"Year of National Dialogue and

Reconciliation"

CLIMATES OF PERU

José Carlos Mariátegui University

Faculty of engineering

Professional School of Architecture

Teacher:

Erick Edwin Allca Alca

Members:

Fernand Briceno Cuayla

Eduard Vizcarra Mamani

Vanessa Flores Fernandez

Roxana Diaz

Jose Rodolfo

Moquegua - Peru
2018
 INDEX

Introduction

1. Definition

2. Elements of climate
2.1 atmospheric temperature
2.2 Atmospheric pressure
2.3 Wind
2.4 Humidity
2.5 Precipitation

3. Climate factors
3.1 Latitude
3.2 Altitude and relief
3.3 Proximity to the sea

4. Comparative table

5. Types of climate in the world, Peru.

6. The 11 ecoregions of Peru
6.1 Why 11 ecoregions?
6.2 The tropical sea
6.3 The Pacific Desert
6.4 The equatorial dry forest
6.5 The Pacific rainforest
6.6 The steppe mountain range
6.8 The puna
6.9 The wasteland
6.10 The high jungle
6.11 The lower jungle
6.12 The palm savannah

7. Psychometric chart.
 INTRODUCTION
Located in the tropical zone of the southern hemisphere, between the equator and
the Tropic of Capricorn, Peru should have a tropical climate throughout its territory,
with a season of abundant rain in summer and little rain in winter.

However, various geographical factors such as the Andes Mountains, the Peruvian
Current, the South Pacific anticyclone, the Amazon cyclone and the South Atlantic
anticyclone, mean that Peru has a range of climates, characteristic of both tropical
and northern latitudes. middle and high latitudes.

Suffice it to say that Lima is located at the same distance from the equator as Rio de
Janeiro, a typical tropical city that receives abundant rain all year round and is
surrounded by humid, evergreen forests.

In Peru, only the Amazon has a climate typical of its tropical latitude.

Among the diverse climates of Peru are the humid tropical one, with annual rainfall
greater than 1,000 millimeters and average annual temperatures greater than 25 °C;
the warm and humid subtropical zone of the northern coast, with a period of possible
winter rains and a summer with greater rainfall that increases with the El Niño
phenomenon; the cold and dry glacier of the punas and high Andean mountain
ranges; the arid of the central and southern coast of the lower Andean floors of the
western slopes which, however, has a humid atmosphere; and the tempering of the
intermediate floors and the inter-Andean valleys.

On the northern coast, in Tumbes and Piura, up to 6° south latitude, climatic

tropicalization makes its effects felt.
This is manifested in the mangrove forests that occupy the mouths of the Tumbes,
Zarumilla and Piura rivers, where there is a small mangrove that constitutes the
southern limit of distribution of this tropical ecosystem on the western coast of the
American continent.
In years without the El Niño phenomenon, the maximum temperatures on the coast
do not exceed 35 °C and the minimum temperatures range between 11 and 20 °C,
generally in July, in the middle of the southern winter. In the presence of El Niño,
temperatures rise significantly mind: during its last occurrence, maximum
temperatures of 39°C were reached on the north coast.

Exceptionally, when the Amazonian air masses powerfully penetrate the clouds that
form in the Amazon, they rise enough to cross the Andean mountain range through
the lower elevations, causing rain in the high parts of the western slope.
These rains rarely reach the desert coast, but when they do occur they cause
damage to urban and rural homes, as well as flooding in some rivers, as was the
case of the Ica River during El Niño of 1997-1998. The phenomenon of Amazonian
air masses that surpass the mountain range is called "spill."
 THE WEATHER
1. DEFINITION:

It is the average state of the meteorological elements of a locality considering a long

period of time. The climate of a locality is determined by climatological factors:
latitude, longitude, altitude, orography and continentality.

