Atacama University-Technological Institute

Vallenar Headquarters

Hidden Mining Research

Work

MEMBERS: Ignacio Madariaga

Gioconda Muñoz
Ramon Riquelme

TEACHER: Jose Leon

SUBJECT: Mining Processes

DATE: 15/07/2013
 Index
Index......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................6

.................................................................................................................................................................. 6

1.-Location of the deposit.........................................................................................................................7

The Escondida field is located in the North of Chile, in the Atacama Desert, 170 km southeast of the city

of Antofagasta and 3,100 meters above sea level.....................................................................................7

2.- Mining Company that exploits it..........................................................................................................8

General information...............................................................................................................8
2.1.- Historical background of Minera Escondida....................................................................................10

2.3.- Description of the Minera Escondida Divisions...............................................................................12

Escondida Los Colorados (Plant)..................................................................................12

Hidden North................................................................................................................12
Hidden Oxides (Plant)...................................................................................................13
3.- Geological Reserves that it has..........................................................................................................13

Minera Escondida - controlled by the Australian BHP Billiton - reported that it increased its mineral

reserves by 25% “after a successful brownfield exploration campaign” and accelerated drilling

programs. With this, the company indicated that “there are sufficient resources in Escondida to sustain

production at the current level for more than a century.” (March 26, 2012, min Chile).....................13

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................................................................................................................................................................13

4.- Useful life of the deposit....................................................................................................................13

Escondida has a strong extension of the useful life of the deposit; “After the latest discoveries and the

investment made in exploration, the Escondida reserves have come to guarantee activity until the year

2059. Today there are reserves until the year 2090″, “There are 30 additional years of reserves”

(Minister of Finance, Felipe Larraín)........................................................................................................13

5.- Exploitation Method Used.................................................................................................................14

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 ............................................................................15

6.- Processes Carried out in the Benefits Plant.......................................................................................15

7.- Current Stage of Exploitation.............................................................................................................16

8.- Production per year, expressed in tons of its main product..............................................................19

Minera Escondida Limitada's copper production in the first six months of 2010 was 452,408 metric tons

of copper.................................................................................................................................................20

This production was made up of 301,001 tons of copper contained in concentrates and 151,407 tons of

copper cathodes. The above represented a 14% drop in the company's production compared to the

526,020 metric tons produced in the same period of 2010, whose breakdown was 386,209 tons of

copper in concentrates plus 139,811 tons of copper cathodes. Minera Escondida moves annually to

obtain this production in the order of 400 million tons of mineral from its Escondida and Escondida

Norte pits. Regarding the personnel that the company uses in its operations, it reaches approximately

25
3,640 people. Meanwhile, the number of full-time operational contractor workers at work reached

5,704 employees.....................................................................................................................................20

Likewise, during the first half of 2011 the company has provisioned income taxes and specific mining

tax for a total of US$ 564.1 million. This represents an increase of 37% compared to the same period in

2010, when the payment of this tax reached US$ 413.4 million.............................................................20

Escondida mining resources reach 8,500 million tons of mineral, enough for an operation that would

last 40 more years. At its peak, the Escondida operation has produced up to 1.2 million tons of copper

per year between concentrate and copper cathodes.............................................................................20

However, production in the MEL pits - Escondida and Escondida Norte - has been declining. In 2010,

the company totaled production of 1,086,701 million tons of fine copper, of which 786,603

corresponded to copper in concentrate and 300,098 tons corresponded to cathodes, a lower

production than that recorded in 2009. Likewise, the company has already announced that at the end

of this year, production will decrease again by between 5% and 10%. The drop in production at

Escondida, the largest producing mine in the world, is due to the natural decrease in the copper grade

of its deposit...........................................................................................................................................20

9.- Total movement of materials per year (total tonnage of material exploited per year, waste and

mineral)...................................................................................................................................................22

The company's main product is copper concentrate, the cathodes of the same material, obtained from

the deposit after the movement of more than 350 million tons of material per year............................22

Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................23

Bibliography............................................................................................................................................24

http://elperiodistaonline.cl.....................................................................................................................24

http://www.bhpbilliton.com...................................................................................................................24

http://tesis.uchile.cl/bitstream...............................................................................................................24

http://chile.infomine.com.......................................................................................................................24

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 Executive Summary

In the present research work corresponding to Minera Escondida Ltda., an open pit
geological deposit that produces the most copper in the world located 170 km southeast of
the city of Antofagasta .
La Minera Escondida produces copper concentrate through the flotation process of sulfide
ore and cathodes through leaching of oxidized ore and bioleaching of low-grade sulfides.
This mining company is controlled by the multinational BHP Billiton.
Therefore, the geographical location of the deposit will be shown below with visual support
to guide its location, its history and company that exploits it, geological reserves it has,
useful life, exploitation method, processes used, exploitation stages that are in place are
also described. , finally production and movement of waste and mineral materials that
operates.

