TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

PHYSICS II
UNIVERSITY PHYSICS

SEVENTH EDITION
SEARS ZEMANSKY

STUDENT: Erick Frias SEMESTER: Second

PARALLEL: "A" DATE: 11/10/2022

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Questions for discussion

P8.14. A machine gun is fired at a steel plate. Is the average force acting on the plate from impacts greater if
the bullets ricochet or if they are crushed and stuck to the plate? Explain.

The bullet has some initial kinetic energy.

1) Bounce. The initial energy is transformed partly into kinetic energy after rebounding and partly into
deformation work.

2) It remains adhered to the plate. The initial energy is all transformed into deformation work.

In case 2 the deformation of the bullet is greater.

Therefore the average force must be greater.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Exercises ■
Section 8.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse

8.13. A 2.00-kg stone is sliding to the right along a frictionless horizontal surface at 5.00 m/s when it is
suddenly struck by an object that briefly exerts a large horizontal force on it. The graph in Figure 8.34
indicates the magnitude of that force as a function of time.
a) What impulse does that force exert on the stone?
b) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the stone's velocity immediately after the force stops acting if
that force acts
i) to the right or ii) to the left.

Graphic schemes:
F(kN)

Data
m ≔2⋅ kg

V o ≔5⋅

V 1 ≔ 15 ⋅ m s

V 2 ≔ 16⋅ m

Solution:
What impulse does that force exert on the stone?
Impulse is the change or increase in momentum

Δt ≔ V 2 - V 1

I ≔ m ⋅ Δt

I = 2s ⋅ N

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Magnitude and direction of the speed of the stone immediately after the force stops acting if
that force acts from the right to the left.
Moment :
F ＝ m ⋅ ΔV

Force acting to the right: direction initial Force acting to the left:
velocity opposite direction to the initial speed
⎛
⎛⎞ -2.5 N = 2 kg ⋅⎜ V f -5⋅ m
V f -5⋅ m
⎟
s⎠
2.5N = 2Vf - 10 -2.5N = 2Vf - 10
12.5 ― 7.5 ＝ V
―2 ＝ Vf
2f

V f ＝6.25 ⋅ m f s V f ＝3.75 ⋅ m
fs

Section 8.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum

8.15. Squids and octopuses propel themselves by expelling water. To do this, they store water in a cavity
and then suddenly contract that cavity to force the water out through an opening. A 6.50 kg squid (including
the water in the cavity) is at rest, when it suddenly sees a dangerous predator.
a) If the squid has 1.75 kg of water in its cavity, how fast must it expel that water to reach a speed of 2.50
m/s and thus escape from the predator? Neglect any drag effects from the surrounding water.
b) How much kinetic energy does the squid generate with this maneuver?

Graphic schemes:

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Data:
m T ≔ 6.50 kg

mC ≔ 4.75 kg m C ＝ 6.50 kg - 1.75 kg ＝ 4.75 kg

m A ≔ 1.75 kg

V c ≔ -2.50 m
yes

V 0 ≔0

VA＝?

Solution:

Po＝Pf

mT⋅v0＝mc⋅vc+ma⋅va

0＝m ⋅v +m ⋅v
a a c c

-m ⋅v ＝m ⋅v
c c a

m c ⋅ v c ――
＝va
m to

⎛
4.75 kg ⎜ ⎝ -2.5 m s
goes

1.75kg

v a ＝6.79 m s

Kinetic energy

1 21 2
E ＝― m ⋅ v +―m⋅v
c2 cc 2 aa

E c ＝― 1 2 ( 4.75 kg ) ⋅ ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ 2
1 ⎛ m⎞2
2.5 m s +―⋅ ( 1.75 kg ) ⋅ 6.79 ―
2 ⎝ s⎠
2

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

E c ＝14.84 gm
s2
E c ＝55.18 kg ⋅ m 2
s2

+ 40.34g
2
2m

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Section 8.3 Conservation of linear momentum and collisions

8.39. Ballistic pendulum. A 12.0-g rifle bullet is fired at 380 m/s at a 6.00-kg ballistic pendulum suspended
from a 70.0-cm-long cord (see Example 8.8, Section 8.3).
Calculate:
a) The vertical distance the pendulum rises.
b) The initial kinetic energy of the bullet.
c) The kinetic energy of the bullet and the pendulum immediately after the bullet embeds in the pendulum.

Graphic schemes:

m = (.012 ko

Data:
m g ≔ 12 gm ＝ 0.12 kg

v b ≔380

m p ≔ 6.012 kg m p ≔6.0 kg + 0.12 kg ＝6.012 kg

Solution:

vp＝?

Po＝Pf

mb⋅vb
vp＝
mp
m
0.012 kg ⋅380 m
yes
v ＝ ―――――
6,012 kg
p

vp ＝ 0.758m
yes

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

a) The vertical distance the pendulum rises.