SCHEME – ELEMENTS AND FACTORS OF CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION HUMIDITY PRESSURE AND WINDS

____________________J I________________

CLIMATE ELEMENTS

MODIFY

CLIMATE FACTORS

LATITUD DISTANCE ALTITUDE AND

E RELIEF

2. CLIMATE ELEMENTS:

In meteorology, climate elements are defined as the set of components that characterize the
weather and that interact with each other in the lower layers of the atmosphere, called the
troposphere. These components or elements are the product of the relationships that occur
between different physical phenomena that give rise to them, which in turn are related to
other elements and are modified by climatic factors. Although they are elements obtained in
the field of meteorology, their long-term study, 30 years or more, establishes the scientific
bases of climatology and hence the close relationship between meteorology and climatology.
 IT IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY ACCUMULATED
TEMPERATURE
IN THE AIR.

TARATA: THE AVERAGE MAXIMUM ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IS 23°C AND THE PUNO: (MAXIMUM OF 22ºC AND
MINIMUM IS 12°C. MINIMUM

WATER THAT FALLS ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE MAY

PRECIPITATION BE IN LIQUID OR SOLID FORM.

MOTHER : AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: IT IS 25 AND 30ºC

OF

HUMIDITY INDICATES THE AMOUNT OF WATER

HUMIDITY VAPOR PRESENT IN THE AIR. IT DEPENDS, IN PART,
ON THE TEMPERATURE, SINCE HOT AIR CONTAINS
MORE MOISTURE THAN COLD AIR.

IT IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR IN THE

WINDS
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC IT IS THE WEIGHT EXERCISED BY A MASS OF
PRESSURE AIR ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE
3. CLIMATE FACTORS:

The elements of the climate are modified by various factors, modifications that will ultimately
be responsible for the climatic characterization of a given place. Among the most relevant
factors are

THE LATITUDE

The Latitude of a region has a great effect on its climate since it determines the amount of
solar energy it receives.

Places near the Equator receive direct and constant solar radiation throughout the year,
which causes their climate to be stable throughout the year.

The areas near the poles receive little solar radiation in the winter months, so the
temperature is very low. In summer the rays hit more directly, but at the poles there is a lot of
heat loss, so the temperature never becomes very high.

The areas located between the poles and the equatorial zone suffer great variations between
winter and summer, since the amount of sunlight they receive varies greatly from one
moment to another of the year. This variation produces the seasons.

LANDSCAPE ON THE EQUATORIAL LINE

LANDSCAPE AT THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLE

ALTITUDE AND RELIEF
The height at which a place is above sea level influences the temperature. The higher a place
is, the colder its temperature will be. This change in temperature is progressive, decreasing the
temperature by about 6.4º every 1000 meters of altitude.

Atmospheric pressure with height, which produces movement of air masses, generating
mountain breezes.

The mountains, mountain ranges and mountain ranges act as barriers to the cloud masses,
which means that precipitation in these areas tends to be greater. This, along with the
decrease in temperature, means that much of this precipitation is in the form of snow.

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE HURAZ SQUARE

THE CLOSENESS TO THE SEA

Water has the property of having a great “thermal inertia”, acting as a thermal regulator. This
means that it maintains the temperature for a long time, producing a cooling or heating effect
on the objects with which it comes into contact. To check this, you just have to put an ice cube
in a glass of hot or warm water and see how quickly it melts compared to how long it takes to
melt in the sun. This “thermal inertia” makes areas near the sea have a more constant climate.
Warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

The proximity to the sea means that the winds are loaded with humidity, which affects the
amount of precipitation and the humidity of the air.
4. COMPARISON TABLE:

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AIR

HUMIDITY RATIO
TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE
ENTHALPY AT
SATURATION

DEW POINT
WET BULB
DRY BULB
5. ECOREGIONS

VOLUME
FROM PERU

RH
0.008 0.83 m 3
COLD SEA 17°C 13°C 64% 37 KJ/Kg 10°C
Kg/Kg /Kg
0.012 0.85 m 3
TROPICAL SEA 23°C 19°C 69% 54 KJ/Kg 17°C
Kg/Kg /Kg
0.007 0.84 m 3
18°C 13°C 57% 37 KJ/Kg 9°C
PACIFIC DESERT Kg/Kg /Kg
EQUATORIAL DRY 0.017 0.87 m 3
24°C 23°C 92% 68 KJ/Kg 22.5°C
FOREST Kg/Kg /Kg
PACIFIC TROPICAL
FOREST
0.003 0.81 m 3
STEPOPE MOUNTAINS 12°C 6°C 40% 20 KJ/Kg -1°C
Kg/Kg /Kg
0.003 0.81 m 3
PUNA 12°C 6°C 40% 20 KJ/Kg -1°C
Kg/Kg /Kg
PARAMO