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1.-Location of the deposit

The Escondida field is located in the North of Chile, in the Atacama Desert, 170 km
southeast of the city of Antofagasta and 3,100 meters above sea level.

Location: Chile

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Nearest landmark: Antofagasta
Distance from Hito: 170km
Direction from Hito: SE
Latitude: 24° 16' (South)
Longitude: 69° 4' (West)

2.- Mining Company that exploits it

General information
Name: BHP Billiton
Address: BHP Billiton Centre, 180 Lonsdale Street
City: Melbourne,Victoria
Country: Australia
Phone: 61-1300-554757
Fax: 61-3-96093015
Website: http://www.bhpbilliton.com/
Sector: Mining
Subsectors: Alumina/Aluminum

The BHP Billiton company was created by the merger of:

-BHP Limited (now known as BHP Billiton Limited)

-Billiton plc (now called BHP Billiton plc). The two companies continue to exist
separately but operate together as BHP Billiton.

BHP Billiton is one of the largest diversified resource management companies in the world
and its purpose is to create value through the discovery, development and conversion of
natural resources, with innovative solutions focused on the client and the market. All this
based on the highest quality standards.
The current company was officially born in June 2001 from the merger of two large
companies of recognized global prestige: BHP, with Australian capital, and Billiton, with
British capital.

But, BHP Billiton is distinguished from other resource companies by the quality of its
assets; In addition, it occupies one of the industry's leading positions in aluminum, energy

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coal and copper coal minerals, ferrous alloys, iron ores and titanium. As a business strategy,
BHP Billiton manages its companies by customer sector group: Petroleum, Aluminum,
Base Metals, Energy and Metallurgical Coal, Stainless Steel Materials, Diamonds and
Specialty Products.

Figure 1. Companies grouped in BHPBilliton Base Metals

BHP Billiton is a diversified Australian resources group operating in seven segments:

petroleum, aluminium, base metals, carbon steel materials; diamonds and special products;
energy carbon and stainless steel materials. BHP Billiton's assets in Latin America include
a 57.5% stake in the Chilean Escondida mine, iron ore operations in Brazil, copper in Peru
and coal in Colombia. BHP Billiton exports energy and metallurgical coal for the steel
industry; produces iron ore, copper, primary aluminum, manganese and chromium
ferroalloys. The firm also has significant interests in oil, gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG),
nickel, diamonds, silver and titanium minerals operations.

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2.1.- Historical background of Minera Escondida

The traditional structure of large-scale Chilean mining underwent a complete overturn in

1976 with the promulgation of the Foreign Investment Statute, which, through Decree Law
600, guaranteed the invariability of the rules that regulated the entry of foreign capital into
Chile. This situation established new bases for mining exploitation by private companies
and led to the interest of private companies such as Minera Escondida, whose installation
will contribute to the economic takeoff of the sector.

Then, Minera Escondida and its open-pit copper mine will be pioneers in adhering to such a
decree, marking directions in its challenge of “moving mountains.”

Unlike other old minerals, in the La Escondida deposit as it was called at the beginning of
the '80s there were no pre-Hispanic works, nor any known prior ones. The first precedent
dates back to the 1960s in relation to land surveys in the form of mining concessions for
exploration and exploitation, declared by third parties and by some small companies in the
Antofagasta Conservator, in accordance with the Mining Code of 1932. From that
procedure on, no claimant made withdrawals until the registered statements expired due to
non-payment.

