkUou nqxZ
vkSj ou nqxZA
dkSfVY; us nqxZ ds vkarfjd vkSj cká nksuksa Hkkxksa ds fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk dk foLrkj
40 ls o.kZu fd;k gSA mUgksua s nqxZ ds pkjksa vksj oç vkdkj] mlds vanj vêkfydk,¡ ,oa xqIr
ekxZ] cká 'k=q dks foeq[k djus ds mik;] nqxZ dk }kj] vkdkj] ;q)ksfpr vL=&'kL= dks
ckgj ys tkus rFkk vanj ykus ds fy, ugjksa vkfn dh foLr`r ,oa O;kogkfjd ;kstuk
çLrqr dh gSA nqxZ fuos'k uked vè;k; esa okLrq fo|k ds vuqlkj fn'kkvksa ds vkèkkj ij
nqxZ&fuekZ.k dk fl)kar çfrikfnr fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ftl Hkwfe dks uxj fuekZ.k
ds fy, pquk tk,] mlesa iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj vkSj mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj tkus okys
rhu&rhu jktekxZ gksAa
jkT; ds lHkh çdkj ds lapkyu ds fy, dks'k loZçeq[k lkèku gSA dks'k dsoy èku dk
ugÈ] vfirq lHkh çdkj dh lainkvksa vkSj lalkèkuksa dk ifjpk;d gSA dks'k ds egÙo ds
dkj.k gh mldks lIrkax esa ik¡pok¡ vax ekuk x;k gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj dks'k Lo.kZ
¼lksuk½] jtr ¼pkanh½ ls Hkjiwj gksA fdlh Hkh jkT; dk dks'k bruk laiUu gksuk pkfg,
ftlls fd vkinkvksa esa Hkh fcuk fdlh ckèkk ds lqpk: :i ls lHkh dk;Z pyrs jgsAa
dkSfVY; us dks'k iwÆr ds fofoèk lzkrs ksa dh ppkZ dh gS&
 m|ksx] O;kikfj;ksa ls çkIr èku]
 —f"k dh çpqjrk ls èku ykHk]
 okf.kT; ls èku o`f)]
 'kq) pfj= çtk ls le; vuqlkj dj çkfIr]
 vuko';d fu;qfä;ksa ds çfr"ksèk ls lafpr èku]
 lqo.kZ vkfn ds lap; ls èku ykHk vkfnA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vkikrdky esa dks'k&iwÆr gsrq nsoLFkkuksa dh laifÙk xzg.k
djus dk foèkku Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
jkT; dh NBh ç—fr ds :i esa naM vFkok cy ;k lSU; dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrdkjksa ds vuqlkj jkT; ds fy, lsuk vfr vko';d gSA dkSfVY;
vFkZ'kkL= esa lsuk ds pkj vaxksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS& iSny lsuk] vÜo lsuk] xt
lsuk vkSj jFk lsukA lsuk esa HkrÊ gksus ds fy, dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k gS fd lsuk 41
esa oa'kkuqxr] Lokeh vuqjä] â"V&iq"V] ;q) dkS'ky ls ifjfpr] vt;] d"V lgus esa
l{ke vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qä lSfud HkrÊ fd, tk,¡A
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa naM dk egÙo tkudj gh foLr`r lSU; ç'kklu dk o.kZu
fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lsukifr] ç'kLr vkSj uk;d lSU; çeq[kksa dh ppkZ
dh xÃ gSA
dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj lIrkax dh lIre ç—fr fe= gSA çkphu jktuhfrd xzaFkksa esa
varjjkT;h; uhfr ds lanHkZ esa eaMy fl)kar dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] eaMy ds ?kVdksa esa
fe= dk LFkku loksZifj gSA fe= jk"Vª og gS tks foftfx"kq jkT; dk fgrdkjh gks vkSj ;q)
ds le; esa lg;ksx nsus okyk gksA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa çk—r fe=] lgt fe= vkSj
Ñf=e fe= dk mYys[k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa fe= esa visf{kr xq.kksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA tSls mÙke fe= ogh gSa tks vius fe= jktk dh mUufr ls dHkh r`Ir ugÈ gksrAs
dqyhu] Kkuoku] ok.kh laiUu] yksHkghu] —rK] lR; çfrK okys] ftrsfa æ; vkfn xq.kksa ls
;qä jktk dks fe= cukuk pkfg,A fe= ds fy, vko';d gS fd og fofHkUu çHkq&ea=&mRlkg
'kfä;ksa ls laiUu gks ftlls fd og le; vuqlkj foftfx"kq dh lgk;rk dj ldsA
varjkZT;h; uhfr ds lanHkZ esa eaMy fl)kar ds varxZr fe= dk LFkku loksZifj gS] fe=
çÑfr ls lai.w kZ varjkZT;h; uhfr yf{kr gks tkrh gSA
jkT; ds mi;qZDr lHkh vax egÙoiw.kZ gSa vkSj muesa O;lu vk tkuk LokHkkfod gh gSA
O;lu dk vfHkçk; gS& fdlh çdkj dh foifÙk nks"k vFkok Hkz"Vrk dk gksukA dkSfVY;
us bl fo"k; dk vR;fèkd xaHkhjrk ls Çpru fd;k gSA oLrqr% ç—fr O;lu dh iwjh
ladYiuk bl ckr ij vkèkkfjr gS fd jkT; esa ladV mRiUu gksus ij ç—fr ds ladV
dk igys fujkdj.k vFkok lekèkku djuk jkT; ds fgr esa gksuk laHko gSA dÃ ckj jkT;
esa fofHkUu foifÙk;k¡ ,d lkFk mn~Hkwr gks tkrh gSa ml le; fdl vax dks vfèkd egÙo
nsrs gq, mlds ladV dks igys nwj fd;k tk,] ,slk èkeZ ladV mRiUu gks ldrk gSA
dkSfVY; us bl fo"k; esa fl)kar fn;k gS fd Lokeh] vekR;] tuin] nqxZ] dks'k] cy vkSj
42 fe= ds O;lu xzLr gks tkus ij iwoZ dk O;lu vfèkd d"Vdkjh gSA dkSfVY; ds ç—fr
O;lu ls lacafèkr fopkj ,oa fl)kar mikns; gSa D;ksafd nso vkSj ekuq"k ij fdlh Hkh dkj.k
ls foifÙk vk, rks çkFkfedrk ds vkèkkj ij mldk lekèkku gksuk vko';d gSA
fjä LFkku Hkjs&

a
1- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa &&&&&&&&& fe=] &&&&&&& fe= vkSj &&&&&&&
fe= dk mYys[k gSA
2- O;lu dk vfHkçk; fdlh çdkj dh &&&&&&&& vFkok &&&&&&&&&A
3- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa &&&&&&&] &&&&&&&&& vkSj &&&&&&&lSU;
çeq[kksa dh ppkZ dh xÃ gSA
4- &&&&&&&&& dks lIrkax esa ik¡pok¡ vax ekuk x;k gS A
fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! bl ikB esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa oÆ.kr rRdkyhu ç'kklfud i{k dk
vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d dq'ky jkT; lapkyu ekxZn'kZu xzFa k gS]
tgk¡ jkT; dh lqj{kk vkSj laoèkZu ds fy, mÙke jktuhfrd Çpru fn[kkÃ nsrk gSA bl
vè;k; esa jkT; dh dY;k.kdkjh voèkkj.kk dks dkSfVY; dh –f"V ls le>k x;k gS vkSj
bl dY;k.kdkjh voèkkj.kk dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, jkT; ds fuèkkZfjr lIrkax :i dk
vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB esa jkT; ds lkr vaxksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k
gSA lIr ç—fr ds uke ls tkus tkus okys lIrkax dk egÙo vR;fèkd gS D;ksfa d ;g
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk ,d mnkÙk Lo:i çLrqr djrk gSA lIr ç—fr;ksa esa jktk
ds nkf;Ro] eaf=;ksa dh ;ksX;rkvks]a tuin esa jgus okys ukxfjdksa dh vko';drkvksa] jkT;
dh lqj{kk gsrq nqxZ fuekZ.k] jkT; dh le`f) ds fy, dks"k dh o`f)] jkT; dh vUr% ,oa
cká lqj{kk ds fy, lSU; cy dh foLr`r ;kstuk rFkk foftfx"kq dk varjkZT;h; lacaèkksa esa
lfØ;rk rFkk uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj blds lacèa k esa fe= jkT;ksa dh vko';drk ij çdk'k
Mkyk x;k gSA
43
 tgk¡ jkT; dk lexz fodkl gks
 vU;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj
 jkT; ds lkr vax
 lEiw.kZ ç'kklfud O;oLFkk
 cksyus esa dq'ky
 cqf)eku
 loZ'kfäeku jktk
 jkT; ds vaxksa dh foifÙk
1- dY;k.kdkjh 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ,slh fLFkfr gksuk tgk¡ tulkekU; çlUurk] le`f)
vkSj lkSHkkX; ls ifjiw.kZ gksA
2- dkSfVY; us dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds fy, çkoèkku fd, ftuds varxZr jktk
çlUufpÙk jgrk gqvk jkT; ,oa çtk ds dY;k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
3- çtkfgrs ls vfHkçk; çtk dk loZfoèk dY;k.k gSA
4- jktk ds nkf;Roksa ds nks eq[; :i gSa& çtk dk laj{k.k ,oa laoèkZuA
1- jkT;
2- lIrç—fr;ksa
3- lqlaxfBr] lqO;ofLFkr
4- 'kjhj] Hkqtk
44
1- vekR;] nqxZ] n.M
2- v"Vkax
3- tuin] fe=kf.k
1- jktk ds vkfHkxkfed xq.kksa ls vfHkçsr gS fd jktk tu&lkekU; rd igqp

a ik,A
2- ea= dks xqIr j[kus okyk] lafèk foxzg ds jgL; dk Kkrk gksuk vkfn jktk ds
vkRelair~ xq.k gSAa
3- ea=h dk çeq[k dk;Z jktk dks ea=.kk nsuk gksrk FkkA
4- vekR; 'kCn jkT; dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
5- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vekR; vax dks O;k[;kf;r djus ds fy, lqO;ofLFkr vè;{k
çpkj uked f}rh; vfèkdj.k æ"VO; gSA
1- çk—r] lgt] —f=e

2- foifÙk nks"k] Hkz"Vrk
3- lsukifr] ç'kLrk] uk;d
4- dks'k
1- dkSfVY; dh dY;k.kdkjh voèkkj.kk dks Li"V djsAa