HIGH JUNGLE

0.006 0.88 m 3
LOW JUNGLE 36°C 18°C 16% 51 KJ/Kg 6°C
Kg/Kg /Kg
0.014 0.86 m 3
PALM TREE SAVENA 23°C 20°C 83% 57.5 KJ/Kg 19.2°C
Kg/Kg /Kg

5 TYPES OF CLIMATE IN THE WORLD, PERU.

TYPES OF CLIMATE IN THE WORLD

Every place in the world has its own climate. But many climates are so alike that
scientists have grouped them into just 10 types. Each type of It determines how
warm or cold and how wet or dry a place is.
 are classified into

They are located in the They are located between 30° They are located at the
intertropical zone and 60° latitude poles and in high
mountains.
They are divided into: They are divided into:
- Equatorial - Oceanic They are divided into:
- Tropical - Continental - Polar
- desert - Mediterranean - Of Mountain

They are difficult They are favorable means

means for life for life They are hostile

environments for life

TYPES OF CLIMATE IN PERU

The Peruvian territory has a high variety of climate types, which also allows it to have a
great biological and production diversity.

Semi-arid Very Dry or Desert Climate:

It extends from the coast to 2,000 meters above sea level, with very little rainfall (150
mm/year), which determines its arid character.

Very Dry Hot Climate:

It includes the North Coast (Piura and Tumbes) up to about 1,000 meters above sea
level. This area is dry, with low rainfall (200 mm/year) and average temperatures of 24º
Celsius.

Temperate Sub-Humid Climate :

It includes the Andean zone, between 1,000 and 3,000 meters above sea level, with
temperatures around 20º Celsius and rainfall between 500 and 1,200 mm/year.

Cold weather:

Characteristic of the inter-Andean valleys, between 3,000 and 4,000 meters above sea
level, with average rainfall of 700 mm/year and an average temperature around 12º
Celsius. Frost occurs during the winter.

Frigid or Puna Climate:

It includes the areas between 4,000 and 5,000 meters above sea level, with average
rainfall of 700 mm/year and average temperatures of 6º Celsius. The summers are
rainy and the winters are dry.

Snow or Frozen Weather:

Includes areas above 5,000 meters above sea level and has temperatures below 0º
Celsius. It is the climate of the high peaks with perpetual snow.

Very Humid Semi-Warm Climate:

It includes the eastern Andean slopes, with rainfall over 2,000 mm/year and
temperatures below 22º Celsius.
Warm Humid or Humid Tropical Climate:

It is the climate that predominates in the Lower Jungle. With rainfall around 2,000
mm/year, and average temperatures of 25º Celsius, presenting extreme values above
30º Celsius throughout the year.

(1) Semi-warm dry-arid

(2) Very dry cold
(3) Sub- humid tempering

(4) • Cold
(5) Frigid
(6) icy /snow

(7) Very semi-warm wet

(8) warm - humid

• The Peruvian territory has a

high variety of climate types,
which also allows it to have a
great biological and
production diversity.
• Peru has 8 types of climate.
6. The 11 ecoregions of Peru

Why 11 ecoregions?

From the early days of school we learned that Peru has three large natural regions, the
coast, the mountains and the jungle. Then, in greater detail, we were also shown the
eight altitudinal floors studied by the Peruvian geographer and historian, Javier Pulgar
Vidal.

But little is known about the 11 ecoregions identified throughout Peru by Antonio Brack
Egg, the late former Minister of the Environment.

A specialist in biogeography, he made such an approach based on his observations of

ecological factors such as climate, hydrography, flora, fauna and geographical regions.

