(N.A.) depth. Calculate the area of steel reinforcement to
satisfy under-reinforced design.
Balanced RC Sections • Balanced failure occurs when tensile steel reinforcement reaches the yield strain simultaneously as concrete reaches the failure strain in bending. • There is only one exact amount of steel reinforcement for this y balanced section. • It is difficult to achieve in practice due to various uncertainties in material properties and geometrical dimensions. Over-reinforced sections Over reinforced concrete sections in which concrete reaches the failure strain (0.0035) earlier than steel yields, are called over-reinforced sections. Steel provided is greater than that of balanced section. Neutral axis depth is larger than that for balanced section. Steel was not used to their yield strength (not economic). Characterized by: absence of high deflection and large cracks, fail in sudden, brittle way, not enough warning to building users, risking life. Undesirable/not recommended in design. Under-reinforced sections The failure in under-reinforced sections is due to concrete reaching its ultimate failure strain (0.0035) after the steel reaches its yield strain, showing ductile failure. Yielding of steel in under-reinforced beam section does not mean the structure has failed. Steel provided is less than that of balanced section. Neutral axis depth is less than that of balanced section. Characterized by: excessive deflection, large cracks and ductility
enough warning to building users, minimizing loss of life.
Structural designers should be aiming at under-reinforced
section design. Calculations of steel reinforcement for under-reinforced sections In this calculation, the design moment MED and all other geometrical section details as well as material properties are provided. We need to calculate the area of steel, As, to achieve an under- reinforced section. b cu =0.0035 fcd
Fc Ac x x
h d z
As Fs s Strain Distribution Simplified Stress Distribution Calculations of steel reinforcement for under-reinforced sections
Concrete Compressive Force:
f ck FC 0.85 (b)(0.8 x) 1.5 FC 0.453bxf ck
Steel Tensile Force:
Fs As f yk /1.15 Fs 0.87 As f yk Take moments about the tension force centre
M ED 0.453bxzf ck z d 0.4 x x 2.5(d z )
where z is the lever arm between FC and FS
M ED 0.453bf ck 2.5 d z z M ED 1.133 bdzf ck bf ck z 2 M ED Let k 2 f ck bd
0 1.133 z / d z / d k 2 0 z / d z / d 0.883k 2
Solving the above quadratic equation:
z / d 1 1 3.53k / 2 z 0.5d 1 1 3.53k So the lever arm z for an applied design moment MED is known. Taking moments about the centre of compression force:
M ED 0.87 As f yk z
Re-arranging, the required area of steel
reinforcement can now be calculated:
As M ED / (0.87 f yk z) Conditions for under reinforced design
A limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K’)
as follows. Consider a balanced section below: y = 500 / (1.15 x 200 x 103) = 0.0022 b 0.0035
h d x
0.0022
Strain Distribution From strain distribution of balanced section, the depth of the neutral axis may be calculated as: x 0.0035 d /(0.0035 0.0022 ) x 0.6d Now, the moment capacity, M ’, for this case: M ' 0.453 f ck b(0.6d )(d 0.4(0.6d )) M 0.207 f ck bd ' 2
M' 2 0.207 f ck bd ' Therefore k ' M 2 0.207 f ck bd Limitation of Neutral Axis Depth EC2 does not limit the depth of the neutral axis. However, it is common practice in the UK to limit the neutral axis depth as below: 0.11 x / d 0.6 x/d 0.6 to ensure that design is for under- reinforced case, k 0.207 . x/d 0.11 to control strains in steel (z 0.95d). Steps of calculation of As Calculate: M ED k 2 0.207 bd f ck Calculate: d z 1.0 1.0 3.53k 2 0.95d Calculate: M ED As 0.87 f yk z Example: The design moment for a rectangular beam of width 250mm and effective depth 500mm is 200kNm. If the Class of concrete is C30/40 and steel yield strength is 500 N/mm2, calculate the area of steel reinforcement required to resist the applied design moment for ULS?
