Design of RC Sections-2

Design of RC sections
By the end of this session, you will be able to:

 Differentiate between under, over and
balanced reinforced concrete sections.

 State the limiting values for neutral axis
(N.A.) depth.
 Calculate the area of steel reinforcement to
satisfy under-reinforced design.

Balanced RC Sections
• Balanced failure occurs when
tensile steel reinforcement
reaches the yield strain
simultaneously as concrete
reaches the failure strain in
bending.
• There is only one exact amount
of steel reinforcement for this
y
balanced section.
• It is difficult to achieve in practice
due to various uncertainties in
material properties and
geometrical dimensions.
Over-reinforced sections
 Over reinforced concrete sections in which concrete
reaches the failure strain (0.0035) earlier than steel yields,
are called over-reinforced sections.
 Steel provided is greater than that of balanced section.
 Neutral axis depth is larger than that for balanced section.
 Steel was not used to their yield strength (not economic).
 Characterized by:
 absence of high deflection and large cracks,
 fail in sudden, brittle way,
 not enough warning to building users, risking life.
 Undesirable/not recommended in design.
Under-reinforced sections
 The failure in under-reinforced sections is due to concrete
reaching its ultimate failure strain (0.0035) after the steel
reaches its yield strain, showing ductile failure.
 Yielding of steel in under-reinforced beam section does not
mean the structure has failed.
 Steel provided is less than that of balanced section.
 Neutral axis depth is less than that of balanced section.
 Characterized by:
 excessive deflection, large cracks and ductility
 enough warning to building users, minimizing loss of life.
 Structural designers should be aiming at under-reinforced

section design.
Calculations of steel reinforcement
for under-reinforced sections
 In this calculation, the design moment MED and all other
geometrical section details as well as material properties are
provided.
 We need to calculate the area of steel, As, to achieve an under-
reinforced section.
b cu =0.0035 fcd
Fc
Ac x x
h d z
As
Fs
s
Strain Distribution Simplified Stress Distribution
Calculations of steel reinforcement
for under-reinforced sections
Concrete Compressive Force:

f ck
FC  0.85 (b)(0.8 x)
1.5
FC  0.453bxf ck
Steel Tensile Force:
Fs  As f yk /1.15
Fs  0.87 As f yk
Take moments about the tension force centre
M ED  0.453bxzf ck
z  d  0.4 x
x  2.5(d  z )
where z is the lever arm between FC and FS
M ED  0.453bf ck  2.5  d  z   z
M ED  1.133  bdzf ck  bf ck z 2

M ED
Let k 2
f ck bd

0  1.133  z / d    z / d   k
2

0   z / d    z / d   0.883k
2
Solving the above quadratic equation:

z / d  1  1  3.53k / 2 

z  0.5d 1  1  3.53k 
So the lever arm z for an applied design
moment MED is known. Taking moments about
the centre of compression force:
M ED  0.87 As f yk z
Re-arranging, the required area of steel

reinforcement can now be calculated:
As  M ED / (0.87 f yk z)
Conditions for under reinforced design
 A limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K’)

as follows. Consider a balanced section below:
y = 500 / (1.15 x 200 x 103) = 0.0022
b 0.0035
h d x
0.0022
Strain Distribution
From strain distribution of balanced section, the
depth of the neutral axis may be calculated as:
x  0.0035 d /(0.0035  0.0022 )
x  0.6d
Now, the moment capacity, M ’, for this case:
M '  0.453 f ck b(0.6d )(d  0.4(0.6d ))
M  0.207 f ck bd
' 2
M'
2
 0.207
f ck bd
'
Therefore k ' 
M
2
 0.207
f ck bd
Limitation of Neutral Axis Depth
 EC2 does not limit the depth of the neutral
axis.
 However, it is common practice in the UK to
limit the neutral axis depth as below:
0.11  x / d  0.6
 x/d 0.6 to ensure that design is for under-
reinforced case, k  0.207 .
 x/d 0.11 to control strains in steel (z 0.95d).
Steps of calculation of As
 Calculate:
M ED
k 2  0.207
bd f ck
 Calculate:
d

z  1.0  1.0  3.53k
2
  0.95d
 Calculate:
M ED
As 
0.87 f yk z
 Example: The design moment for a
rectangular beam of width 250mm and
effective depth 500mm is 200kNm. If the
Class of concrete is C30/40 and steel yield
strength is 500 N/mm2, calculate the area of
steel reinforcement required to resist the
applied design moment for ULS?

Design of RC Sections-2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of RC Sections-2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of RC Sections-2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of RC sections

By the end of this session, you will be able to:

balanced reinforced concrete sections.

satisfy under-reinforced design.

 enough warning to building users, minimizing loss of life.

 Structural designers should be aiming at under-reinforced

Concrete Compressive Force:

Steel Tensile Force:

where z is the lever arm between FC and FS

Solving the above quadratic equation:

Re-arranging, the required area of steel

 A limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K’)

You might also like