The importance of its proposal lies in the possibility of proposing detailed development
and sustainability strategies .

The tropical sea, the cold sea, the Pacific desert, the from a classification
Pacific tropical forest, the steppe mountains, the puna,
the paramo, the high jungle, the low jungle and the
palm savanna are the 11 ecoregions identified by the equatorial dry forest, the
Brack.

The cold sea of the Peruvian or

Humboldt current

It covers from the center of Chile

to 5º south latitude in Piura.
Your temperature
drops
up to 13º or 14º C in winter and in
summer it reaches 15º or 17º C.

The waters of this sea are green

due to the abundance of plankton.
The phenomenon of "water
upwelling" occurs, that is,
nutrients from the bottom marine
are
moved to the surface. This
phenomenon occurs over an area
1,500 kilometers long and 60
kilometers wide.

Approximately 600 species of fish

live in this ecoregion. The most
abundant are sardines and
anchovies, which serve as food
for other fish. Among them, the following stand out: the bonito, the skipjack, the horse
mackerel, the cojinova, the croaker, the silverside, the machete, the lorna, the drunk,
the mullet and the snook.

There are 26 species of dolphins, as well as whales, sperm whales, sea lions and sea
cats. Among the birds are: the Humboldt penguin, the guanay, the chuita, the booby,
the zarcillo, the brujilla, the potoyunco and the Peruvian pelican.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Temperature:
13 or 14 ºC in winter and 15 or 17 ºC in summer.

• Relief:

Rocky shores.

• Flora:

The mangrove

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Sea lions, dolphins, whales, sea cats.

• Birds: Pelican, seagulls, Humboldt penguin.

• Fish: anchovy, tuna, sharks.

• Reptiles: White turtle.

The tropical sea

It extends from 5º south latitude in Piura, to southern California in the United States.
The "El Niño" current has a crucial influence on this ecoregion.

The coasts of Piura and Tumbes are warm all year round, sea temperatures exceed
19ºC and in summer they reach more than 22ºC. The waters have low salinity due to
the rains that introduce abundant amounts of fresh water . This sea is not rich in
nutrients because there is no upwelling, nor does it have much oxygen due to the
tropical temperatures.

The main fish are: bonito shark, flying fish, yellowfin tuna, black marlin and skipjack.
Typical birds are the giant petrel, the cape pigeon, the frigate bird and the tropic bird.

The mangrove area is located in this ecoregion. Mangroves grow on the shores. When
the tide goes out and the roots are exposed, land animals go in search of food. On the
other hand, when the tide rises, marine species enter the mangroves. Black shells,
prawns and crabs are abundant here. And the symbol of this area, the American or
Tumbes crocodile.
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Climate:

19 ºC in winter and 23 ºC in summer.

• Flora:

It presents a unique species in Peru: the mangrove, or also called the mangrove.

• Fauna:

• Birds: Earwig, Casanay

• Fish: Bonito shark, tuna.

• Reptiles: Sea snake, turtles, Tumbes crocodile.

• Crustaceans: Lobster, crab, prawn.

• Mollusks: Black shell, clams, snails.

The Pacific Desert

It covers from 5º south latitude (Piura) to 27º south latitude (northern Chile) on the
coast. Its average width is 20 km. It is characterized by the absence of rain, its terrain
being desert. There is vegetation only in the river valleys and hills. The latter are filled
with vegetation in winter (from May to October). This phenomenon is only possible on
slopes facing the sea. That is why they only occur in specific places in the
coast. The hills are a product of the
condensation the mists that advance of the desert sea.
Shrimp were abundant in the rivers of this ecoregion, but currently they have
disappeared in almost all the valleys.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 0 to 1,000 meters above sea level.

• Climate: Semi-warm, very dry.

• Temperature: 18 to 19 ºC, with annual variation of 6 ºC. In fog areas up to 13

ºC. Precipitation: Annual average less than 150 mm.

• Relief: Flat and undulating, with steep areas in the center and south of the
country.