E m1 ＝ E m2

E P1 + E C1 ＝ E P2 + E C2

11
Mgh 1 + ― 2 ⋅ mv 1 2 ＝ Mgh 2 + ― 2 ⋅ mv 2 2
v1
＝
h
2 ⎞⎠ 2
2⋅g

⎞2m
0.758 ⎟
s⎠
h2＝ ⎛
2⋅ 9.8 m
⎜
⎝ s2

h 2 ＝ 0.0293 m

b) The initial kinetic energy of the bullet.

12
E C1 ＝― 2 ⋅ m ⋅ v 2

⎛ ⎞2
E ＝―⋅ 0.012 kg ⋅ 380 m
2 ⎝s⎠

E C1 ＝866.4 J

c) The kinetic energy of the bullet and the pendulum immediately after the bullet embeds in the
pendulum.

12
E ＝ ―⋅ m ⋅ v C 2

1 ⎛ m⎞2
E ＝―⋅ 6.012 kg ⋅ 0.758 m
2 ⎝ s⎠

E C ＝ 1.72 J

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

Section 8.4 Elastic Shocks

8.42. A 0.150 kg glider is moving to the right at 0.80 m/s on a frictionless horizontal air rail and collides head-
on with a 0.300 kg glider moving to the left at 2.20 m/s. Calculate the final velocity (magnitude and direction)
of each slider if the collision is elastic.

Graphic schemes:

m = D3DD ko
b 2.20 m/s

Data

m a ≔ 0.150 kg

m
v 1 ≔ 0.80 m
yes

m b ≔ 0.300 kg

v2 ≔ 2.20 m
yes

Solution:

Now we pose our elastic shock equation:

m 1 ⋅ v 1o + m 2 ⋅ v 2o ＝ m 1 ⋅ v 1f + m 2 ⋅ v 2f

And we replace the values we know:

⎛⎞
0.150 kg ⋅ 0.80 m +0.300 kg ⋅ ⎜-2.20 m ⎟＝0.150 kg ⋅ v +0.300 kg ⋅ v s 1f 2f ⎝s⎠

mm
0.12 kg ―- 0.66 kg ⋅―＝ 0.150 kg ⋅ v + 0.300 kg ⋅ v 1f 2f

H.H

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

EQUATION 1 -0.54 kg m ＝ 0.150 kg ⋅ v 1f + 0.300 kg ⋅ v 2f

Now with the speed relationship we have:

v 2f - v 1f ＝ v 1o - v 2o

m
v 2f - v 1f ＝ 0.80 ― -2.20

m
EQUATION 2 v 2f - v 1f ＝ 3s

We then have a system of two equations and two unknowns:

WE FIRST ORDER THE EQUATIONS SO THAT THE VARIABLES ARE IN THE SAME
ORDER:

EQUATION 1 EQUATION 2
m m

0.300 kg ⋅ v + 0.150 kg ⋅ v ＝ -0.54 kg ⋅ s

2f 1f v 2f - v 1f ＝ 3s

We multiply EQUATION 2 by (-0.300) and add it with EQUATION 1:

m⎛ m
-300 v + 300 v ＝ -900 ―+ ⎜0.300 kg ⋅ v + 0.150 kg ⋅ v ＝
2f 1f 2f 1f -0.54kg ⋅―
s⎝

m
0+ 0.450 kg ⋅ v ＝ -1.44 kg ⋅―
1f

yes

m
0.450 kg ⋅ v ＝ -1.44 kg ⋅―
1f

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

yes

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II

m
-1.44kg ⋅―
yes
v ＝ ――――
1f
0.450 kg

＝-3.2
m THIS IS THE FINAL SPEED v 1f
OF THE FIRST SLIDER,
s

THE
SIGN INDICATES US THAT IT IS HEADING
TOWARDS THE LEFT.

Now we substitute this value into any of the equations to determine the final speed of the second slider:

v 2f - v 1f ＝3 m s EQUATION 2

-
-3.2 m s ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ ＝3 m s
v
2f

mm
v 2f + 3.2 ―＝ 3 ―
H.H

mm
v 2f ＝ 3 ―- 3.2 ―
H.H

THIS IS THE FINAL SPEED

v 2f ＝-0.20 m OF THE SECOND SLIDE, THE
s
SIGN INDICATES US THAT
HEAD TOWARDS THE LEFT.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
Section 8.5 Center of Mass
8.51. A machine part consists of a thin, uniform bar of 4.00 kg and 1.50 m in length, attached
perpendicularly by a hinge to a similar vertical bar whose mass is 3.00 kg and measuring 1.80 m in length.
The longest bar has a small but dense 2.00 kg ball attached to one end (Figure 8.40). How far does the center
of mass of the first part move horizontally and vertically if the vertical bar moves around the pivot
counterclockwise 90° to form a complete horizontal part?