2- laL—r 'kkL=ksa esa m)`r lIrç—fr dk o.kZu djsAa
3- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr jktk ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu djsaA
4- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr lIrkax ij foLr`r fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
5- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr ç—fr O;lu D;k gS\
45
6- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fy[ks&
a
vekR;] fe=] vkRelEir~ xq.k] nqxZ] ç—fr O;lu
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] vkj- ';kek 'kkL=h] eSljw ÇçÇVx ,.M ifCyÇ'kx gkÅl] eSlwj]
1967-
 dkSfVY;e~ vFkZ'kkL=e~] okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku] okjk.klh]
1996-
 vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] jkèkk

ifCyÇ'kx fnYyh] 1997-
 dsyk] Hkxokunkl] dkSfVY; dh 'kklu i)fr] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku] okjk.klh]
1968-
 JhokLro] mek'kadj çlkn] dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=&leh{kkRed] vè;;u çdk'ku
laLFkku] fnYyh] 1988½
 Bhandrkar, D.R., Some Aspects of Ancient Hindu Polity, Banaras Hindu
University Press, 1925.
 Ghoshal, U.P., Political Ideas of ancient India, Oxford University press, 1959.
 Jayaswal, K.P., Hindu polity, Bangalore publishing Co. Ltd., Bangalore, 1943.
 Kane, P.V., History of Dharmashastra Bhandarkar (second edition) Oriental
Research Inst. Pune, 1973.
 Kangle R. P., Kautilya Arthashastra– A Study, part–III, Motilal Banarsidas,
1963.
 Law, N.N. Administration in Kautilyarthashastra–Indian Historical Quarterly
Vol- V, 1928-30.
46
lg vkpk;kZ]
3-1 mís';
3-2 çLrkouk
3-3 foÙk ç'kklu
3-3-1 lekgrkZ
3-3-2 lfUuèkkrk
3-3-3 dkekZfUrd
3-4 —f"k ç'kklu
3-4-1 lhrkè;{k
3-5 lkjka'k
3-6 dfBu 'kCnkoyh
3-8 vH;kl&ç'u
bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki&

 dkSfVY; ds foÙkh; ç'kklu dh lajpuk dks le> ik,¡xAs
 v"Vkn'krhFkZ esa lfEefyr lkfUuèkrk] lekgrkZ uked vfèkdkfj;ksa ds dk;Z{ks= vkSj
muds O;ogkj dks le> ik,¡xAs
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa oÆ.kr —f"k foHkkx ,oa mlls lacafèkr vfèkdkjh lhrkè;{k ds
drZO; {ks= dk Kku çkIr dj ldsaxAs 47
 fofoèk çdkj dh —f"k dk;Z dh ohfM;ks ,oa —f"k ls lacafèkr dkSfVY; dh uhfr;ksa
dks tku ik,¡xAs
fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru ds varxZr dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d egÙoiw.kZ

xzaFk ds :i esa çkIr gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds ekè;e ls gh ;wjksih; fo}kuksa dh ml
èkkj.kk dks èoLr fd;k tk ldk ftlds varxZr ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr o"kZ esa
jktuhfrd Çpru] jktuhfrd laxBu bR;kfn tSls fo"k;ksa dk fopkj ugÈ fd;k x;kA
lu~ 1901 esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh çkfIr ds ckn çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk
,d lqO;ofLFkr :i gekjs lkeus vk x;kA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa u dsoy Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd Çpru dk mnkÙk :i lkeus vkrk gS] vfirq ,d lq'kklu dh O;oLFkk dks Hkh
LFkkfir djus ds fy, ç'kklu dk mYys[k gesa çkIr gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds
o.Z;&fo"k; dks ns[krs gq, ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vFkZ'kkL= dk vfHkçk; dsoy vkÆFkd
fl)karksa dh ppkZ djuk ugÈ] vfirq jkT; dh çkfIr vkSj mldh j{kk djus ds lkèkuksa vkSj
vko';d rÙoksa dk foospu vFkZ'kkL= dk o.Z;&fo"k; gSA jkT; dh çkfIr vkSj mldh
j{kk jktk vdsys ugÈ dj ldrk] vfirq blds fy, c`gn~ Lrj ij vusd lgk;dksa vkSj
lqlaxfBr ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA jkT; ds fofoèk dk;ks± ds mfpr
lapkyu ds fy, lgk;dksa dh vko';drk vfuok;Z gSA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa jkT; ds lHkh dk;ks± dks ç'kklfud lgk;dksa ds lkFk gh
laiUu djus ds fofoèk fl)kar feyrs gSaA oLrqr% dkSfVY; us ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk ,slk
<k¡pk rS;kj fd;k gS ftldh rqyuk orZeku dky ds eaf=eaMy vkSj 'kkldh; vfèkdkfj;ksa
ds ra= ls dh tk ldrh gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds fu:i.k esa
v"Vkn'krhFkZ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bu v"Vkn'krhFkks± dk muds uke ds lkFk foLrkj ls
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa 'kklu O;oLFkk ds fy, tks
v"Vkn'kkè;{k çèkku egkek= dgs x, gSa] ;s eq[; ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh dgs tk ldrs gS]a
D;ksafd bUgÈ eq[; ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vèkhu vU; dÃ vfèkdkjh dk;Zjr gksrs FksA
bu eq[; vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fofHkUu dk;ks± dks ns[krs gq, dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds ç'kklu ra=
48
dks fofoèk Lrjksa ij le>k tk ldrk gS ftuesa foÙk ç'kklu] —f"k ç'kklu] U;kf;d
ç'kklu] lSU; ç'kklu bR;kfn gSaA
bl ikB esa ge dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr foÙk ç'kklu ,oa —f"k ç'kklu
dks le>saxAs
vkÆFkd ekeyksa vkSj vFkZ O;ogkj dks O;ofLFkr ,oa lqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy, dkSfVY;
fofHkUu inkfèkdkfjvksa ds uke nsrs gSaA oLrqr% dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa foÙkh; ç'kklu dk
vR;ar c`gn~ :i feyrk gSA blesa eq[; :i ls rhu inkfèkdkjh gSa ftuds vèkhu fofHkUu
foHkkxkè;{k fu;qä gksrs Fks& lekgrkZ] lfUuèkkrk vkSj dekZfUrdA bu rhuksa vfèkdkfj;ksa
dh x.kuk v"Vkn'krhFkZ [kfu esa dh xÃ gSA rhuksa vfèkdkjh vFkZO;oLFkk vFkok foÙkh;
O;oLFkk ls lac) FksA
dkSfVY; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa lekgrkZ vk;&O;; rFkk lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx dk çèkku
vfèkdkjh gSA lekgrkZ dks jsosU;w dysDVj dgk tk ldrk gSA bldk eq[; nkf;Ro lkjs
tuin dks pkj fgLlksa esa ck¡Vdj mUgsa Js"B] eè;e vkSj dfu"B ds Øe ls mudh x.kuk]
mit] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] muds uD'ks bR;kfn dks ntZ djrs jguk gSA
 lekgrkZ dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd og fofoèk fofèk;ksa vkSj lkèkuksa rFkk vkenuh ds fofoèk
ekxks± ls jktdh; èku dk laxzg djsa vkSj vk;&O;; esa cpr o gkfu dk
ys[kk&tks[kk Bhd çdkj ls j[ksaA
49
 og jktdks"k ds fy, nqxZ] jk"Vª] [kfu] lsrq] ou] o`{k vkSj O;kikj ekxZ uked djksa
dks ,d= djrk FkkA
 blds vfrfjä og lkekU; ç'kklu dk çcaèk djrk FkkA

 lekgrkZ dj.kh;] fl)] 'ks"k] vk;] O;; rFkk uhoh vkfn dk;ks± dks lEiUu djokrk
FkkA
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lekgrkZ ds nks eq[; nkf;Ro ns[kus dks feyrs gSa igyk]
fofHkUu vfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dj muds ekè;e ls dj ,d= djokuk] lekt
ds lHkh oxks± ds yksxksa ds edkuksa] [ksrksa vkfn dk C;kSjk j[kuk] çR;sd ifjokj ds
L=h] iq#"k] ckyd vkSj o`)ksa dh x.kuk djuk] muds dk;ks±] vkthfodk vkSj O;;
vkfn ds lacèa k esa iwjh tkudkjh j[kuk vkfnA nwljk] xqIrpjksa ds ekè;e ls xk¡oksa
esa gksus okys fofoèk dk;Zdykiksa ij –f"V j[kuk vFkkZr~ [ksrksa dh yackÃ&pkSMk+ Ã] ogk¡
dh mit rFkk fofHkUu O;kikfj;ksa }kjk mRiUu vkSj csps tkus okyh ljdkjh oLrqvksa
rFkk vU; oLrqvksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r ij –f"V j[kukA ;s xqIrpj x`gLFk] O;kikjh
vkSj rifLo;ksa ds os'k esa jgrs gq, vius vklikl dh lHkh ?kVukvksa ij –f"V j[krs
Fks rFkk bldh lwpuk lekgrkZ dks nsrs FksA
 tuin dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds fy, lekgrkZ ds vèkhu xksi vkSj LFkkud dk;Z
djrs FksA vfèkdkfj;ksa ds dk;ks± dh xqIr lwpuk ikus ds fy, lekgrkZ xqIrpj dh
fu;qfä djrk FkkA bu lHkh dk;ks± ds laiknu gsrq lekgrkZ ds vèkhu vusd
foHkkxkè;{kksa dh fu;qfä dh tkrh Fkh] ftuds dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k djus dk vfèkdkj
Hkh lekgrkZ dks FkkA lekgrkZ ds vèkhu fuEu foHkkxkè;{k dk;Z djrs Fks&
dkSfVY; eafnjksa dh lkekU; O;oLFkk gsrq nsork vè;{k dh fu;qfä dk
foèkku djrs gSAa ;g vè;{k lekgrkZ ds vèkhu dj ¼VSDl½ laxzg djrk FkkA tuin vkSj
nqxZ ds eafnjksa dh vk; lekgrkZ dks lkSia rk Fkk] ftls lekgrkZ jktdks"k esa tek djrk FkkA
nsork vè;{k dk eq[; dk;Z Fkk& lkekU; vkSj vlkekU; nksuksa n'kkvksa esa jktdks"k ds
fy, èku laxzg djukA
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v{kiVykè;{k ys[kk foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh FkkA v{kiVykè;{k dks
vk;&O;; dk fujh{kd dgk tkrk FkkA orZeku lanHkZ esa ,dkmaV~l lqijhVsM a sVa ds :i esa
tks vfèkdkjh dk;Z djrk gS ogh dk;Z vk;&O;; dk fujh{kd v{kiVykè;{k djrk FkkA
mldk igyk nkf;Ro Fkk fd ,d v{kiVy dk fuekZ.k djk,] tgk¡ ys[kdksa ds cSBus ds
fy, d{k vkfn dh vkSj vk;qosZn o fucaèk iqLrdksa dks j[kus ds fy, fu;fer O;oLFkk gks
ldsA
v{kiVy esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh ukekoyh] tuin dh iSnkokj ,oa mldh vkenuh
dk fooj.k] dkj[kkuksa ds vk;&O;; dk fglkc] deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä] Lo.kZ vkfn ds
mi;ksx dk C;kSjk j[kuk v{kiVy dk gh nkf;Ro FkkA æO;ksa esa feykoV dh tk¡p] osru
csxkj vkfn dk fooj.k] fofoèk cgqeYw ; oLrqvksa dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k djuk] muds xq.kksa dks
fuèkkZfjr djuk] mudk rksy Hkko djuk] muds vkdkj tSls fd yackÃ&pkSM+kÃ&Å¡pkÃ
vkfn dk C;kSjk j[kuk] vlyh ewyèku dk mYys[k djuk] fofoèk çdkj ds ns'k&xk¡o
bR;kfn dks ntZ djukA jkT; dh lgk;rk ls pyus okys nsoky;ksa] fuokl LFkku] fofoèk
migkj vkfn dk C;kSjk j[kus dk dke v{kiVykè;{k djrk FkkA blds vfrfjDr
egkjkfu;k¡ vkSj jktiq= fdruh laifÙk vius ikl j[krs gSa vkSj muds ikl D;k jRu ,oa
Hkwfe vkfn gSa] bldk fooj.k Hkh v{kiVykè;{k j[krk FkkA lHkh mRifÙk dsaæksa vkSj foHkkxksa
ds fy, O;; fd, tkus okys] vk; vkSj uhoh bR;kfn dk fooj.k v{kiVy esa gh gksrk FkkA
og lHkh foHkkxksa dh vk;&O;; dh tk¡p djrk vkSj mldk C;ksjk j[krk FkkA fofHkUu
foHkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä rFkk muds dk;ks± dk fooj.k v{kiVykè;{k ds ikl gh
jgrk Fkk] ftlds vkèkkj ij deZpkfj;ksa dks osru feyrk FkkA
oLrqvksa dh iwÆr] muds mfpr ewY; rFkk Ø;&foØ; ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds

fy, i.;kè;{k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g ç'kklu vfèkdkjh oLrqvksa dh mRifÙk LFkku
,oa ekax&iwÆr vkSj Ø;&foØ; ds fy, mfpr LFkku dh iwjh tkudkjh j[krk FkkA
taxy rFkk mlesa mRiUu gksus okyh ydM+h] vkS"kfèk ,oa peM+k] dks;yk
vkfn oLrqvksa ds çcaèk ds fy, dqI;kè;{k dh O;oLFkk dh xÃ FkhA ;g ç'kklfud
51
vfèkdkjh taxyksa ds j{kdksa dh lgk;rk ls ydM+h vkfn eaxok dj mi;qä LFkku ij
LFkkfir djokrk FkkA i'kq&i{kh rFkk vU; i'kqvksa dk laxzg Hkh dqI;kè;{k ds ekè;e ls
gksrk FkkA
ikSrokè;{k eki&rksy dh tk¡p djus okyk vfèkdkjh Fkk] ftls 'kkL= esa
fuèkkZfjr fofèk ls rksyus vkSj ekius ds lkèku :i rjktw vkfn dk fuekZ.k djus dk
vfèkdkj FkkA ikSrokè;{k ds fujh{k.k esa lqo.kZ] pk¡nh] ghjk vkfn ds eki rksy ds fu;eksa
dk ikyu gksrk Fkk rFkk mlds fy, vko';d ckV ,oa rqyk,¡ curh FkhA blh çdkj vU;
?kh] rsy vkfn ds fy, Hkh eki&rksy dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA
dkSfVY; ns'k vkSj dky ds eku ds fu;eksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSa ftuds ikyu
dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ekukè;{k ij FkkA ekukè;{k ls visf{kr Fkk fd mls ns'k&dky dh iwjh
tkudkjh gks rFkk fnu&jkr] i{k] ekg] o"kZ vkSj _rq vkfn ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk
Hkh ekukè;{k ds dk;Z{ks= ds varxZr vkrk FkkA
'kqYd ,d= djus ds fy, 'kqYdkè;{k uked vfèkdkjh dh fu;qfä gksrh
FkhA blds fy, og 'kqYd'kkyk dk fuekZ.k djokrk FkkA 'kqYdkè;{k ds vèkhu pkj ;k ik¡p
deZpkjh gksrs Fks tks O;kikfj;ksa ds uke] tkfr] LFkku] eky] eqæk ds LFkku vkfn dk fooj.k
fy[krs FksA mls ;g vfèkdkj Fkk fd èkks[kk nsus okys O;kikfj;ksa ls naM :i esa 'kqYd xzg.k
djsA
lwr] dop] oL=] jLlh vkfn m|ksxksa dk lapkyu lw=kè;{k uked vfèkdkjh
ds dk;Z {ks= ds varxZr FkkA bu m|ksxksa esa dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä
lw=kè;{k gh djrk FkkA
—f"k foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh lhrkè;{k Fkk og jktdh; Hkwfe ij —f"k
dk;Z djokrk FkkA lkFk gh —f"k dh mUufr dk è;ku j[krk FkkA lhrkè;{k ds fy,
vko';d Fkk fd og —f"k fu;e vkSj ouLifr 'kkL= dh tkudkjh j[ksA —f"k ds fo'ks"kKksa
dks lgk;d cukdj ;FkklaHko vU; Qwy] Qy] 'kkd] ewy] lu] twV] dikl vkfn ds
chtksa dk laxzg lhrkè;{k gh djrk FkkA [kfygku] vUu j[kus ds LFkku vkfn dk fuekZ.k
djus dh O;oLFkk Hkh mlh ds vèkhu FkhA
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lqjk ¼e|½ ds fuekZ.k rFkk foØ; ds leqfpr çcaèk ds fy, lqjkè;{k fu;qä
fd;k tkrk FkkA lqjkè;{k lqjk ds fuekZ.k rFkk foØ; djus ds fy, fuiq.k O;fä;ksa dks
fu;qä djds tuin] nqxZ vkSj Nkouh esa lqjk dh O;oLFkk djrk FkkA mlds fy,
vko';d Fkk fd og lqjk fuekZ.k dh lHkh fofèk;ksa dh tkudkjh j[ksA
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa voè; i'kq&i{kh vkSj foØ; ds v;ksX; ek¡l vkfn ds
fy, i`Fkd~ foHkkx dh O;oLFkk dh xÃ vkSj blds fy, ,d fof'k"V ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh
dh fu;qfä Hkh dh xÃA bl foHkkx dk vè;{k lwukè;{k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
lwukè;{k f'kdkj dk NBk rFkk eNyh] if{k;ksa o e`x vkfn i'kqvksa dk nlok¡ Hkkx dj ds
:i esa ysrk FkkA buds fujh{k.k esa ek¡l dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk FkkA
xks vè;{k ds vfèkdkj {ks= ds varxZr xk;] HkSal] cSy] HksM+] Å¡V vkfn i'kq vkrs
FksA mlds vèkhu xksikyd] HkSl
a ikyd] nwèk nqgus okys rFkk i'kqvksa dh j{kk djus okys
deZpkjh dk;Z djrs FksA xks vè;{k dh rqyuk xkokè;{k vkSj xksla[; ls dh tk ldrh
gSA
pkjkx`g foHkkx dk vfèkdkjh foohrkè;{k FkkA mlds rhu çdkj ds dk;Z
Fks& i'kqvksa ds pkjkx`g dk çcaèk djuk] pksj ,oa 'k=qvksa dh lwpuk çkIr djuk rFkk dj
laxzg djukA 'k=qvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, foohrkè;{k ds vèkhu f'kdkjh ,oa cgsfy,
jgrs FksA
dkSfVY; jktuhfr dh lajpuk esa foÙk ç'kklu ds eq[; vfèkdkfj;ksa esa lfUuèkkrk lcls
vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh gSaA budk mYys[k v"Vkn'krhFkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA
lai.w kZ foÙk foHkkx dk loZçeq[k vfèkdkjh lfUuèkkrk gh FkkA bl vfèkdkjh ds egÙo dks
bl ckr ls vkadk tk ldrk gS fd bl vfèkdkjh ds vèkhu yxHkx laiw.kZ vkÆFkd vkSj
foÙk ç'kklu dk;Z djrk FkkA

lfUuèkkrk ds çeq[k dÙkZO;ksa esa dks"kx`gksa] i.;x`gks]a dks"Bkxkjks]a dqIx`gks]a 'kL=kxkjksa vkSj
dkjkxkjksa dk fuekZ.k djokuk FkkA
53
 lfUuèkkrk jktdks"k dk çèkku vfèkdkjh FkkA og vU; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk ,d=
èkudks'k esa èku tek djrk FkkA jktLo rFkk vU; inkFkZ dqI;&i.; vkfn dks
jktdks"k esa tek djds mudk C;kSjk vius ikl j[krk FkkA
 lfUuèkkrk dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd og fuèkkZfjr vkdkj esa fofHkUu vkxkjksa dk fuekZ.k
djok,A lfUuèkkrk ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk Fkk tks Hkh Hkou fuÆer gks jgs gSa os etcwr
vkSj lqj{kk dh –f"V ls ifjiw.kZ gksaA
 ogh fuèkkZfjr djrk Fkk fd Hkwfex`g ds Åij ,d dks"kxzg cuok;k tk, ftldh
nhokjsa vR;ar lq–<+ gks vkSj mUgsa iôh b±Vksa ls cuok;k tk,A yacs nkykuksa ls ;qä
vkSj vusd dksBkfj;ksa ls f?kjh gqÃ nhokjksa okyk dqI;x`g cuok;k tkrk FkkA
 blh çdkj ;fn dksÃ dks"kkè;{k fdlh Hkh çdkj ls jktdks"k ds èku dk vigj.k
djs rks mls naM nsus dk dk;Z Hkh lfUuèkkrk dk FkkA
 lfUuèkkrk ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk Fkk fd mlds vklikl foÜoklh iq#"k jgsa ftuds
lg;ksx ls og èku laxzg dk dk;Z djs] Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh djok lds vkSj foÙk
ds {ks= esa gksus okys Hkz"Vkpkj ij fu;a=.k Hkh j[k ldsA
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds vuqlkj] ;g vis{kk dh xÃ gS fd dks"kkè;{k ,slk gks tks
tuin vkSj uxj esa gksus okyh vk; dks vPNh rjg ls tkusA mls ,slh tkudkjh
gksuh pkfg, fd ;fn mlls lkS o"kZ ihNs dh vk; dk ys[kk&tks[kk iwNk tk, rks
rRdky gh bldh leqfpr tkudkjh lfUuèkkrk dks gks vkSj og lnk dks'k dks
le`) fn[kkus okyk vfèkdkjh gksA
 iwoZ ds lkS o"kks± dh cká vkSj vkarfjd vk; dh tkudkjh j[kuk Hkh lfUuèkkrk dk
dk;Z FkkA
 dkSfVY; ds erkuqlkj] lfUuèkkrk ds vèkhu dks"kkè;{k dks"Bxkjkè;{k] lqo.kkZè;{k]
caèkukxkjkè;{k dk;Z djrs FksA vkb, çeq[k vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fo"k; esa tkurs gS&
a
54
dks"k x`g dk çèkku vfèkdkjh dks"kkè;{k Fkk tks fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; ls jRu]
QYxq vkSj dqI; vkfn ewY;oku æO;ksa dks jktdks"k ds fy, Lohdkj djrk FkkA blds
vfrfjä mlds fy, iqjkus jRu dk iqu% laLdkj] mudk xqaFku] ns'k&dky ds vuqlkj
mudk ç;ksx vkfn dk;ks± dk Hkh Kku j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA
dks"Bxkjkè;{k vUu] ?kh] rsy vkfn x`gksa fo"k;d lkexzh dk çèkku
çcaèkd Fkk] og jktdj ds :i esa ,d= èkkU;] jk"Vª] Øfed] ifjorZd] çkfeR;d]
vk;feR;d] Çlgkfudk] vU;k;] O;;çR;; vkfn dk iwjk C;ksjk j[krk FkkA jkT; O;oLFkk
esa vUu] ?kh] rsy vkfn [kk| lkexzh dk leqfpr çcaèk djrk FkkA
dkSfVY; lqo.kZ lEcUèkh dk;ks± ds fy, lqo.kkZè;{k dh fu;qfä dk foèkku
djrs gSaA lqo.kZ vè;{k lksus&pk¡nh ds çR;sd dk;Z dks djus ds fy, ,d v{k'kkyk dk
fuekZ.k djokrk FkkA ftlesa og prqj] dqyhu vkSj foÜoLr ikj[kh lqoÆ.kdksa dks fu;qä
djrk FkkA lqo.kkZè;{k ds vèkhu ,d v{k'kkyk Fkh ftlesa Lo.kZ ,oa pk¡nh ds dk;Z fd,
tkrs FksA lqo.kkZè;{k ds fy, lksuk ,oa pk¡nh ds fu;eksa dh iwjh tkudkjh j[kuk vko';d
FkkA lqo.kkZè;{k ds vèkhu LoÆ.kd jgrk Fkk tks uxj ,oa tuin ds fuokfl;ksa ds fy,
lqukjksa }kjk f'kYi'kkyk esa vkHkw"k.k cuokrk FkkA
foÙk ç'kklu ds varxZr dkekZfUrd uked eq[; vfèkdkjh dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bl
vfèkdkjh dk çeq[k dk;Z [kknkuksa] dkj[kkuksa bR;kfn dh ns[kjs[k vkSj mudk çcaèk djuk
FkkA taxyksa ls dPpk eky eaxokdj dkj[kkus esa fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkstuk dkekZfUrd ds
mÙkjnkf;Ro esa vkrk FkkA dkekZfUrd vius dk;Z dks fofHkUu foHkkx vè;{kksa dh lgk;rk
ls laikfnr djrk FkkA mlds funsZ'k esa dk;Z djus okys fofHkUu vfèkdkjh fuEu çdkj ls
gSa&
vkdjkè;{k ds fy, vko';d Fkk fd og 'kqYd 'kkL=] èkkrq 'kkL=] jlk;u vkSj ikd fofèk
vkfn fo"k;ksa dk Kkrk gksA og bu fo"k;ksa ds fo'ks"kKksa ds lkFk çkphu [kku dh ijh{kk
55
rFkk Hkwfe] iRFkj] jl] èkkrqvksa dh ped vkSj xaèk vkfn dh lgk;rk ls uohu [kkuksa dh
[kkst djrk FkkA ;gh vfèkdkjh 'kadj] otz] ef.k] eqäk vkfn {kkjksa dh mRifÙk ,oa
Ø;&foØ; dh O;oLFkk djrk FkkA
yksgk vè;{k dk dk;Z rk¡ck] lhlk] rhu o`Ùk] yksgk] dk¡lk vkfn çdkj ds yksgk lacèa kh lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa dh ns[kjs[k djuk Fkk rFkk yksgk lacaèkh O;kikj dk çcaèk Hkh yksgk vè;{k ds
vèkhu FkkA
y{k.kkè;{k flôksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z djokrk FkkA mldh ns[kjs[k esa i.k] vèkZi.k] pkSFkkÃi.k
vkSj v"VHkkx i.k vkfn pk¡nh ds flôs curs FksA
:in'kZd fdlh foHkkx dk vè;{k rks ugÈ Fkk ijarq og bl ckr dk fu.kZ; djrk Fkk fd
dkSulk flôk O;ogkj esa pykus ;ksX; gS vkSj dkSulk flôk dks"k esa tek djuk pkfg,A
yo.k vè;{k dk dk;Z ued dk laxzg djuk] mldk foØ; rFkk foØ; ls çkIr gksus okys
ewY; vkSj :i rFkk C;kth dk çcaèk djuk FkkA ued esa feykoV gksus ls jksduk rFkk bl
vijkèk ls lacafèkr O;fä dks naM nsuk mlds vfèkdkj esa FkkA
1- dkSu vk;&O;; rFkk lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh gS\