• Soils: Sandy desert, stony and brackish areas.

• Flora:

The tilansiales, gallery forests, the coastal hills, the reeds.

Among the crops: asparagus, olives, beans, avocado, mango, grapes, lucuma, melon,
peach, fig, cotton, etc.

• Fauna:

• Birds: Kestrel, Harrier, herons, white-tailed pigeon, cuculí, Peruvian dove.

• Mammals: Bats, marsupial weasel.

• Fish: Carachita, charcoca

• Reptiles: Snakes and lizards

• Crustaceans: Crab and shrimp

The equatorial dry forest

It extends from the Gulf of Guayaquil (0º 30" south latitude) to La Libertad (7º 40" south
latitude). At its widest part it reaches up to 150 kilometers and reaches an altitude of
1,500 meters.

Its climate is characterized by a long annual dry season that can occupy nine months
of the year.

The equatorial dry forest penetrates inland and extends over the lowest floor of the
Marañón Valley up to 2,800 meters above sea level.

The main plant formation is the carob tree and in the rainiest area the ceibal tree, these
trees , unlike the carob trees, depend directly on the rain.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 0 to 2,800 meters above sea level.

• Climate:

• West and South: hot and dry.

• East: fresh.

• North: hot and humid.

• Temperature: Between 23 and 24ºC.

• Relief: Flat with some undulations and mountainous areas.

• Flora: Ceibo, angolo, parotillo, papelillo, carob, sapote, willow, cane brava.

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Spectacled bear, anteaters, white-naped squirrel, long-eared gerbil

mouse, puma.

• Birds: Tumbes Hummingbird, short-tailed starlet, parrots, pigeons and

parakeets.
 • Reptiles: Pacaso, chameleon, jumper, boa, sun snake, cat snake, blind snake,
sancarranca.

The Pacific rainforest

It covers from the northern end of Tumbes to Costa Rica. It is covered by evergreen
forests, the trees exceed 30 meters in height. It is the only area on the coast of Peru
where there are monkeys in their natural environment. There are two species: the
howler monkey or Tumbes preserve and the white monkey.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 0 to 1,000 meters above sea level.

• Climate: Tropical and rainy.

• Relief: Hills and mountains.

• Soils: Clay soils , acidic and low in minerals, predominate.

• Flora: Orchids, bromeliads, fig tree, cedar, hualtaco, palo barrigón, palo de
vaca, basayo and several palm trees.

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Preserve monkey, white machín, nine-banded armadillo, wild rabbit.

• Birds: Jungle condor, black eagle, tree dove, early bird.

• Fish: Tarpon, Carachita, Neón, Mojarra, Pushi.

• Reptiles: Boa constrictor, Macanche, Crocodile

The steppe mountain range

It extends from 1,000 meters to 3,800 meters. From the region of La Libertad (7º 40"
south latitude) to northern Chile.

Average temperatures range between 6º and 12º C. At higher altitudes, the rains are
more abundant and the vegetation is denser.
In the parts above 3,000 meters the most characteristic tree is the alder.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 1,000 to 3,800 meters above sea level.

• Climate: It is temperate, warm in the lower parts and cold temperate in the upper
parts.

• Relief: It is abrupt and heterogeneous, with narrow valleys, very steep slopes
and few plains.

• Flora: It is variable, presenting itself as follows:

• xerophytic in the lower parts.

• grasslands with bushes in the middle part.

• relict forests in the highlands.

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Guanaco, White-tailed Deer, Alpaca, Llama, Colorado Fox, Andean

Cat, Puma.

Birds: Harrier, American

kestrel, Andean condor and
Wagler's parrot.

Reptiles: Jergón.

Amphibians: Rímac Frog

The puna

It extends from 1,000 meters to 3,800 meters. From the region of La Libertad (7º 40"
south latitude) to northern Chile.

Average temperatures range between 6º and 12º C. At higher altitudes, the rains are
more abundant and the vegetation is denser.

In the parts above 3,000 meters the most characteristic tree is the alder.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Climate: Frigid up to 5000 and frigid above altitude.

