CO M E

WE L
OM E
W E L C
Seasons end
GETTING CLOSE TO SEASON END..
I HEARD SOMEBODY SAY..
IT MIGHT NEVER SNOW AGAIN IN ENGLAND.
SNOW FLAKES IN A NEW-BORN'S FIST
BEAUTIFUL SNOWMEN
SLEDGING ON A HILL..
WE WILL TELL OUR CHILDREN CHILDREN’S..
WHY WE GREW SO TALL,
..AND REACHED SO HIGH..
WE LEFT OUR FOOTPRINTS..
IN THE EARTH,
.. AND PUNCHED A HOLE
..RIGHT THROUGH THE SKY!
WE WILL TELL THEM HOW WE CHANGED THE WORLD,
AND HOW WE TAMED THE SEA.
SO, WATCH THE OLD WORLD..
MELT AWAY.
YOU NEVER MISS IT, UNTIL ITS GONE.
SAY GOODBYE!!
 WEATHER IS:
 Short term
 Limited area
WEATHER
 Can changeisrapidly
what’s
happening outside
 Difficult to predict
your window right
now.
 CLIMATE IS:
CLIMATE is the
average of many years  Long term
of weather  Wide area
observation.
 Seasonal
changes
 Measured
over long
spans of
time
 Weather
CLIMATE
 Is the condition
 is the average weather
condition in an area based of the atmosphere
on the average weather at a particular
experienced for 30 years place at a small
or more period of time.
CLIMATOLOGY – branch For example –
of atmospheric science that sun, rain, hail,
describes climate and
snow, wind,
analyzes the causes and
practical consequences of cloud, fog (haze)
climate change and thunder and
lightning.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CLIMATE
 Scientists classify climates based on 2 major
factors, TEMPRATURE &
PRECIPITATION
 TEMPERATURE – the measured degree of
heat present in a body or substance
 PRECIPITATION – any type of
atmospheric water vapor that condenses
then falls onto Earth’s surface.
 KOPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
1. TROPICAL OR MEGATHERMAL – this
climate has no winter, all months have an
average temperature of 18°C or higher
2. DRY – has low precipitation rate for most of
the year, resulting in constant water deficiency
3. MILD TEMPERATE OR MESOTHERMAL
– winters are mild, coldest month has an
average temperature of below 18°C but
above -3°C.
4. CONTINENTAL OR MICROTHERMAL –
winters are severe,the coldest month has an
average temperature of below -3 °C, wheeas the
warmest monthly temperature exceeds 10°C
5. POLAR – this climate has no summer, the
average temperature in a year is below 10°C
 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
1. LATITUDE – is the measurement of the
distance of regions north or south of the equator
3 TEMPERATE ZONES:
A. Tropical Zones – receive direct sunlight
year-round, making the climate hot
B. Temperate Zones – the sun’s rays strike
more directly during summer,
whereas in winter, the suns’s rays
strike at a low angle
C. POLAR – the sun’s rays strike at a much
lower angle
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
2. ALTITUDE – is the height above sea level
- places with higher altitudes have lower
temperatures
- as you move higher above sea level,
temperature decreases
- high mountains that are located near the
equator still have ice on their summit
because as altitude increases, air
becomes thinner and less
able to absorb and retain
heat
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
3. DISTANCE FROM LARGE BODIES OF
WATER
- Oceans regulate the temperature in
nearly lands
- the heats up and cools down more
slowly than land does due to
specific heat capacity
- coastal locations have cooler
summers and warmer winters
than inlands
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
4. OCEAN CURRENTS – warm ocean
currents bring warm water from
the tropics to the polar zones and
cold ocean currents bring cold water
from the polar zones to the equator
- warm currents bring warm air,
whereas cold currents bring
cold air to the land
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
5. PREVAILING WIND – is the most
frequent or predominant wind
direction that an are expereinces
- carries air masses from one place to
another
- warm air carries more water vapor,
when warm air rises and
cools, water vapor
condences and falls as precipitaion such
as rain or snow
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
6. MOUNTAIN RANGES – mountain
ranges block the path of prvailing winds
-When warm, humid winds blow
toward the mountains, they
are forced to rise
- the rising warm air eventually cools at
a higher altitude, causing water vapor
to condence and fall as rain
- mountainous regions have more
frequent rainfall than low-lying
regions

 GLOBAL
CLIMATE
PHENOMENA
 GLOBAL CLIMATE
PHENOMENA
1. EL NIŇO LA NIŇA
EL NIŇO – an irregular flow of
unusually warm surface waters from the
Pacific Ocean toward the tropical western
coast of South America
LA NIŇA – happens when there is an
unusual cooling of surface waters of
Pacific Ocean along the western coast of
South America
 El Niňo brought severe drought conditions
to the country and also to neighboring
countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia
 Sevre droughts cause disastrous crop
failure and water shartage
 La Niňa brought heavy rains, violent
storms, strong winds, and supertyphoons
GLOBAL CLIMATE PHENOMENA
2. GLOBAL WARMING
 is the unusually rapid increase in Earth's
average surface temperature over the past
century primarily due to the greenhouse
gases released as people burn fossil fuels.
 many scientists regard human activities as
the cause of the increase in greenhouse gases
such as CO2, water vapor, nitrous oxide,
and methane in the atmosphere
GLOBAL CLIMATE PHENOMENA
 The concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is higher than in the last 100 years,
 Greenhouse gas emmisions are mainly from
anthropogenic or human activities
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT - is a natural
process that warms the Earth's surface. When
the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's
atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to
space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated
by greenhouse gases.
http://plaza.ufl.edu/knhuang/project2/cause.html
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 Higher temperature may cause agricultural
lands to become too dry.
 Higher temperatures are causing the melting of
glaciers and polar ice caps.
 Higher temperatures during summer dry out
woody plants in forests, increasing the risk
wildfire.
 Animals migrate to other forests to seek for new
habitats.
 The oceans are also warming up affecting the
growth and distribution of aquatic animals
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 Change in precipitation patterns
 Animal migration
 Melting of snow and ice caps
 Thawing of permafrost
 Stronger weather disturbances
 Higher temperature
 Heat waves
 more droughts and wildfires
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 Damaged corals
 Rising sea levels
 Warmer oceans
 Acid rain
WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
 Reducing of the use of fossil fuels such
as coal and natural gas
 Increase the use of renewable
alternative energy sources
 Using energy-efficient products
 Stop deforestation
 Plant more trees
 WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
 Encourage others to recycle and conserve
resources
 Reduce CO2 emission with the aid of
technological advancement
 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)
– developed to reduce greenhouse gas emission
 The process involves capturing the emmited
CO2 and burying them underground
WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
 Humans have been adapting to their
environment since the early times by developing
practices, cultures, and livelihood suited to the
conditions of their environment
 To minimize the risks caused by the
consequences of the climate change, adapataion
measures should be planned in advance.
END