2- v{kiVykè;{k fdldk çèkku vfèkdkjh Fkk\
3- lwukè;{k fdldk nlok¡ Hkkx dj ds :i esa ysrk Fkk\
4- dkSu vU; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk ,d= èkudks"k esa tek djrk Fkk\
5- lqo.kkZè;{k ds fy, fdldh iwjh tkudkjh j[kuk vko';d Fkk\
56
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa jkT; ds fy, —f"k {ks= dk egÙo le>rs gq, ,d fof'k"V foHkkx
dk fu;kstu dj mlds vfèkdkjh ds :i esa lhrkè;{k dh fu;qfä dh xÃA blesa —f"k
ls lacfa èkr lHkh fo"k;ksa dk foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA lhrkè;{k ds dk;Z {ks= vfèkdkj
ds vkèkkj ij le>k tk ldrk gS fd —f"k ds fy, mi;qä Hkwfe] fofoèk çdkj dh Qlysa]
—f"k ds ;a=] Qlyksa dk foØ;] —f"k dk;Z djus okys deZdkj vkfn dk foLrkj ls
mYys[k dj bl {ks= dks vR;fèkd fof'k"V :i çnku fd;k x;k gSA vkb, lhrkè;{k ,oa
blds çeq[k dÙkZO;ksa dks tkurs gSa&
—f"k foHkkx dk vè;{k lhrkè;{k lekgrkZ ds vèkhu dk;ZdrkZ FkkA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa
—f"k foHkkx ds eq[; vfèkdkjh dks lhrkè;{k dgk x;k gSA lhrkè;{k ds fy, vko';d
Fkk fd og —f"k 'kkL=] 'kqYd 'kkL=] Hkwfe dk ekinaM rFkk o`{k foKku dk Kkrk gksA
var% lhrkè;{k dks pkfg, fd og bUgÈ fo"k;ksa ds fo'ks"kKksa dks vius foHkkx esa lgk;d
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds :i esa fu;qä djsA lhrkè;{k ds dk;Z {ks= ,oa rnuqlkj lhrkè;{k ds
dÙkZO;ksa dk fooj.k Hkh ;gk¡ fn;k tk jgk gS] ftls le>uk pkfg,&
 lhrkè;{k dk dk;Z Fkk fd og fu;r le; ij fofHkUu Qlyksa ds chtksa dk mfpr

çdkj ls laxzg djs vkSj mu chtksa dk laj{k.k Hkh djsA pw¡fd Qly dh lQyrk
cht ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrh gS] vr% mÙke chtksa dk laxgz vkSj mudk pquko djuk
lhrkè;{k dk eq[; dÙkZO; FkkA
 lhrkè;{k mfpr le; ij vUu] Qwy] Qy 'kkd] ewy] twV vkSj dikl vkfn ds
chtksa dk fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ls laxzg dj mfpr LFkku ij lajf{kr djokrk FkkA 57
 dkSfVY; ds erkuqlkj] chtksa dks cksus okys deZpkjh fuèkkZfjr fd, x, gSaA nkl]
deZdkj] n.Mçfrdr`Z ¼dkjkxkj esa n.M Hkqxrus okys½ dks cht cksus dk nkf;Ro
fn;k tkrk FkkA
 bl fo"k; esa ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k fd lhrkè;{k lqfuf'pr djsa fd cht cksus okys
;s deZpkjh —f"k ds midj.kksa vFkkZr~ gy] cSy vkfn ds lkFk laidZ u djsa rFkk
Ñf"k {ks= ds vU; deZpkjh tSls fd [kqnkÃ djus okys] c<+Ã] jLlh cqudj vkfn
ls lacèa k u cuk,¡A ;g foèkku laHkor% blfy, fd;k x;k fd dkjkxkj esa naM
Hkqxrus okys vijkfèk;ksa dks dk;Z djus ls rks tksM+k tk ldrk gS] ijarq os fdlh
Hkh çdkj ls vU; deZpkfj;ksa dks nq"çHkkfor u djsaA [ksrh esa deZQy fofuikr
vFkkZr~ gksus okyh gkfu dh HkjikÃ os c<+Ã] dkjhxj gh djsa tks ml dk;Z esa layXu
FksA
 lhrkè;{k dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd og jsrhyh tehu bR;kfn ds mitkÅ gksus dk ijh{k.k
djsaA rnqijkar ogk¡ [ksrh dk funsZ'k çlkfjr djsaA
 —f"k ds fy, mi;qä Hkwfe fofoèk {ks=ksa esa ikÃ tkrh Fkh] vr% lhrkè;{k gh mu {ks=ksa
dh Hkwfe ds vuqlkj gh Qly cksus ds fy, visf{kr tyjkf'k dk Hkh fuèkkZj.k djsA
o"kZ Hkj es]a eghuksa ds vkèkkj ij o"kkZ ds vuqikr ls mÙke Qly gksus dk vuqeku
yxk;k tk,A
 blds vfrfjä lhrkè;{k ds fy, ;g funsZ'k Fkk fd og vPNh Qly ds fy,
[kxksyh; x.kuk ,oa xzgksa ds xkspj dk vkyacu ysrs gq, Qly dh cqokÃ djok,A
blh çdkj o"kkZ gksus dh x.kuk ls vFkkZr~ fdl LFkku ij fdl vuqikr esa o"kkZ gksrh
gS vkSj fdl le; esa o"kkZ gksrh gS] bl vkèkkj ij mÙke o"kkZ dk vuqeku yxkrs
gq, chtksa dk oiu djk;k tkrk FkkA o"kkZ ds vuqikr ls gh cht cksus dk foèkku
fd;k x;k gSA lhrkè;{k ds fy, visf{kr Fkk fd mls fofoèk Qlyksa ds chtksa ds
cksus dk mfpr le; Kkr gksA o"kZ çkjaHk gksus ls igys vkSj o"kkZ ds var esa i`Fkd~
i`Fkd~ Qlyksa ds cht cks, tkrs FksA
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr vkSj —f"k ls lacafèkr ,d vn~Hkqr
fl)kar çkIr gksrk gS fd lhrkè;{k ;g fuèkkZfjr djs fd ftu [ksrksa esa fpjdky
58 ls [ksrh u dh xÃ gks vFkkZr~ os [ksr uk cks, x, gksa rks mu [ksrksa dks [ksrh djus
okys nwljs fdlkuksa dks ns fn;k tk,A bldk vkèkkj mUgksaus ;g cuk;k fd
lhrkè;{k vkèkh dVkÃ gksus ij nwljs fdlkuksa dks og [ksr cksus ds fy, ns ns vkSj
mls [ksr ij gksus okyh Qly dk pkSFkk vFkok ik¡pok¡ Hkkx mu fdlkuksa dks ns fn;k
tk, vFkok ml [ksr ds Lokeh dh bPNk vuqlkj mudks ;Fkk Hkkx ns fn;k tk,A
 lhrkè;{k dk dk;Z Fkk fd og ÇlpkÃ ds fofoèk çdkjksa vFkkZr~ ÇlpkÃ fdl ekè;e
ls dh xÃ bl vkèkkj ij Qly dk Hkkx jktk dks çnku djok,A mnkgj.k ds
fy, ;fn ÇlpkÃ èku vkSj vius cy ls rkykc cuokdj dh tk, rks mit dk
ik¡pok¡ Hkkx jktk dks fnyk;k tk,A ftl lkekftd us daèkksa ij ty ykdj ;fn
[ksrksa dh ÇlpkÃ djokÃ gS rks og pkSFkk Hkkx Qly dk jktk dks çnku djsaA ;fn
fdlh lzkrs vFkkZr~ uy bR;kfn ;k fdlh ;a= dh lgk;rk ls [ksrh dks lÈpk x;k
gks rks og Qly dk rhljk Hkkx jktk dks çnku djok,A
 ouLifr;ksa vkSj 'kkd&lfCt;ksa ds fy, mi;qä Hkwfe fuèkkZfjr dh xÃA lhrkè;{k
mlh ds vuq:i ouLifr;ksa vkSj 'kkd&lfCt;ksa dh [ksrh djok,A
 lhrkè;{k dk dk;Z Fkk fd cht cksus ls igys chtksa dks mfpr çfØ;k ls
fudyok,A tSls èkku bR;kfn ds chtksa dks lkr fnu rd èkwi esa j[kk tk, vkSj
jkr esa mUgsa vksl esa j[kk tk,A bl çdkj ewx
a ] mM+n bR;kfn tSlh Qlyksa ds chtksa
dks fnu&jkr ;k ik¡p fnu&jkr vksl vkSj èkwi esa j[kuk pkfg,A dikl vkfn ds
chtksa dks eèkq ¼'kgn½ ls vko`Ùk dj j[kuk pkfg,A bl çdkj lhrkè;{k dk dÙkZO;
Fkk fd chtksa dh moZjrk dks c<+kus ds fy, chtksa dk lgh çfØ;kRed dk;Z fd;k
tk,A
 blh ds lkFk&lkFk cht oiu ds ckn mudh moZjrk dks c<+kus ds fy, çk—frd
[kkn dk ç;ksx fd;k tk,A bldh lqfuf'prrk djuk lhrkè;{k ds dk;Z {ks= esa
vkrk FkkA
 lhrkè;{k dks ;g Hkh Kku jgs fd Qlyksa dks dhV vkSj ljlksa vkfn ls fdl çdkj
lqjf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS Qlyksa dks fofHkUu dhV lkaiksa vkfn ls lqjf{kr j[kus
ds fy, çk—frd mik;ksa dk funsZ'k fd;k x;k gSA
59
 [ksrksa dh j[kokyh djus okys xksikyd vkfn dks ;Fkk vuq:i Hkkstu&oL= fn;k
tk,A blds vfrfjä lhrkè;{k dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd bu xksikydksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa
ds fy, fuèkkZfjr osru vFkkZr~ çfr ekl lok i.k mu deZpkfj;ksa dks mfpr le;
ij fey tk,A
 o`{kksa ls tks Qy&Qwy Lo;a gh fxj tkrs Fks mUgsa nsoky;ksa dks vÆir djus dk
foèkku fd;k x;k gSA nsoky;ksa esa vÆir djus ds i'pkr~ Qy&Qwy Jks=h; vFkok
czkã.k bR;kfn }kjk xzg.k djus ;ksX; gksrsA
 lhrk vè;{k dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd vuktksa vkSj Qlyksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds vUukxkj
cuok,A blds vfrfjä dVk gqvk vukt [kfygkuksa esa j[kok;k tk,A blds
lehi vfXu u gks ,slk lqfu'p; lhrkè;{k djsaA
bl çdkj lhrkè;{k —f"k dk çeq[k ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh Fkk ftldk dk;Z Fkk fd og
Ñf"k ls lacfa èkr çR;sd çfØ;k ij viuk fu;a=.k j[ksa vkSj mfpr —f"k dks lqfuf'pr
djsaA
1- lhrkè;{k vUu] Qwy] Qy] 'kkd] ewy] twV vkSj dikl vkfn ds &&&&&&&
djok,A
2- mit dk &&&&&&&& Hkkx jktk dks fnyk;k tk,A
3- o`{kksa ls fxjs Qy] Qwyksa dks &&&&&&&& dks vÆir djus dk foèkku fd;k
x;k gSA
4- &&&&&&&& vkfn ds chtksa dks &&&&&&&&&& ls vko`Ùk dj j[kuk
pkfg,A
60
fç; fo{kkÆFk;ks! bl ikB esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds ç'kklfud i{k dk vè;;u fd;k x;k
gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d dq'ky jkT; lapkyu dk ekxZn'kZd xzaFk gS] tgk¡ jkT; dh
lqj{kk vkSj laoèkZu ds fy, mÙke jktuhfrd Çpru fn[kkÃ nsrk gSA bl ikB esa foÙk
ç'kklu ,oa —f"k ç'kklu dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA vkÆFkd ekeyksa vkSj vFkZ O;ogkj
dks O;ofLFkr ,oa lqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy, fofHkUu inkfèkdkfj;ksa dk vkSj muds
nkf;Roksa ,oa dk;ks± dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA foÙk ç'kklu ds çeq[k vfèkdkfj;ksa ;Fkk
lekgrkZ] lfUuèkkrk ,oa muds vèkhu dk;Z djus okys fofHkUu inkfèkdkfj;ksa ds foLr`r
mYys[k ls dkSfVY; ds lq–<+ foÙk ç'kklu dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=
dh jktuhfrd lajpuk esa foÙkh; ç'kklu dk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ i{k Fkk foÙkh; vuq'kkluA
lfUuèkkrk vkSj lekgrkZ ds fof'k"V inkfèkdkjh gksus rFkk muds vèkhu cgqr ls vè;{kksa
ds dk;Zjr gksus ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk ç'kklu ,d lq–<+ ç'kklu cu x;kA lekgrkZ eq[;
:i ls uxj ,oa xzke ç'kklu dk vfèkdkjh FkkA mldk çeq[k dk;Z uxj ,oa xzke ds lHkh
dk;Zdykiksa dk C;kSjk j[kuk vkSj xqIrpjksa ds ekè;e ls gksus okys Hkz"Vkpkj dk irk dj
mls jksduk Hkh FkkA bl vè;k; esa lfUuèkkrk uke ds vfèkdkjh dk vè;;u fd;k x;k
tks okLro esa foÙkh; ç'kklu dk ,d lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ vfèkdkjh FkkA mlh ds funsZ'k
esa 'kqYd O;oLFkk dk O;ogkj gksrk FkkA lfUuèkkrk dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd og fdlh Hkh çdkj
ls jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks u gksus ns] ijarq blds lkFk&lkFk mldk dk;Z ;g lqfuf'pr
djuk Hkh Fkk fd jktdks"k dh o`f) gksrh jgsA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa r`rh; vfèkdkjh
dkekZfUrd dk Hkh mYys[k gesa çkIr gksrk gS ;g Hkh lfUuèkkrk vkSj lekgrkZ ds leku
,d çeq[k vfèkdkjh FkkA bl ikB esa muds dk;ks± dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
dkSfVY; us —f"k dks cgqr egÙo nsrs gq, ,d fof'k"V inkfèkdkjh lhrkè;{k dh
fu;qfä dh gSA —f"k esa Qly ds ewy rÙo] cht dh xq.koÙkk ,oa cht ds cksus dh çfØ;k
vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA dkSfVY; us —f"k ds ,d fof'k"V vfèkdkjh dh fu;qfä ds fl)kar
ds lkFk ;g LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd og inkfèkdkjh —f"k ds laiw.kZ dk;Z
çfØ;k dk mÙkjnk;h vfèkdkjh gksrk gSA og dsoy fdlh foHkkx dk in xzg.k ugÈ djrk
vfirq ml foHkkx ds çR;sd i{k dk Kku mls gksrk gSA —f"k vè;{k dks [ksrksa] [ksrksa esa
gksus okyh Qlyksa] Qlyksa dk _rq dky] Qlyksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, fofoèk mik; vkSj
61
Qly ds j[kj[kko dk mfpr çcaèk djus dk Kku gqvk djrk FkkA
lhrkè;{k dk o.kZu i<+rs gq, ;g Kkr gqvk fd dkSfVY; us ,sls fl)kar fn, gSa fd
ftl foHkkx esa dk;Zjr gksa ml foHkkx ds fo"k; dh tkudkjh vfèkdkjh ds fy, visf{kr
gSA bl ikB dk vè;;u dj Nk=ksa dks dkSfVY; dh ç'kklu lacaèkh voèkkj.kk Li"V gksxh
vkSj os dkSfVY; dh lq–<+ ç'kklu ç.kkyh ls voxr gks ik,¡xAs
 vk;&O;; vkSj lkekU; ç'kklu dk vfèkdkjh