Data Graphic schemes:

M 2 ≔ 4.00 kg Figure 8.40 Exercise 8.5 1 .

Hinge
x 1 ≔ 1.50 m

≔ 3.00 kg

x 2 ≔ 1.80 m

M 3 ≔ 2.00 kg

Solution:

INITIAL
m1⋅x1+m2⋅x2+m3⋅x3
x o ＝ ―――――――
m1+m2+m3

＝
( 4.00 kg ) ⋅ ( 0.750 m ) + ( 3.00 kg ) ⋅ ( 0 ) + ( 2.00 kg ) ⋅ ( 0
or
)
4.00kg + 3.00kg + 2.00kg

― 3.00 kg ⋅
m
9.00kg

x o ≔ 0.33333 m

m1⋅y1+m2⋅y2+m3⋅y3
and or ＝ ―――――――
m1+m2+m3

― ( 4.0 ― 0 kg ) ― ⋅ ( 0 ) ― + ( ― 3.00 kg ) ⋅ ― ( 0. ― 900 m ― ) + ( ―

and or
2.00 kg ) ⋅ ― ( 1.84.00kg
m)
+ 3.00kg + 2.00kg
＝

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
6.3 kg ⋅ m
― and
9. ― 00kg ＝
or

and or ≔ 0.700
m
FINAL

m1⋅x1+m2⋅x2+m3⋅x3
x f ＝ ―――――――
m1+m2+m3

( 4.00 kg ) ⋅ ( 0.750 m ) + ( 3.00 kg ) ⋅ ( -0.900 m ) + ( 2.00 kg ) ⋅ ( -1.8 m x ＝

―――――――――――――――― ― ――――
f

4.00kg + 3.00kg + 2.00kg

x ＝-0.36666 m
f

and f ＝0

x f - x o ＝ ( -0.36666 m ) - 0.33333 m

x f - x o ＝ -0.700 m

y f - y o ＝ 0 - 0.700 m

x f - x o ＝ -0.700 m

The center of mass moves 0.700 m to the right and 0.700 m up.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
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Issues SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
8.76. Bullet ricochet. A 0.100 kg stone rests on a frictionless horizontal surface. A 6.00 g bullet traveling horizontally at
350 m/s hits the stone and rebounds horizontally at 90° from its original direction, with a speed of 250 m/s.
a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the stone's velocity after the hit.
b) Is the shock perfectly elastic?

Graphic schemes:

v1(x)-350m/s v10V0)-0

m,= (.00 9

Data

STATE 1 STATE 2
v b1 ( x ) ≔ 350 m
s
v p1 ( x ) ≔0 vb2 ( x ) ≔0 v p2 ( x ) ≔ ?

vb1 ( y ) ≔0 v p1 ( y ) ≔0 vb2 ( y ) ≔ 250 s v p2 ( y ) ≔

?
m b ≔ 0.006 kg m p ≔ 0.1 kg

Solution:

In collisions the linear momentum of the system is conserved.

Conservation of linear momentum in the x axis:

P1 (x)＝ (x)
P2

m b ⋅ v b1 ( x ) + m p ⋅ v p1 ( x ) ＝ m b ⋅ v b2 ( x ) + m p ⋅ v p2 ( x )

m b ⋅ v b1 ( x ) ＝ m p v p2 ( x )

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II⎛ m ⎞ b

v ( x ) ＝⎜― ⎟⋅ v ( x )
p2 b1

⎝mp⎠

― 0.0 ― ⋅350 m s
v p2 ( x ) ＝
06kg
0.100kg
( x ) ＝21 m s
v p2

Conservation of linear momentum in the y axis:

P1 (y)＝ (y) P2

m b ⋅ v b1 ( y ) + m p ⋅ v p1 ( y ) ＝ m b ⋅ v b2 ( y ) + m p ⋅ v p2 ( y
)

0＝- m ⋅ v ( y ) + m ⋅ v ( y )
b b2 p p2

0.006kg ⋅ 250 m s
―
0.1 ―
00kg

v p2 ( y ) ＝15 m s

(Vx, Vy) are the coordinates of the stone's velocity vector.

V magnitude:

v p2 ＝ V ⎛ ⎝ v p2 ( x ) ⎞ ⎠ 2 + ⎛ ⎝ v p2 ( y
)⎞⎠2

⎞
v p2 ＝ 2
⎛ m⎞2
+ ⎜15 ―⎟
⎝s⎠
v p2 ＝25.8

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
-
Now let's calculate the direction of the stone's speed after the hit.