 • Relief: Plateaus, undulating areas and steep areas.

• Flora: The grasslands, with tolars, keuña forests and formations of pillow plants .

• Fauna: Of Andean-Patagonian origin, with elements originating from the north

and many forms of its own.

The wasteland

It extends from Venezuela, through Colombia and Ecuador to northern Peru. It is

located in the regions of Piura and Cajamarca, in the upper basins of the Chinchipe,
Huancabamba and Quirós rivers. (3,500 meters). It is a very foggy area. The
temperature at night drops to minus 0º C. As far as its vegetation is concerned, it is
very similar to that of the puna.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 3,500 meters above sea level.

• Climate: Cold, humid, cloudy and temperate in some valleys.

• Relief: Steep on the summits, flat and undulating on the plateaus.

• Flora: Orchids, bromeliads, lichens, mosses, ferns, vines, lianas, etc.

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Andean fox, Spectacled bear, Weasel, Puma, Andean cat, Gray
deer, Mountain mouse.

• Birds: High-altitude partridge, Andean condor, White-necked eagle, Giant

woodpecker, Mist hummingbird.
 • Amphibians: Jambato, Marsupial toad.

The high jungle

It extends along the eastern flank of the Andes Mountains, from the border with
Ecuador to the border with Bolivia, between 500 to 3,500 meters.

It's climate is very changeable. Rainfall can exceed 3,000 millimeters annually.

Trees are shorter as altitude increases. Between 2,500 to 3,000 – 3,800 meters (Ceja
de Selva) the trees reach only about 15 meters, the humidity allows the abundance of
epiphytic or aerial plants that grow not only on the trees but also on the ground.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Altitude: 3,500 to 600 meters above sea level.

• Climate: Semi warm in the high parts and cold in the high parts.

• Relief: Narrow valleys between 3,500 and 2,000 meters above sea level.

• Flora:

• Trees: Higuerón, Arrayán, Sauce, Molle, Tara, Cabuya, Tornillo, High cedar,
Cacao, Barrigón.

• Ferns: Suro or Chaglla.

• Shrubs: Laguir, Paracksha, Huarhuash, Sulchuche, Papelillo, Etepen ccaccha

• Fauna:

• Birds: Torrent Duck, Black-headed Hen, Black and White Sparrowhawk, etc.

• Mammals: Night monkey, Amazon anteater, fire squirrel, spectacled bear.

• Reptiles: Jergona; Naca naca, Huaraycóndor.

• Fish: Catfish, Cunchis.

The lower jungle

It corresponds to the Amazon forests located below 600 meters high. It is relatively flat.
Its average temperature is 24º to 26º C. The high temperatures and humidity allow for
the greatest diversity of species.

Much of the fauna lives in the treetops and to a lesser extent at ground level where
darkness reigns.

Lagoons, streams and swamps are abundant. River wolves and the paiche, the largest
fish in the jungle, live here. Other typical animals are monkeys, sloths, parrots and
parrots, the harpy eagle and boas.
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Climate: It is warm tropical, it is a fairly humid area with a maximum of 36 º C

and a minimum of 18 º C.

• Relief: Not very rugged, it has some hills that do not exceed 500 meters in
height.

• Flora: They comprise more than 20,000 species, ranging from fine, beneficial
trees to fruit species.

• Fauna:

• Mammals: Tigrillo, puma.

• Birds: Hummingbird, harpy eagle

• Reptiles: Anaconda, crocodile

• Fish: The paiche.

The palm savannah

It is located in a small area of the Madre de Dios region, in the pampas of the Heath
River. There are no trees, only palm trees, mainly aguaje. This ecoregion floods during
the rainy season and fires are common during the dry season.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Climate: Tropical, with two very marked rainfall seasons. The temperature
ranges between 20 and 23 º C.

• Relief: Flat, with some hills.

• Flora: Grasslands and palm trees, aguajales, grasses and bushes predominate.

• Fauna: The sachavaca, the jaguar, the giant anteater, maned wolf and the
swamp deer.

7. Psychometric chart.