 ys[kk foHkkx dk vfèkdkjh
 jktdks"k dk eq[; vfèkdkjh
 taxy dk eq[; vfèkdkjh
 rksy eki dh tk¡p djus okyk vfèkdkjh
 i'kq if{k;ksa bR;kfn dk vfèkdkjh
 pkjkx`g dk vfèkdkjh
1- lekgrkZ vk;&O;; rFkk lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh gSA

2- v{kiVykè;{k ys[kk foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh FkkA
3- lwukè;{k eNyh] if{k;ksa rFkk e`x vkfn i'kqvksa dk nlok¡ Hkkx dj ds :i esa ysrk
FkkA
4- lfUuèkkrk vU; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk ,d= èkudks"k esa tek djrk FkkA
5- lqo.kkZè;{k ds fy, lksuk ,oa pk¡nh ds fu;eksa dh iwjh tkudkjh j[kuk vko';d
62 FkkA
1- chtksa dk laj{k.k
2- ik¡pok¡ Hkkx
3- nsoky;ksa
4- dikl] eèkq
1- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa m)`r foÙk ç'kklu dk foLr`r o.kZu djsaA

2- lfUuèkkrk vkSj lekgrkZ ds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls fy[ksaA
3- lekgrkZ ds vèkhu dk;Z djus okys fofHkUu vfèkdkfj;ksa ds uke rFkk muds dk;ks±
dk mYys[k djsaA
4- jktdks'k dk eq[; vfèkdkjh dkSu Fkk rFkk mlds vèkhu dkSu ls vfèkdkjh dk;Z
djrs Fks\
5- lhrkè;{k ds çeq[k dk;ks± dk o.kZu djsaA
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] vkj- ';kek 'kkL=h eSlwj ÇçÇVx ,.M ifCyÇ'kx gkÅl] eSlwj
¼1967½
 dkSfVY;e~ vFkZ'kkL=e~] okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku] okjk.klh
¼1996½

63
1968-
1963.
Vol- V, 1928-30.
64
lg vkpk;kZ]
4-1 mís';
4-2 çLrkouk
4-3 U;kf;d ç'kklu
4-3-1 èkeZLFkh;
4-3-2 d.Vd'kksèku
4-4 lkjka'k
4-5 eq[; 'kCnkoyh
4-7 vH;kl&ç'u
bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki&

 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ç'kklfud fl)karksa dh lwpuk çkIr djsx
a sA
 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] fof'k"V :i ls U;kf;d ç'kklu ds çeq[k Çcnqvksa dks tku
ik,¡xAs
 fofHkUu çdkj ds lkekftd fooknksa dh tkudkjh çkIr djsaxAs
 lekt esa gksus okys Hkz"Vkpkjksa dks jksdus dh O;oLFkk dks le>saxAs
 èkeZLFkh; ,oa d.Vd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'kksa dh tkudkjh çkIr djsx
a As
65
fiz; fo|kfFkZ;ks! Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru ds varxZr dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d egÙoiw.kZ
xzaFk ds :i esa çkIr gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds ekè;e ls gh ;wjksih; fo}kuksa dh ml
èkkj.kk dks èoLr fd;k tk ldk] ftlds varxZr ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr o"kZ esa
jktuhfrd Çpru] jktuhfrd laxBu bR;kfn tSls fo"k;ksa dk fopkj ugÈ fd;k x;kA lu~
1901 esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh çkfIr ds ckn çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk ,d
lqO;ofLFkr :i gekjs lkeus vk x;kA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa u dsoy Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
Çpru dk mnkÙk :i lkeus vkrk gS] vfirq ,d lq'kklu dh O;oLFkk dks Hkh LFkkfir djus
ds fy, ç'kklu dk mYys[k gesa çkIr gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds o.Z;&fo"k; dks
ns[krs gq, ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vFkZ'kkL= dk vfHkçk; dsoy vkÆFkd fl)karksa dh ppkZ
djuk ugÈ] vfirq jkT; dh çkfIr vkSj mldh j{kk djus ds lkèkuksa vkSj vko';d rÙoksa
dk foospu vFkZ'kkL= dk o.Z;&fo"k; gSA jkT; dh çkfIr vkSj mldh j{kk jktk vdsys
ugÈ dj ldrk blds fy, c`gn~ Lrj ij vusd lgk;dksa vkSj lqlx a fBr ç'kklfud
O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA jkT; ds fofoèk dk;ks± ds mfpr lapkyu ds fy, lgk;dksa
dh vko';drk jktk ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa jkT; ds lHkh dk;ks± dks
ç'kklfud lgk;dksa ds lkFk gh laiUu djus ds fofoèk fl)kar feyrs gSaA oLrqr% dkSfVY;
us ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk ,slk <k¡pk rS;kj fd;k gS ftldh rqyuk orZeku dky ds
eaf=eaMy vkSj 'kkldh; vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ra= ls dh tk ldrh gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa
ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds fu:i.k esa v"Vk'krhFkZ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bu v"Vk'krhFkks± dk
muds uke ds lkFk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa 'kklu
O;oLFkk ds fy, tks v"Vkn'kkè;{k çèkku egkek= dgs x, gSa] ;s eq[; ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh
dgs tk ldrs gS]a D;ksafd bUgÈ eq[; ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vèkhu vU; dÃ vfèkdkjh
dk;Zjr gksrs FksA bu eq[; vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fofHkUu dk;ks± dks ns[krs gq, dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=
ds ç'kklu ra= dks fofoèk Lrjksa ij le>k tk ldrk gS ftuesa foÙk ç'kklu] U;kf;d
ç'kklu] lSU; ç'kklu] —f"k ç'kklu bR;kfn gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ks! bl ikB esa ge dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr lkekftd U;k;
O;oLFkk dks Hkh le>saxAs
66
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa èkeZLFkh; vkSj daVd 'kksèku uke ds nks U;k;ky;ksa dk mYys[k çkIr
gksrk gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds r`rh; vfèkdj.k dk uke èkeZLFkh; gS vkSj prqFkZ
vfèkdj.k dk uke daVd'kksèku gSA ;s nks çdkj ds U;k;ky; fof'k"V U;k;ky; Fks tgk¡
tu lkekU; ds chp fofoèk fo"k;ksa dks ysdj gksus okys fooknksa dk fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk FkkA
dkSfVY; us bu nksuksa U;k;ky; ds ekè;e ls fofoèk fooknksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj mu
fooknksa ds lekèkku dh çfØ;k dks çLrqr fd;k gSA çR;sd fookn ds lekèkku vFkok ml
fookn ls lacafèkr naM ds fuèkkZj.k ds vkèkkj i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ FksA okLro esa èkeZLFkh; vkSj
daVd'kksèku U;k;ky; dk Hksn eq[; :i ls ;g Fkk fd èkeZLFkh; ds varxZr ukxfjdksa ds
ijLij lkekftd fookn dk fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj daVd'kksèku ds varxZr mu
lekt fojksèkh rÙoksa dks fu;af=r djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk Fkk tks c`gr~ Lrj ij lekt
dks gkfu igq¡pkrs FksA
èkeZLFkh; dk vfHkçk; gS tks èkeZ esa fLFkr jgrk gS vkSj èkeZ dks LFkkfir djokrk gSA èkeZ
dks LFkkfir djokus dh vko';drk rc gksrh gS tc èkeZ ds ikyu esa ckèkk gks vFkok èkeZ
dk fodkj gks jgk gksA çkphu Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd
èkeZ 'kCn dk {ks= vR;ar foLr`r gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa fu;ked fLFkfr vFkkZr~ fofHkUu
lkekftd fo"k;ksa dks laLFkkukRed :i nsus ds fy, vko';d fu;eksa dks èkeZ 'kCn ls
tkuk x;kA lekt ds fofoèk ekuoh; O;ogkjksa] lacaèkksa esa fu;eksa ds }kjk gh lfØ; gqvk
tkrk jgk gS] os fu;e vFkkZr~ O;ofLFkr lajpuk dks èkeZ 'kCn ls tkuk x;kA èkeZ nks ekuoksa
ds ijLij O;fäxr lacaèkksa dks Hkh fuèkkZfjr djrk gS vkSj ekuo tc vius thou esa fofoèk
Lrjksa ij O;ogkj djrk gS tSls fd ifjokj esa] dqVqac es]a vU; lkekftdksa ds lkFk ysu&nsu
esa vFkok vU; Lrjksa ij ijLij O;ogkj djrk gS rc og O;ogkj Hkh èkeZ ds uke ls gh
fd;k tkrk gSA og O;ogkj fu;eksa vFkkZr~ èkeZ ds lkFk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh i{k dh vksj
ls ml èkeZ dk mYya?ku gksus vFkok èkeZ ikyus esa fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çdV gksus ij
muds fufeÙk lekèkku nsus vkSj mUgsa O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, èkeZLFkh;ksa dh fu;qfä djus
dk foèkku fd;k x;kA
67
bl çlax esa dkSfVY; us fofoèk fooknkRed fo"k;ksa dks çLrqr fd;k vkSj muds lekèkku
dh çfØ;k ds fy, ,d lai.w kZ vè;k; dh jpuk dh ftls èkeZLFkh; uke fn;k x;kA
èkeZLFkh; ¼U;k;ky;½ vFkkZr~ U;k; O;oLFkk djus okys vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vekR; dgk x;k
gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj nks tuinksa dh lafèk vFkkZr~ lhek ij] laxzg.k ¼nl xk¡o ds ,d
dsaæ ij½] æks.keq[k ¼lkS xk¡o ds dsæa ij½ rFkk LFkkuh; ¼vkB lkS xk¡o ds ,d dsaæ ij½
rhu&rhu èkeZLFkh; vekR; fu;qä fd, tk,aA ;s èkeZLFkh; vekR; O;ogkj vFkkZr~ U;k;
djus dk dk;Z djsaA dkSfVY; us U;kf;d ç'kklu dk foèkku fd;k gSA loZçFke fdu
O;ogkjksa dks oSèk vFkkZr~ ekU; ¼U;k; ;qä½ ekuk tk, vkSj fdu O;ogkjksa dks voSèk vFkkZr~
fu;e fo#) ekuk tk, bldk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA ;gk¡ oLrqr% ,d laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk
Fkh ftlds varxZr fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd, x, O;ogkj gh fu;e ;qä vkSj ekU; ekus
tkrs FksA blds foijhr O;ogkjksa dh ekU;rk ugÈ gksrh FkhA mnkgj.kr% ,sls O;ogkj tks
fNidj] jkr ds le;] Ny&diV ls] ,dkar esa vFkok taxy esa fd, x, gks]a mu O;ogkjksa
dks vekU; vFkkZr~ fu;e fo#) ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj mu O;ogkjksa dks djus okys yksxksa
dks naM fn, tkus dk foèkku fd;k x;kA
blh Øe esa bu ewy fu;eksa ds lkFk&lkFk viokn Lo:i fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd,
tkus okys O;ogkjksa dks fu;elaxr Hkh ekuk x;k gSA bl fo"k; esa foèkku fn;k x;k gS
fd vius&vius oxZ] ns'k vkSj dky ds vuqlkj fd, x, O;ogkjksa dks U;k; laxr ekuk
tk,xk ;fn mudh lwpuk vkSj vU; foLr`r vkys[k iwoZ gh U;k;ky; dks ns fn, x, gksaA
èkeZLFkh;ksa dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd os ijh{kk i=ksa esa o"kZ] _rq] eghuk] i{k vkSj fnu vFkkZr~ frfFk
dks vafdr djok,¡A fofHkUu lkf{k;ksa ds vkèkkj ij ijh{kk djus dk foèkku çkIr gksrk gSA
U;k;ky; esa laiw.kZ çfØ;k ds mYys[k çkIr gksrs gSaA bl fo"k; esa iwjk fooj.k fn;k x;k
gS fd fdl rjg] fdl çdkj ds fooknksa ij vfHk;qä vkSj vfHk;ksäk ij eqdnek pyk;k
tkrk Fkk vkSj bl fo"k; ij muls iwNrkN gksrh Fkh] lk{kh çLrqr fd, tkrs FksA funksZ"k
gksus ds fy, dqN le; dh NwV nh tkrh FkhA blds mijkar jktk vkKk çlkfjr dh tkrh
Fkh vkSj og jktkKk lHkh o.kks±] lHkh vkJeksa vkSj laiw.kZ yksd vkpkj ds fy, dh tkrh
Fkh D;ksafd jktk dks gh èkeZ dk eq[; j{kd ekuk x;k FkkA
68
èkeZLFkh;ksa ds le{k tks fookn çLrqr gksrs Fks] muesa lcls igys fookg ls lacafèkr
fookn gSA vfHkçk; ;g gS fd fookg ls iwoZ dSlk O;ogkj gksuk pkfg,A