15
tanθ ＝ ―― θ＝35.5 °
21

θ = 35.5° below the x-axis

If the collision is elastic, the kinetic energy of the system must be conserved

Initial energy:
PHYSICS II............................................................................................................................1
UNIVERSITY PHYSICS...................................................................................................1
SEVENTH EDITION.........................................................................................................1
SEARS ZEMANSKY........................................................................................................1
Graphic schemes:............................................................................................................3
Data.................................................................................................................................3
Solution:..........................................................................................................................3
Graphic schemes:............................................................................................................4
Data:................................................................................................................................5
Solution:..........................................................................................................................5
Kinetic energy.................................................................................................................5
Graphic schemes:............................................................................................................6
Data:................................................................................................................................6
Solution:..........................................................................................................................6
m..................................................................................................................................6
Graphic schemes:............................................................................................................8
Data.................................................................................................................................8
m..................................................................................................................................8
Solution:..........................................................................................................................8
mm...............................................................................................................................8
m..................................................................................................................................9
m
...................................................................................................................................9
m..................................................................................................................................9
m ⎛...............................................................................................................................9
m..................................................................................................................................9
m..................................................................................................................................9

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAREER
SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
m................................................................................................................................10
mm.............................................................................................................................10
mm.............................................................................................................................10
Data...............................................................................................................................11
kg...............................................................................................................................11
Solution:........................................................................................................................11
Graphic schemes:..........................................................................................................13
Data...............................................................................................................................13
Solution:........................................................................................................................13
Graphic schemes:..........................................................................................................17
Data...............................................................................................................................17
m................................................................................................................................17
Solution:........................................................................................................................17
„ _m...........................................................................................................................18

E c2 ＝220.79 J

ΔE c ＝ E c2 - E c1

ΔE c ＝220.79 J - 367.5 J

ΔE c ＝-146.71 J

The kinetic energy of the system decreases by 146.71 J as a result of the collision; the
collision is not elastic.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
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SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
Issues
8.104. A 12.0 kg shell is fired at an angle of 55.0° above the horizontal with an initial speed of 150 m/s. At
the highest point of the trajectory, the shell explodes into two fragments, one with three times the mass of
the other. The two fragments hit the ground at the same time. Assume that air resistance is negligible. If
the heavier fragment falls at the point from which the shell was launched, where will the lighter fragment
fall and how much energy will have been released in the explosion?
Graphic schemes:

Data
m
M Year ≔9 g o ≔ 9.8 ―
M or ≔ 12.0 kg s
kg

β≔55 ° M Bo ≔3 kg
V o ≔150 m s

Solution:
We must take into account that it is +x horizontally, along
the initial direction of the projectile's motion and let +y be upward.

V xo ≔ V o ⋅cos ( β )
m
V xo = 86.04 m

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO
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SUBJECT: PHYSICS II
Since fragment A returns to the launch point, immediately after the explosion it has 86.0 m/s within
its x-axis displacement.

M .V, =M A .—V +M V .Vpy

+
o xo Ao xo Bo BX

⎛
⎝⎛⎝ M
o
⋅ ⎞
xo ⎠
V -⎛
⎝ Ao ⋅ - xo ⎞ ⎠ ⎞ ⎠M V

V
BX
≔ ――――――――
M Bo
V BX = 602.26 ―
yes
The horizontal range of the projectile, if an explosion did not occur, would be through a
resolution within the trigonometric functions
R o ＝― ⎛⎝ V ― ⎞⎠ ⋅ sin ( 2 β ) o

g or
⎛V⎞2
R o ≔― ⎝ ― ⎠ ⋅sin ( 2 β ) o

g or
„ _m
R o = 2157.46 m
yes
The horizontal distance each fragment travels is proportional to its initial velocity and the
heaviest fragment travels a horizontal distance.
― R o
=1078.73 m

So the lighter fragment travels a horizontal distance.

― 602 ⋅ ― = 7551.1 o

m
86m
R or 602 ― R o
= 8629.83 m
―+ ―

m
86mreleased in the exposure is a result of kinetic energies.
From the launch point. The energy

K2-K1

― ⋅M ⋅⎛ ⎞
2 Ao ⎝ V
xo ⎠ 2 +― 2 ⋅ M
Bo
⋅⎛
⎝ V
BX
⎞
⎠ 2 -― 2 ⋅ M
o
⋅⎛
⎝ V
xo
⎞
⎠2

― 1 2 ⋅ M Ao ⋅⎛⎝ V xo ⎞⎠ 2 +― 1 2 ⋅ M Bo ⋅⎛⎝ V BX ⎞⎠ 2 -― 1 2 ⋅ M o ⋅⎛⎝ V xo ⎞⎠ 2 =532963.68 J

The center of mass of the system has the same horizontal range 2157 m = as if the explosion did not occur.

M O ⋅ R O ＝ M Ao ⋅0+ M Bo ⋅ d

⎛ ⋅R ⎞
d≔― ⎝ M
―o ―o ⎠
M Bo
m
d = 8629.83 m
yes

Where d is the distance from the launch point to where the lightest fragment lands.

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