In 1976, the Utah Corporation commissioned a feasibility study from a geologist with the
objective of exploiting the project that would be La Escondida – located about 170
kilometers from Antofagasta. However, its report rather described the general situation of
Chile with the recommendation of invest capital

During the following years, research into mining and the quality of the law continued. In
1984, new subsidiaries of Utah Corporation and Getty Oil were formed, which were later
dissolved. In April of that year, Utah sold its share to BHP, a multinational company with
activities in steel and oil, and Getty Oil was purchased by Texaco. Then BHP sold its 50%,

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bringing together Rio Tinto Zinc Co. and Japan Escondida Corporation, whose main
shareholder was Mitsubishi.

Thus, the Sociedad Minera Escondida Limitada and the Sociedad Contractual Escondida
were created to sell the used equipment, dividing 50% of the assets, leaving one of them in
charge of the belongings and sharing the project between representatives of each company
according to their percentage. of participation.

Mining plan

One year after the deposit was discovered, mining planning defined the type of
exploitation, with a grinding plant, without smelting, and the amount of tonnage to be
extracted, tending toward integrated exploitation of the metal.

In 1983, an 840-meter-deep underground shaft was built to extract samples that were sent
to the United States. They confirmed reserves of 662 million tons of copper with a grade of
2.2% over a period of 20 years, and 2.8% in the first decade. It also made it possible to
decide the type of plant to install, which would be continuous operation all year round. In
1984, and instead of building its own electrical unit, the operation was connected to the
central system interconnected by laying lines.

Initially, the company planned to take advantage of pre-existing resources such as the
Baquedano Railway Station and the railway line heading to the Port of Antofagasta. But the
calculations of the volume of cargo received and dispatched, the draft of the coastal vessels
and the costs, forced them to opt for a mining pipeline and think about a new port, choosing
Punta Coloso as the terminal, near Antofagasta.

Then, seeing that the exploration camp would become too small for the required workforce,
planning began to build a definitive and modern camp. But ad hoc studies showed that the
height of the terrain would affect the health of the miners and prevent their daily
transportation, designing the San Lorenzo camp - built in 1986 - where the workforce
would remain in shifts only during operations, plus the implementation of plans. housing
for them with their families in Antofagasta.

Construction of the mine began in August 1988 and La Escondida began operations in
1990, gradually introducing improvements and industrial infrastructure in different phases.

Since the 2000s it has been increasing its installed processing capacity, progressively
expanding. The company is currently owned by a limited liability company consisting of
BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto PLC, Jeco Corporation and the International Finance Corporation,
a subsidiary of the World Bank.

Outside of the exploration program, during this year Minera Escondida approved the
investment of more than US$4.5 billion in new projects and works that will generate almost
10,000 jobs, with a view to increasing its production to 1.3 million tons. And it is estimated
that there will still be resources for a century of activity.

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Name's origin

Why was it called Escondida? The romantic version indicates that it was due to the
difficulty in finding the site, apparently located under a blanket of sterile material.
However, in reality it is also the name of a demonstration registered during the exploration
campaign to distract those interested. That first campaign lasted two years, without good
results. Despite this, Lowell and his technical team insisted on the idea of the existence of a
mineral deposit at the chosen point.

2.3.- Description of the Minera Escondida Divisions

Escondida Los Colorados (Plant)

- Status: Operation
- Capacity: 120,000 tpd
- Minerals: Copper concentrate
- Processes: Flotation, Grinding
- Operator: Minera Escondida Ltda.
- Location: 170 km. SE of Antofagasta
- Address: Av. of Mining 501, Antofagasta
- Phones: (56) (55) 247 935
- Fax: (56) (55) 247 545

Hidden North
- Status: Operation
- Capacity: 100,000 tpd
- Minerals: Copper
- Processes: Open pit
- Operator: Minera Escondida Ltda
- Location: 170 km. SE of Antofagasta
- Address: Av. of Mining 501, Antofagasta
- Phones: (56) (55) 247 935
- Fax: (56) (55) 247 545

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Hidden Oxides (Plant)
- Status: Operation
- Capacity: 150,000 tpd
- Minerals: Copper
- Processes: Leaching Copper cathodes
- Operator: Minera Escondida Ltda
- Location: 170 km SE of Antofagasta
- Address: Av. of Mining 501, Antofagasta
- Phones: (56) (55) 247 935
- Fax: (56) (55) 247 545

3.- Geological Reserves that it has

Minera Escondida - controlled by the Australian BHP Billiton - reported that it increased its
mineral reserves by 25% “after a successful brownfield exploration campaign” and
accelerated drilling programs. With this, the company indicated that “there are sufficient
resources in Escondida to sustain production at the current level for more than a century.”
(March 26, 2012, min Chile)