fookg ds fofoèk çdkj& czkã] çktkiR; vk"kZ] nSo] xkaèkoZ] vklqj] jk{kl vkSj iS'kkp fookgksa
dh ppkZ dh xÃ gSA bu vkB çdkj ds fookgksa esa çFke pkj dks mÙke fookg ekuk x;k
vkSj 'ks"k pkj fookgksa dks fu—"V fookg ekuk x;kA ijarq bu lHkh fookgksa ds lanHkZ esa tks
Hkh fookn gksrs Fks os èkeZLFkh; ds }kjk gh lqus tkrs FksA mudk lekèkku fn;k tkrk FkkA
blh lanHkZ esa L=h dks èku dk vkSj L=h dks iquÆookg dk vfèkdkj Hkh dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=
esa çnku fd;k x;k gSA blh U;k;ky; esa ifr&iRuh ds chp esa gksus okys }s"k Hkkoksa vkSj
ijLij O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, fofHkUu fu;eksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ifr
vkSj iRuh nksuksa ds }kjk gh vfrpkj djus ij ,d nwljs ls eks{k ¼eqfä½ çkIr djus dh
fLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;fn fookg ds mijkar L=h ij&iq#"k dk vuqlj.k
djrh gS vkSj iq#"k ;fn viuh L=h ls vfrfjä fdlh vU; L=h ds lkFk lacaèk cukrk
gS rks ml fLFkfr esa fofoèk O;ogkjksa dks bl vè;k; esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA èkeZLFkh;
fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks gh iquÆookg dk vfèkdkj Hkh nsrs gSaA
uhpRoa ijns'ka ok çfLFkrks jktfdfYc"khA
çk.kkfHkgUrk ifrrLR;kT;% Dyhcksfi ok ifr%AA dkS- 3-2

èkeZLFkh;ksa dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd os ,d gh ifjokj esa laifÙk ds caVokjs vkSj mÙkjkfèkdkj ds
lkekU; fu;eksa dks fuèkkZfjr djsaA nk; dk Hkkx ;kuh fd iSr`d laifÙk dk foHkktu iq=ksa
ds chp esa fdl çdkj gks vkSj Hkkb;ksa ds eè; esa fdl çdkj gks] blds iwjs fl)kar nk;
Hkkx uked vè;k; esa fn, x,A èkeZLFk dk dk;Z Fkk fd bl laifÙk ds caVokjs ls lacafèkr
ftrus Hkh fookn gksa mudk lekèkku djsaA blds fufeÙk fofHkUu fu;eksa dks U;k;ky; esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA blh chp nk;Hkkx esa cjkcj laifÙk ds caVokjs ds lkFk&lkFk va'k
foHkkx dk fo'ks"k vfèkdkj uked ,d fo"k; Hkh mifLFkr gksrk gSA èkeZLFk dk nkf;Ro Fkk
fd og mlh ds vuqlkj fofHkUu o.kks± ds vkèkkj ij T;s"B iq= dks va'k Hkkx nsus dk foèkku
djsaA nk;Hkkx esa iq= Øe ls mÙkjkfèkdkj dk Hkh foèkku fd;k x;kA iq=ksa ds çdkjksa dk
mYys[k dj mlh ds vuqlkj laifÙk ds caVokjs dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
69

èkeZLFk dk gh nkf;Ro Fkk fd og okLrq fo"k;d vFkkZr~ tks Hkou cus gksrs Fks muls lacafèkr
;fn dksÃ fookn gksrk Fkk mudk Hkh og QSlyk djsA budk fu.kZ; xk¡o ds eqf[k;k ftUgsa
lkear dgk x;k] djrs FksA èkeZLFk dk dk;Z Fkk fd os xk¡o ds mu lkearksa ds }kjk fd,
x, fu.kZ; dk Hkh fujh{k.k djsAa bl lacaèk esa edku cspuk vFkok Hkwfe dh lhek fookn]
[ksrksa dh lhek,¡ vkSj vU; fefJr fooknksa dk Hkh fu.kZ; èkeZLFk ds varxZr gh fd;k tkrk
FkkA ;fn dksÃ ekxZ dks jksdrk gS vkSj ;fn dksÃ fuf'pr xk¡o dh O;oLFkk dks fo—r
djrk gS vkSj i'kqvksa ds pjkxkgksa ls lacafèkr dksÃ fookn gksrk Fkk] rks mldk Hkh fujh{k.k
dj èkeZLFkh; fu.kZ; nsrk FkkA

blh çdkj okf.kT; esa _.k bR;kfn ysus vkSj nsus ds fu;eksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k
gS ftuds vkèkkj ij _.k lacaèkh fooknksa dks èkeZLFkh; lqy>krk FkkA blh lanHkZ esa] lk{kh
dh xokgh vkSj muds lkFk gksus okyh çfØ;k dk Hkh fof'k"V mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bl
çfØ;k dks o.kZ ds vkèkkj ij çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lkekU;r% lkekftd yksx _.k lacaèkh
fu;eksa ds fy,] mifufèk lacaèkh fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs FksA

mifufèk dk vfHkçk; èkjksgj gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls dksÃ euq"; viuh oLrq] viuh
Hkwfe vFkok vU; laifÙk dks fdlh ds ikl j[kok dj mlls dksÃ lgk;rk ysrk gS rks mls
mifufèk dgrs gSAa fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k fd dc euq"; mifufèk
fdlh ds ikl j[k ldrk gSA mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j[kh xÃ mifufèk dk fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk
FkkA

,d vU; fo"k; èkeZLFkh;ksa ds lkeus j[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj mldk lacaèk Fkk fd fdlh O;fä
dks fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nkl cuk;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj tks mls nkl cuk dj dk;Z
djokrk Fkk mlls lacfa èkr fu;eksa dk foèkku nkldeZdj vè;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA
èkeZLFkh;ksa dk dk;Z Fkk fd os bl ckr dks fujh{k.k djsa fd ;fn foèkku ds foijhr fdlh
vk;Z O;fä dks nkl cuk;k x;k gS rks nkl cukus okyk naM dk Hkkxh curk FkkA fdlh
fof'k"V o.kZ ds yksxksa dks gh nkl cukus dh vuqefr nh xÃ Fkh vkSj ;fn nkl cukus ds
70
ckn fdlh O;fä dks mldk osru ;k fuèkkZfjr jkf'k ugÈ nh tkrh Fkh rks mldk fu.kZ;
djuk Hkh èkeZLFkh;ksa dk gh dk;Z FkkA èkeZLFkh;ksa dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd os etnwjh ds fu;e
vkSj lk>snkjh ds fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djok,¡A bl lacaèk esa fofHkUu leok; la?k bR;kfn
dk mYys[k çkIr gksrk gSA èkeZLFkh;ksa dk gh dk;Z Fkk fd tc oLrqvksa dk vknku&çnku
gksrk Fkk] mUgsa [kjhnk vkSj cspk tkrk Fkk rks [kjhnus vkSj cspus vFkkZr~ Ø; vkSj foØ;
ds foèkku dk ikyu gksA

