INTRODUCTION

In this work we will briefly study the economic and administrative

situation of Peru at the time of the Viceroyalty and how it remained after

the War of Independence (chapter I); We will also analyze the time in

which the exploitation of guano from the islands meant putting an end to

the precarious economy and putting Peru's development on track (second

chapter). In the third chapter we will study the formation and problems

of the bourgeoisie in our country, which was not -according to

Mariátegui- "a mediocre metamorphosis of the old aristocracy."

The students.
 PERUVIAN SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Independence did not cause immediate changes in Peruvian

society. Following the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the

formation of the Cortes of Cádiz, years before the proclamation of

the republic, a series of liberal provisions were given that modified

classic colonial society. In this way, the society that experienced

independence was not the same one that witnessed the outbreak of

the Túpac Amaru revolution. In 1810, the Cortes of Cádiz

recognized that the Spanish inhabitants and the inhabitants of the

colonies were a single nation and had the same rights. This led to

the emergence of a kind of Creole nationalism in the Spanish

viceroyalties of America. Changes in Peruvian society occurred

since the end of the 18th century, and it was not, as some think,

the proclamation of independence that alone modified social life.

What can be seen at the beginning of the republic is a

transformation of the ruling class. Thus, the sector that the

government took charge of following independence was made up

mostly of Creoles.

a) THE UPPER CLASS .

The Peruvian upper class, like the rest of Latin America, at

the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century

opted for the search for a model copied from Europe and North
 America. Thus, trying to imitate these societies, they often

despised what was native.

By 1895, it is estimated that the upper class of the city of

Lima was made up of more than 18 thousand people. This

sector of the population found, mainly, three ways through

which it maintained social unity. On the one hand, kinship ties;

that is, marriages between people of the same social class to

perpetuate status. On the other hand, the defense of the family,

considered a primary institution, which had to be maintained in

the most constant harmony. Finally, establish common,

exclusive and exclusive spaces. Hence their meeting points were

in certain clubs or cafes, in addition to enrolling their children

in certain schools that allowed the strengthening of these

relationships.

b) Middle class .

This sector was made up of very diverse individuals. They

were NOT formally recognized as a social class, but rather were

formed from the imitation of the upper class. This sector of

society included small merchants or urban owners,

manufacturers with small industries, public employees,

descendants of immigrants, and employees of commercial

companies or foreign firms. The majority sought the possibility

Some dedicated themselves to intellectual work.

c) Low class.

It was basically made up of artisans, workers and street

vendors. In the cities, especially in Lima, in the alleys and

tenement houses where they lived, they developed their identity,

associated with what we call Creole. This time the term, unlike

the colonial era, had undergone a change. Creole culture meant

a lifestyle and a code of solidarity between equals, as well as

combining mischief and bravery with the aim of obtaining the

greatest advantages in life.

d) The Andean population in 19th century society.

The situation of the Andean population changed little when

independence was proclaimed, if one takes into account that the

mita had been abolished before July 28, 1821 and that the

tribute simply changed its name, becoming an indigenous

contribution. In the 19th century, at different times, the Andean

population openly confronted the central government, basically

against the circumstance that placed it on the margins of the

new society born with independence.

In the second half of the 19th century, some field sports of

English origin began to be practiced in Peru: football, cricket,

tennis, cycling and turf. The Lima Cricket & Lawn Tennis Club,

which later became the Lima Cricket and Football Club, was

founded in approximately 1859. Only people of English origin

could access it. The first match of this sport took place on

August 7, 1892, between teams from Callao and Lima, made up

mostly of Englishmen. Such was the English influence that we

had to wait until 1893 to see the founding of a club, Unión

Cricket, for Peruvians. Nautical sports also had their beginnings

in the second half of the 19th century with the Regatas Club,

founded in Chorrillos on August 3, 1875. During those years,

turf began in the country, with the Meiggs court being prepared

in Bellavista, Callao. A significant fact is the founding of the

Revolver Club in the years after the War with Chile (1879).

f) Migrations

During the 19th century, the social configuration of Peru was

nourished by the incorporation of new groups of settlers who

definitively integrated into Peruvian society. Other foreign

cultures were added to the diversity of native languages and

ethnicities. Immigrants from other European and Asian

countries joined the Spaniards and Africans.

The attempt to regulate and, in many cases, encourage

European migration occurred since the beginning of the

republic. In 1849, for example, an immigration law was enacted

that favored the introduction of settlers from various regions of

the world. But this was repealed in 1853, during the Echenique

government. However, in 1857 the arrival of German

immigrants materialized and they formed a colony on the left

bank of the Pozuzo River. But the promised help from the

Peruvian government was not as tangible. On the contrary, due

to the lack of communication routes, this population remained

isolated for nearly 120 years. It was not until 1970 that the first

highway was built, with the help of the German government.