4.- Useful life of the deposit

Escondida has a strong extension of the useful life of the deposit; “After the latest
discoveries and the investment made in exploration, the Escondida reserves have come to
guarantee activity until the year 2059. Today there are reserves until the year 2090″, “There
are 30 additional years of reserves” (Minister of Finance, Felipe Larraín)

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Its new project, Escondida Norte, with an investment of US$ 384 million, with open pit
exploitation, reusing existing resources. The project includes, in addition to the construction
of a system of two ore conveyor belts, up to the current concentration plants of Los
Colorados and Laguna Seca, whose combined capacity is 227,500 tons of ore per day.

The feasibility study began in October 2002, and should be completed by mid-2013. This
project is based on resources around 640 million tons of sulfides with an average grade of
1.33% copper, plus 140 million tons. of Oxide with an Average Grade of 0.79% copper.

The investment of more than US$ 4 billion that the company will make and the 10 thousand
jobs that this will generate, makes it the main private mining company in the country.

5.- Exploitation Method Used

In the mid-1980s, the first geochemical exploration campaign began to determine the exact
location of the mineralized body. This was the work of Lowell, who tried a drilling method
unknown in Chile. About 600 samples of copper, molybdenum and zinc were sent to
laboratories in the United States, without positive results.

In 1981, the Atacama Project planned a second campaign of nine drillings, one of which
found the expected mineral with a grade of 1.51% copper, being confirmed with new
samples. Thus, an elongated and irregular mineralized body, weighing 1,800 tons, 4.5
kilometers long x 2.5 kilometers wide, 20 to 400 meters thick, with an average grade of
1.5% copper, was found. formed about 35 million years ago and buried under an area of
sterile material.

Minera Escondida currently produces copper concentrate through the flotation process of
sulfide ore and copper cathodes through the processes of leaching of oxidized ore and
bioleaching of low-grade sulfides.

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6.- Processes Carried out in the Benefits Plant.

The infrastructure consists of two open pit mines (Escondida and Escondida Norte); two
concentration plants (Los Colorados and Laguna Seca) that produce copper concentrate; an
electrowinning plant that produces cathodes from oxidized and sulfide ore; two mining
pipelines that transport the copper concentrate from the mine to a filter plant located in
Puerto Coloso located south of the city of Antofagasta. In Puerto Coloso, also owned by the
company, we operate a desalination plant whose product - desalinated seawater for
industrial use along with filtered water - is transported to the mine through an aqueduct.

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7.- Current Stage of Exploitation

At this moment, the mining company is in a new exploitation stage called hidden north,
which consists mainly of the open pit exploitation of a copper deposit located north of the
current Minera Escondida deposit, and the installation of a camp to house personnel. that
will participate in the construction of the Minera Escondida expansion project, called Phase
IV, which already has its corresponding environmental approval. The operation of the
Escondida Norte project includes crushing processes, construction and improvement of
roads, covered conveyor belts that will transport the ore to the current "Stockpile" of

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Minera Escondida and/or to the "Stokpile" of the future Phase IV, and auxiliary facilities.
The project does not consider increasing the mineral treatment capacity of the existing
plant.

The amount of investment for the Escondida Norte project is estimated at 400 million
dollars.

This amount includes pre-stripping, mining exploitation, acquisition of work equipment

(shovels, crusher, heavy machinery, trucks, etc.), conveyor belts, construction and
rehabilitation of roads and railways, and various auxiliary facilities. .

Also currently, Escondida continues engineering studies - feasibility - to determine the best
technical option for the construction of a new concentrator plant, also called Organic
Growth Project - 1 or Organic Growth Project, OGP-1.

OGP-1 Project

The OGP-1 project consists of demolishing the old Los Colorados concentration plant that
dates back to 1990 and has the capacity to process 115,000 tpd of ore, since beneath it there
is an area of inaccessible ore, with high grades, and which is impossible to explode to date.

The company's idea in the OGP-1 project is to build, to replace Los Colorados, a new
concentrator plant with a capacity of about 152,000 tpd of mineral that would begin
operating around 2015.

The OGP-1 would be the second concentration plant that would operate alongside the
current Laguna Seca plant of 110,000 tpd of mineral, and which began operating in 2002.
The company would process, between them, around 260,000 tpd of ore.