èkeZLFkksa dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd os lekt esa nku dh çfØ;k ij fu;a=.k j[ksaA dkSfVY;
vFkZ'kkL= esa nku ysus vkSj nku nsu]s ls lacafèkr fofoèk fu;eksa dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA
bu fo"k;ksa esa ;fn fu;eksa dk mYy?aku gksrk gqvk fn[ks vFkok nku vkfn ls lacafèkr dksÃ
fookn lkeus vk, rks èkeZLFk dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd os nku ls lacafèkr fu;eksa dk ikyu
djokrk gqvk mi;qä naM dk fuèkkZj.k djsaA fdlh oLrq dk Lokeh u gksrs gq, Hkh ml
oLrq ds cspus vkSj [kjhnus ls tks fu;eksa dk mYya?ku gksrk Fkk mudk Hkh fu.kZ; èkeZLFk
gh djrk FkkA ;fn dksÃ laifÙk fdlh O;fä ds LokfeRo esa gks vkSj ml laifÙk dk Hkksx
og dj jgk gks rks ml laifÙk ij ml O;fä dk gh vfèkdkj ekuk tkrk FkkA ;fn bl
fu;e dk mYya?ku djds dksÃ vU; laifÙk dks vius vfèkdkj esa ysuk pkgs rks mldk
fu.kZ; èkeZLFkh; djrk FkkA

dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lkgl vijkèk ds :i esa fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu çdkj dh
pksfj;k¡ vkSj fdlh dk èku ywVus vFkok 'kkjhfjd vR;kpkj djus dks lkgl ds :i esa
ekuk tkrk FkkA lkgl djus okys dks mfpr naM nsus dk dÙkZO; èkeZLFkh; dk FkkA

dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa nks çdkj ds vU; vijkèk lkeus vkrs gSa ftudks okDik:"; vkSj
naMik#"; dgk x;kA okd~ik#"; dk vFkZ gS] ok.kh ds }kjk fdlh euq"; ds çfr vi'kCnksa
dk ç;ksx djuk] Çunk djuk vFkok ok.kh ls fdlh dks èkedkukA ;s lc ok.kh ds vijkèk
ekus tkrs Fks vkSj buls lacafèkr vijkèk gksus ij èkeZLFkh; mfpr O;ogkj vkSj mfpr
fu.kZ; fn;k djrk FkkA blh çdkj ;fn fdlh O;fä dks 'kkjhfjd :i ls Li'kZ djds
vFkok 'kkjhfjd pksV igqp¡ kdj tks vijkèk fd, tkrs Fks] mUgsa naMik#"; dgk tkrk FkkA
71
bl lacaèk esa dkSfVY; us tks fu;e fn, mlesa 'kkjhfjd lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij vijkèkksa dk
fuèkkZj.k gksrk FkkA fdl oLrq ls ml O;fä dks 'kkjhfjd ;kruk nh xÃ gS] buds vkèkkj
ij èkeZLFkh; mfpr naM dh O;oLFkk djrk FkkA èkeZLFk dk vfèkdkj Fkk fd og tq,
bR;kfn fØ;k;ksa ls lacafèkr fu;eksa dk ikyu djok,A blds vfrfjä lekt esa vU; dÃ
NksVs&NksVs ijLij gksus okys fooknksa dk lekèkku Hkh èkeZLFkh;ksa ds U;k;ky; esa gh gqvk
djrk FkkA
1- /keZLFkh; dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- lekt ds fofo/k ekuoh; O;ogkjksa] laca/kksa esa dSls lfØ; gqvk tkrk jgk gS\
3- /keZLFkh; fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks gh fdldk vf/kdkj
nsrs gS\a
4- fdu O;ogkjksa dks vekU; vFkkZr fo#) ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k\
5- lkekU;r% lkekftd yksx _.k lac/a kh fu;eksa ds fy,] fdu fu;eksa dk ikyu
djrs Fks\
lekt esa fofHkUu çdkj ds vijkèkksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, ,oa mu vijkèkksa ds çfr
mfpr naM dh O;oLFkk djus ds fy, daVd'kksèku uked U;kf;d O;oLFkk dkSfVY;
vFkZ'kkL= esa miyCèk gksrh gSA bl çdkj ds U;k;ky; ds U;k;kèkh'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dks
çfr"Bk dgk x;k vkSj ;s çfr"Bk] vekR; dksfV ds gh ekus tkrs FksA
lekt esa fofHkUu O;kikjh] f'kYih rFkk fofoèk çdkj ds O;olk; djus okys vius
O;olk;ksa ds ekè;e ls gh tu lkekU; vkSj lexz :i ls jkT; ds çfr vijkèk dj ldrs
FksA bl çdkj ds vijkfèk;ksa dks jkT; dk daVd ekuk x;k vFkkZr~ jkT; ds mfpr çcaèku
esa ;s dkaVs ds leku ckèkk igq¡pkus okys vkSj d"V nsus okys vijkèkh gksrs FksA ,d çdkj
ls dkSfVY; us lekt esa lkewfgd :i ls gksus okys vijkèkksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy,
;g O;oLFkk cukÃ FkhA daVd 'kksèku U;k;ky; esa rhu çns"Vk uke ds U;k;kèkh'k fu;qä
72 fd, tkrs FksA mudk dk;Z vijkèkh :ih daVdksa dks nwj djuk gksrk FkkA bl çlax esa]
dkSfVY; us lcls igys fofHkUu çdkj ds f'kfYi;ksa ls tu lkekU; dh j{kk djus dk
foèkku fd;k gSA

lkekU;r% O;kikjh vkSj f'kYih èku vkSj oLrqvksa dk O;olk; djrs gq,] ysunsu dk dk;Z
djrs FksA lkekftdksa dh mi;ksxh oLrq,¡ bUgÈ O;kikfj;ksa ds ekè;e ls Ø; vkSj foØ;
gqvk djrh FkÈA ;s O;kikjh vkSj f'kYih laxBuksa esa vkSj NksV& s NksVs lewgksa esa dk;Z fd;k
djrs FksA oLrq ds ewY; vkSj mldh xq.koÙkk dk vknku&çnku fofue; ds }kjk fd;k
tkrk FkkA buls lacafèkr fu;eksa dk fuèkkZj.k çtk ,oa jkT; nksuksa ds fgr esa gksrk FkkA
dkSfVY; us lcls igys f'kfYi;ksa ds lewg dk o.kZu fd;k gS ftlesa ;fn èku dks fxjoh
j[kdj dksÃ çfØ;k gksrh Fkh rks ml dh HkjikÃ dk nkf;Ro ml lai.w kZ lewg dk gksrk
FkkA lewg dk usr`Ro djus okyk ;fn fdlh oLrq dk fu{ksi ¼ml oLrq dks fxjoh j[kuk½
djrk Fkk vkSj ;fn ml O;fä dks fdlh dkj.k ls dgÈ tkuk gks vFkok mldh e`R;q gks
tk, rks mlds ckn Hkh ml fxjoh j[kh gqÃ oLrq ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj vknku&çnku
djus dk nkf;Ro ml iwjs lewg dk ekuk x;kA bl rjg ls dksÃ Hkh O;fä bu f'kfYi;ksa
vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ls fdlh çdkj dh gkfu ugÈ çkIr djrk FkkA bl lacaèk esa dkSfVY;
vFkZ'kkL= esa çns"Vkvksa ds fy, funsZ'k gS fd os U;k;kèkh'k] fofoèk fo"k;ksa vFkkZr~ fofoèk
oLrqvksa ds O;kikj dh O;oLFkk dks fu;af=r djsaA tqykgs ds }kjk ;fn lgh oL= ugÈ
curk vFkok oL= dks èkksus okys èkksch ls ;fn oL= lkQ ugÈ èkks, tkrs ;k oL= dks gkfu
gks tkrh rks mldk Hkqxrku os èkksch vkSj tqykgk gh fd;k djrs FksA blh çdkj lqukjksa
ds fo"k; esa Hkh vn~Hkqr fu;e fuèkkZfjr fd, x, FksA fdlh Hkh çdkj ds vkHkw"k.kksa dks lksus
vkSj pk¡nh dh èkkrq ds fcuk fdlh vU; udyh èkkrq ls cuk;k tkrk rks ml lqukj ds çfr
dBksj naM dk foèkku daVd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'kksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA bl fo"k; esa cgqr
ls lk{kh vkSj ys[k vkfn çek.kksa dks U;k;ky; esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk FkkA

daVd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'k oS|ksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh fu;e fuèkkZfjr djrs Fks ftlds vUrxZr dksÃ
Hkh oS| fdlh ,sls jksxh dk mipkj u djsa ftldh e`R;q dh laHkkouk fudV gksA ;fn og
,slk djrk Fkk rks mls mÙke lkgl dk naM fn;k tkrkA

blh çdkj uV vkSj urZdksa dks fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gh tu lkekU; dk euksjatu djus dk
vfèkdkj FkkA muds fy, ;g fu;e cuk;k x;k Fkk fd os fofoèk fo"k;ksa tSls fd tkfr] 73
ns'k] xks= bR;kfn dk migkl u djsAa fdlh Hkh çdkj ls vuSfrd –'; dks fn[kkrs gq,
yksxksa dks vkuafnr u djsAa O;kikjh oxZ ds fo"k; esa fu;eksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk
fdl çdkj ls fdlh oLrq dk O;kikj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

oLrq ds eki rksy] mldh xq.koÙkk bR;kfn ds fujh{k.k ds fy, fofoèk dk;kZy; cuk, x,
FksA ftu oLrqvksa dk O;kikj cktkj esa gksrk Fkk mudk fujh{k.k muds dk;kZy; esa fd;k
tkrk FkkA ml fujh{k.k ds vkèkkj ij gh daVd 'kksèku O;kikfj;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djrsA
muds }kjk ;fn fdlh çdkj ds fu;e dk mYya?ku gksrk rks mUgsa naM dk foèkku fd;k
djrs FksA ml laLFkku ij tgk¡ oLrq,¡ [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh Fkh ogk¡ ds vè;{k ds ekè;e
ls gh U;k;kèkh'k O;ogkj fd;k djrs FksA laLFkk ds vè;{k dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd çR;sd oLrq
ds ewY; vkSj mldh xq.koÙkk dk fu;e vuqlkj fuèkkZj.k djsAa

nSoh vkifÙk;ksa dks daVd ekuk x;kA fofoèk çdkj dh nSoh vkifÙk;ksa ls çtk dh j{kk ds
mik; Hkh fuèkkZfjr fd, x,A fofHkUu çdkj dh nSoh vkifÙk;ksa esa vfXu] ty] chekjh]
nqÆHk{k] pwg]s O;k?kz] lkai vkSj jk{kl bR;kfn dh x.kuk dh xÃ FkhA jktk us daVd'kksèku
U;k;kèkh'kksa dks funsZ'k fn;k Fkk fd os fdlh Hkh çdkj ls çtk dh bu vkifÙk;ksa ls j{kk
djsaA D;ksafd ;s vkifÙk;k¡ cgqr ckj nSoh Hkh gksrh gSa vkSj cgqr ckj tu lkekU; esa ls
fdlh laxBu ds }kjk Hkh mifLFkr dj nh tkrh gSA ijarq lkekU;r% çk—frd :i ls vkus
okyh bu vkifÙk;ksa ls j{kk djus vkSj mu j{kk djus ds fy, fofoèk fofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx
djus dk nkf;Ro daVd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'kksa dk gksrk FkkA

daVd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'k lekt esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh èkks[kkèkM+h dks jksdus vkSj fdlh Hkh
çdkj dh vkifÙk dks jksdus ds fy, xqIr "kMîa=dkjksa dks idM+us ds fy, xqIrpjksa dh
O;oLFkk fd;k djrsA D;ksafd ;g xqIr "kMîa=dkjh fofoèk Lrjksa ij yksxksa ds fy,
vukpkj] nqjkpkj vkSj O;fHkpkj djrs FksA buds }kjk tu lkekU; dks èkks[kk Hkh fn;k
tkrk Fkk vkSj muds èku dh gkfu Hkh dh tkrh FkhA ;s fdlh Hkh cukoVh oLrqvksa dk
fuekZ.k djds mUgsa yksxksa rd igq¡pkrs Fks vkSj muls 'kq) oLrq dk èku xzg.k dj ysrs FksA
dkSfVY; dk ;g foèkku cgqr mÙke gS D;ksafd tu lkekU; ftl oLrq dks xzg.k djus
74 ds fy, èku çnku djrk gS] mldk vfèkdkj Fkk fd og ml 'kq) oLrq dks gh çkIr djsaA
blds fufeÙk U;k;kèkh'k flf)os'kèkkjh xqIrpj dks fu;qä djrs FksA ;s xqIrpj jkT; esa
fofHkUu çdkj ds os'kksa dks èkkj.k dj tu lkekU; ds chp esa ?kqy fey tkrs Fks vkSj muesa
gksus okys nqjkpkjksa dks tkudj bldh lwpuk U;k;kèkh'kksa dks nsrs FksA blds vfrfjä
daVd'kksèku U;k;kèkh'k lekt esa gksus okys vijkèkksa dks idM+us ds fy, tu lkekU; }kjk
fd, tkus okys O;ogkj ds vkèkkj ij Hkh vijkèk dks igpku fy;k djrs FksA bl fo"k;
esa ladrs iq#"kksa dh igpku vkSj ladrs lkeku dh igpku djus ds fofHkUu vkèkkj fuèkkZfjr
fd, x,A
fjä LFkku Hkjs&