Likewise, MEL would have among its projects the construction of a new concentrator plant
every four years until reaching OGP-5, which would enter into operations around 2031.

At that time, operations would have six concentration plants and a staff of 10,000
employees.

Currently, the company is also carrying out the “debottling” project of the Laguna Seca
concentrator to increase its capacity, and is executing the EOA (Escondida Ore Access)
project. This initiative has a total investment of US$ 554 million and its engineering is
currently being developed by the firm Fluor and would begin operations in the second
quarter of 2012. It consists of relocating the crushing and conveyor belt facilities, currently
located within the main Escondida pit, allowing the company to access higher grade ore
and thus obtain greater production. In this regard, when this project was approved, the
president of BHP Billiton Base Metals, Peter Beaven, stated: “Escondida has been one of
the world's leading copper mines for more than two decades, and our ongoing exploration

25
program suggests that the Cuenca maintains a series of options for future developments. In
addition to the EOA project, we are exploring several additional opportunities to improve
access to higher grade ore and increase processing capacity in the coming years.”

In fact, the company also maintains the project called the Oxide Leaching Area in the
feasibility stage and, in the pre-feasibility stage, the Bioleaching Pad Extension IV project.

Explorations and new projects

In a recent interview with Chilean mining magazine, the president of Metales Base, Peter
Beaven, stated that the continuous exploration program carried out in Escondida has given
good indications of future developments. The executive highlights that there is considerable
additional mineralization near the current processing facilities, including Pampa Escondida,
a project that was presented three years ago.

Beaven specified that investments in exploration will continue and recalled that in fiscal
year 2010 Escondida invested US$125 million in this area.

Regarding the Pinta Verde prospect, another investment destination. Escondida has stated
that it would inject resources of approximately US$17 million to continue its exploration.
In an official statement, the company stated that in said deposit the existence of
mineralization of interest (mainly oxides) located close to the surface has been determined.

Meanwhile, the company has indicated that it will allocate around US$635 million to the
development of new facilities for equipment maintenance workshops, whose works will
begin in January 2012 with a projected useful life of four decades.

In January 2013, the execution of another facility location optimization project would
begin. These are the initiatives “Expansion of Sulfurized Mineral Extraction and Processing
Capacity” and “Expansion of the Minera Escondida Electric Transmission System”, which
were evaluated and environmentally qualified. In addition, Minera Escondida plans to
invest US$120 million in purification and wastewater treatment plants that will be used in
the new 27.5 ha camp, which should be installed on its premises by the end of 2012.

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8.- Production per year, expressed in tons of its main product

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Minera Escondida Limitada's copper production in the first six months of 2010 was
452,408 metric tons of copper.

This production was made up of 301,001 tons of copper contained in concentrates and
151,407 tons of copper cathodes. The above represented a 14% drop in the company's
production compared to the 526,020 metric tons produced in the same period of 2010,
whose breakdown was 386,209 tons of copper in concentrates plus 139,811 tons of copper
cathodes.

Minera Escondida moves annually to obtain this production in the order of 400 million tons
of mineral from its Escondida and Escondida Norte pits.
Regarding the personnel that the company uses in its operations, it reaches approximately
3,640 people. Meanwhile, the number of full-time operational contractor workers at work
reached 5,704 employees.

Likewise, during the first half of 2011 the company has provisioned income taxes and
specific mining tax for a total of US$ 564.1 million. This represents an increase of 37%
compared to the same period in 2010, when the payment of this tax reached US$ 413.4
million.

Escondida mining resources reach 8,500 million tons of mineral, enough for an operation
that would last 40 more years. At its peak, the Escondida operation has produced up to 1.2
million tons of copper per year between concentrate and copper cathodes.

However, production in the MEL pits - Escondida and Escondida Norte - has been
declining. In 2010, the company totaled production of 1,086,701 million tons of fine
copper, of which 786,603 corresponded to copper in concentrate and 300,098 tons
corresponded to cathodes, a lower production than that recorded in 2009.

Likewise, the company has already announced that at the end of this year, production will
decrease again by between 5% and 10%. The drop in production at Escondida, the largest
producing mine in the world, is due to the natural decrease in the copper grade of its
deposit.

Minera Escondida is the highest producing copper mine in the world. During 2008, it had a
share of 8.11% in world copper production and 23.56% in Chilean production, according to
the Bloomsbury Minerals Economics report issued in January 2009.
The company's main product is copper concentrate. According to the latest report provided
by the Anglo-Australian company, between January and March, the deposit in Chile
recorded a production of 298 thousand tons of copper, which represents an increase of 27%
compared to the 234 thousand tons registered in the same 2012 period.
This increase comes hand in hand with the increase in mineral grades, the percentage of
copper per ton of material in the deposit, which reaches 1.4%. This, taking into account that
in the Chilean industry the average grades are 0.8%.

25
However, it is estimated that Escondida could reach 1.2 million tons of production during
2013, if these levels recorded in the first quarter are maintained. If this production figure is
reached, the deposit controlled by BHP Billiton would exceed its historical ceiling of 1.1
million tons of copper.
Producing over one million tons is the aspiration of Escondida, the largest private copper
mining company in the world. The company, controlled by BHP Billiton with 57.5% and in
which Rio Tinto also participates, hopes to reach that production goal this year, after two
years of declines in production.
The record production figure was achieved in 2008, when it produced 1.25 million tons of
copper, an amount that the mining company hopes to recover in 2015, thanks to the
investment of US$ 4.5 billion that it is developing to have access to ore with better grades. .

Between January and June of this year, Escondida produced 521,043 tons of copper, 18%
more than the 441,913 tons of copper it exploited in the first half of 2011.

Despite the strong recovery, the company rules out being able to accelerate the productive
recovery by the end of this year. Internal sources indicated that although there is access to
better ore grades, in 2012 it will be impossible to reach one million tons. Among the
reasons is that between July and August major maintenance is scheduled on the conveyor
belts and in one of the SAG mills.

Furthermore, in the April-June quarter there was greater production of cathodes due,
mainly, to the presence of higher grade ore in the stocks, which has already been consumed.

Escondida had already anticipated a good productive performance for the year for the
Escondida Ore Access (EOA) project, where the crushing and transportation facilities,
currently located within the main pit, were relocated in order to facilitate access to the
higher grade ore. .

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9.- Total movement of materials per year (total tonnage of material
exploited per year, waste and mineral)

The company's main product is copper concentrate, the cathodes of the same material,
obtained from the deposit after the movement of more than 350 million tons of material per
year.

According to the latest report provided by the Anglo-Australian company, between January
and March, the deposit in Chile recorded a production of 298 thousand tons of copper,
which represents an increase of 27% compared to the 234 thousand tons registered in the
same 2012 period.

25
 Conclusion

In conclusion, in the investigation of the Hidden Mining it was possible to verify how this
copper concentrate deposit has become, since 1990 to the present, the mining company
with the highest copper production worldwide.

Minerahidde evaluates, makes decisions for planning to continue maintaining its production
in the face of eventualities that arise, in the face of a decrease in its ore grades, the company
that operates the most productive copper deposit in the world seeks to maintain this record
with optimizations , explorations and new projects.

The global economy today faces complex scenarios, however the copper market remains
robust in terms of demand. The supply, for its part, continues to lag. In this sense, and as
has happened since the beginning of its operations, Minera Escondida has an important role
to play as a large producer and supplier of copper.

The company has been operating in Chile for more than 20 years and, as important actors in
the community, it is a transcendental entity for the development of the Antofagasta Region
and for Chile.

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http://elperiodistaonline.cl

http://www.bhpbilliton.com

http://tesis.uchile.cl/bitstream

http://chile.infomine.com

http://www.prohumana.cl/memorias_rse/MemoriaAnual2005Escondida.pdf

http://es.scribd.com/doc/75311834/Escondida-2010

http://mineriachile.com/2012/03/chile-aumenta-reservas-de-cobre/

http://www.federacionminera.cl/2012/minera-escondida-eleva-en-30-anos-vida-util/

http://www.estrategia.cl/detalle_noticia.php?cod=82350

http://www.mineriaaldia.com/escondida-eleva-en-27-su-produccion-a-marzo-y-podria-
alcanzar-12-millones-de-toneladas-en-2013/

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http://diario.latercera.com/2012/07/21/01/contenido/negocios/10-114275-9-escondida

http://www.nuevamineria.com/site/cont_revista.php

http://www.mch.cl/revistas

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