a
1- vijkèkksa ds çfr mfpr naM dh O;oLFkk djus ds fy, &&&&&&&&&&&
U;kf;d O;oLFkk dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa miyCèk gksrh gSA
2- &&&&&&&&&&&& dk vFkZ gS] ok.kh ds }kjk fdlh euq"; ds çfr vi'kCnksa
dk ç;ksx djukA
3- &&&&&&&&&&&&&& U;k;ky; esa rhu çns"Vk uke ds U;k;kèkh'k fu;qä
fd, tkrs FksA
4- os fofoèk fo"k;ksa tSls fd &&&&&] &&&&&] &&&&& bR;kfn dk migkl u
djsaA
fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! bl ikB esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ds U;kf;d ç'kklfud i{k dk vè;;u
fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d dq'ky jkT; lapkyu dk ekxZn'kZd xzaFk gS] tgk¡
jkT; dh lqj{kk vkSj laoèkZu ds fy, mÙke jktuhfrd Çpru fn[kkÃ nsrk gSA bl ikB
esa U;kf;d ç'kklu dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA vkÆFkd ekeyksa vkSj vFkZ O;ogkj dks
O;ofLFkr ,oa lqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy, fofHkUu inkfèkdkfjvksa dk vkSj muds nkf;Roksa
,oa dk;ks± dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk gh dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr
lkekftd ekeys ,oa muds lekèkku rFkk fofHkUu O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa ls ukxfjdksa dh j{kk 75
ds fy, cuk, x, fu;eksa rFkk fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ij naM ds foèkkuksa dk foLr`r o.kZu
fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa lkekftd U;k; dh O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus ds
fy,] fofoèk Lrjksa ij gksus okys fofoèk fooknksa ds lekèkku ds fy, lVhd U;kf;d O;oLFkk
çLrqr dh xÃ gSA
èkeZLFkh; ikB esa loZçFke fookg ls lacafèkr mRiUu gksus okys fooknksa dk lekèkku
fd;k x;kA fookg ls lacfa èkr fookn dsoy iq#"k vFkok L=h çèkku ugÈ] vfirq nksuksa gh
i{kksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ifr vkSj iRuh ds chp esa ijLij lkeatL; vkSj foÜokl vfr
vko';d gSA nksuksa gh i{kksa esa ls fdlh Hkh i{k dh vksj ls vfrpkj gksus ij nksuksa gh i{kksa
dks naM nsus dk foèkku fd;k x;kA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa vn~Hkqr foèkku fd;k x;k gS
fd fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ls fookg ls eqfä ik ldrs
gSaA blds lkFk gh dkSfVY; us nk;Hkkx vFkkZr~ ifjokj esa laifÙk ds caVokjs ds fofoèk
fu;eksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;kA laifÙk ds mÙkjkfèkdkj esa dkSfVY; us iq=ksa ds çdkj ds
vkèkkj ij laifÙk ds caVokjs dk foèkku fd;k gSA lekt esa LFkkoj laifÙk vFkkZr~
edku&[ksr bR;kfn dks ysdj fofoèk fookn gksrs gSaA mu fooknksa dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy,
èkeZLFkh; U;k;kèkh'kksa ds }kjk fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk FkkA _.k ysus lacèa kh fu;eksa dk mYya?ku
gksus ij Hkh naM dk foèkku fd;k x;kA blh ds lkFk bl vè;k; esa mifufèk ds fu;eksa
dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA dkSfVY; us nkl cuus vFkok cukus dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk mYys[k djrs gq,] bl fo"k; esa fu.kZ; dk foèkku fd;kA blh çdkj nku fdl oLrq
dk fy;k tk, vkSj nku fdl O;fä dks fn;k tk, bl fo"k; esa Hkh fu;eksa dk mYys[k
dj dkSfVY; us bl fo"k; esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk çLrqr dh gSA blds vfrfjä okd~ vFkkZr~
ok.kh ds }kjk fd, tkus okyk naM vkSj 'kkjhfjd naM ds fojksèk esa mfpr U;kf;d naM dh
O;oLFkk ;gk¡ çLrqr dh gSA
daVd'kksèku ikB esa lekt esa gksus okys fofoèk lkekftd vijkèkksa dks çLrqr fd;k
x;k vFkkZr~ O;kikjh x.kksa ds }kjk miHkksäkvksa ds çfr gksus okys vijkèkksa dks xaHkhj :i
nsdj mUgsa daVd ekudj muds çfr mfpr naMO;oLFkk dk fuèkkZj.k dkSfVY; us bl
vè;k; esa fd;k gSA blh Hkkx esa geus oS|] uVksa bR;kfn ds }kjk gksus okys ;k muds çfr
gksus okys vijkèkksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA blds vfrfjä O;kikj esa oLrq ds eki&rksy
bR;kfn ls lacafèkr gksus okys Hkz"V vkpj.k dks jksdus ds fy, mfpr O;oLFkk dk foèkku
bl ikB esa i<+k x;kA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa nSoh vkifÙk;ksa dks Hkh ,d daVd ekuk x;k
76
vkSj muds çfr lekèkku dh O;oLFkk Hkh bl ikB esa le>h xÃ gSA
bl vè;k; dk vè;;u dj Nk=ksa dks dkSfVY; dh ç'kklu lacaèkh voèkkj.kk Li"V
gksxh vkSj os dkSfVY; dh lq–<+ ç'kklu ç.kkyh ls voxr gks ik,¡xAs
 fofHkUu lkekftd ekeyksa ds U;k;ky; dh vfèkdkjh

 vijkèkksa dks fu;af=r djus okyk U;k;ky;
 èkjksgj lacèkh fu;e
 edku ,oa [ksr
 O;kikfj;ksa dk lewg
 lEifÙk dk caVokjk
 U;k; çfØ;k
1- èkeZLFkh; dk vfHkçk; gS tks èkeZ esa fLFkr jgrk gS vkSj èkeZ dks LFkkfir djokrk
gSA
2- lekt ds fofoèk ekuoh; O;ogkjks]a lacaèkksa esa fu;eksa ds }kjk gh lfØ; gqvk tkrk
jgk gSA
3- èkeZLFkh; fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks gh iquÆookg dk vfèkdkj
Hkh nsrs gSAa
4- ,sls O;ogkj tks fNidj] jkr ds le;] Ny diV ls] ,dkar esa vFkok taxy esa
fd, x, gks]a mu O;ogkjksa dks vekU; vFkkZr~ fu;e fo#) ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
77
5- lkekU;r% lkekftd yksx _.k lacèa kh fu;eksa ds fy,] mifufèk lacèa kh fu;eksa dk
ikyu djrs FksA
1- d.Vd'kksèku uked
2- okd~ ik#";
3- daVd 'kksèku
4- tkfr] ns'k] xks=
1- èkeZLFkh; ds ekè;e ls lekt ds dkSu ls fookn çLrqr fd, x, gSa\

2- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa daVd 'kksèku dk o.Z;&fo"k; vius 'kCnksa esa crkb,A
3- daVd 'kksèku U;k;ky; esa fdrus U;k;kèkh'k fu;qä fd, tkrs Fks\ muds uke ,oa
dk;ks± dk o.kZu djsaA
4- okd~ ik:"; ,oa n.M ik:"; ij foLr`r fVIi.kh fy[ksAa
 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] vkj- ';kek 'kkL=h eSlwj ÇçÇVx ,.M ifCyÇ'kx gkÅl] eSlwj
¼1967½
 dkSfVY;e~ vFkZ'kkL=e~] okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku] okjk.klh
¼1996½

78
1968-
1963.
Vol- V, 1928-30.
79
_JI IL
�Uf!Jft
20CUS01291
71
dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa
eè;orhZ iz'kklfud lajpuk
(INTERMEDIATE ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE IN KAUTILYA'S ARTHASHASTRA)
ALL UG COURSES
ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (AEC): SANSKRIT-B
lsesLVj-III / IV
lhfer izlkj gsrq
DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
20CUS01291

Kautaliya Arthshastra Unit 1-2

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dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa

eè;orhZ iz'kklfud lajpuk

20/4 IV 201 010 2024

fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! çkphu Hkkjrh; Kku&ijEijk ls ifjfpr djkus ds mís'; ls uÃ jk"Vªh;

¼dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=% 15-1-01½

¼dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=% vfèkdj.k vè;k; 1½

fuEu ç'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,&

dkSfVY; us eaf=;ksa dh lHkk dks *eaf=ifj"kn~* gh dgk gSA eaf=;ksa dh la[;k ds

vFkkZr~ dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj] jkT;

*prqÆn'k tuinkUrs lkEijkf;da nSo—ra nqxZ dkj;sr~* vFkkZr~ tuin&lhekvksa ds pkjksa

dkSfVY;&ç.khr vFkZ'kkL= ds fgUnh vuqoknksa ds vfrfjDr ml ij dÃ laL—r Vhdk,¡ Hkh

fjDr&LFkkuksa dks iw.kZ dhft,&

(i) eaf=ifj"kn~ (ii) dks"kkè;{k (iii) O;kikj

1- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= dh fo"k;oLrq ,oa lajpuk ij çdk'k Mkfy,A

 dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=] vuqokn& mn;oh; 'kkL=h] esgjpUæ y{e.knkl] fnYyh] 1968

 dsyk] Hkxokunkl& dkSfVY; dh 'kklu i)fr] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh çdk'ku]

bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki&

1- dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\

çkphu Hkkjrh; jkT;'kkL= dk voyksdu djds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds fofoèk fl)karksa dk

fjä LFkku Hkjs&

fjä LFkku Hkjs&

çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkT; ds lkr vaxksa dk mYys[k

dkSfVY; us ea=h ds fy, visf{kr xq.kksa dh yach lwph nh gS&

1- jktk ds vkfHkxkfed xq.kksa ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\

fjä LFkku Hkjs&

1- jktk ds vkfHkxkfed xq.kksa ls vfHkçsr gS fd jktk tu&lkekU; rd igqp

1- çk—r] lgt] —f=e

1- dkSfVY; dh dY;k.kdkjh voèkkj.kk dks Li"V djsAa

 vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] jkèkk

bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki&

fç; fo|kÆFk;ks! Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru ds varxZr dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,d egÙoiw.kZ

 blds vfrfjä og lkekU; ç'kklu dk çcaèk djrk FkkA

oLrqvksa dh iwÆr] muds mfpr ewY; rFkk Ø;&foØ; ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds

1- dkSu vk;&O;; rFkk lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh gS\

 lhrkè;{k dk dk;Z Fkk fd og fu;r le; ij fofHkUu Qlyksa ds chtksa dk mfpr

 vk;&O;; vkSj lkekU; ç'kklu dk vfèkdkjh

1- lekgrkZ vk;&O;; rFkk lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx dk çèkku vfèkdkjh gSA

1- dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa m)`r foÙk ç'kklu dk foLr`r o.kZu djsaA

 vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] jkèkk

bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki&

1- /keZLFkh; dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

fjä LFkku Hkjs&

 fofHkUu lkekftd ekeyksa ds U;k;ky; dh vfèkdkjh

1- èkeZLFkh; ds ekè;e ls lekt ds dkSu ls fookn çLrqr fd, x, gSa\

 vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] jkèkk

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