In 1850, Irish people arrived in Peru who left their country

due to famine caused by crop failure. One of the most notable

settlers was William Grace. This Irishman was employed by an

English steamship company that transported guano to the

United States and Europe, a company with which he became

associated, forming W. R. Grace Co., known as the Grace

House. This company played a very important role, during the

Chilean occupation, in the refinancing of Peru's external debt. It

operated in Peru until 1968, at the beginning of the military

government.
 Another important colony of Europeans in Peru was the

Italian colony. Its presence has been recorded since the 1857

census. At that time, the Lima population had a total of 94,195

inhabitants, of which 3,469 were Italian. They created

institutions such as the Italian Society of Beneficence and

Assistance (1862) and the Italian Society of Instruction and Civil

Education (1872). In 1873 the European Immigration Society

was formed to encourage the arrival of labor. This society was

chaired by the Italian citizen Aurelio Denegri.

h) Asian migrations

After the abolition of slavery, the absence of labor imposed

the need to bring in a considerable number of Chinese, called

coolies. The majority arrived to carry out the tasks previously

carried out by black slaves. Chinese migration was destined for

coastal farms and then diversified into export businesses,

restaurants and wineries. The abuses committed against these

immigrants on the haciendas forced the Peruvian government to

intervene. An international campaign arose denouncing that the

treatment given to them was a covert form of slavery that, by

1869, was already ethically questioned.

The debate over this topic brought many scandals to light.

The most important was the notorious case of the María Luz

boat, in 1872. This boat, flying the Peruvian flag, brought

refuge on a British ship in the port of Yokohama in Japan.

Following reports of mistreatment to which they were subjected

on the ship, the Japanese government seized the ship, its crew

and its human cargo. After this event, immigration conditions

changed.

On the contrary, Japanese immigration had a different

character. Firstly, because it occurred after diplomatic relations

had been established between Japan and Peru. The agreement

was governed by legal guidelines very different from those of the

first Chinese migration. In 1899, the first contingent of

Japanese formally entered, although by then there were already

Japanese in the country.

EXTRACTIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN REPUBLICAN

PERU

a) Extractive activity .

It refers to the extraction of various resources from nature,

which can be used by man either in direct consumption or after

reprocessing.

The different extractive activities in Peru owe their

development mainly to foreign demand due to the type of

economic activities have been and are currently only extractive

in nature.

b) Fishing.

It is the capture and use of hydrobiological resources that

98% are obtained from the Peruvian sea and the rest from

lakes, rivers, lakes in the interior of Peruvian territory.

It is of great importance for the economies of Peru, Chile (in

Latin America), Russia, Japan, China, the USA, Norway,

Denmark, Korea and Indonesia.

Peru has an extraordinarily rich sea due to the

mineralization of its waters, a product of upwelling, both in

variety and quantity, having identified more than 1,000

economically profitable species of which only around 60 are

exploited.

Fishing activity is a traditional activity in Peru that dates

back to pre-Columbian times, for example Chan - Chan and

others.

The history of fishing economic activity begins in the 1930s,

when it managed to develop due to external demand, first as a

canning industry and then as a flour industry.

According to the level of the instruments used, the hold

capacity (tonnage) of the vessels, when production is directed to

a certain type of sector:

 Artisanal fishing .

Artisanal fishing in Peru has a historical tradition,

thus the first sedentary settlers belonged to the coast

since there they found an adjacent sea that provided

them with food, very nutritious by the way.

The famous caballitos de totora, a boat that is still

used by fishermen on the north coast, the first hooks

made with remains of shells, the means are changing but

artisanal fishing is always maintained; Now, with nylon

nets and barges, they provide jobs to Peruvians as well as

providing nutritious and balanced food to the most needy

classes.

 Industrial fishing .

It is done with large, modern and well-equipped vessels

(bowling alley, boats - factories) and appropriate species

are extracted for the manufacture of canned or frozen

foods.
 It prioritizes certain species due to the size of the boats

as well as the volume produced. This type of fishing is

practiced in ports, where factories that produce fishmeal,

oil and preserves have also been installed. The main ones

are: Palta (Piura), Talara (Piura), Pimentel (Lambayeque),

Coishco (North of Chimbote), Samanco (South of

Chimbote), S (Ica).

Transformed marine products are oriented towards

export, the resources of our sea or do not benefit the

Peruvian population since their marketing is carried out

by foreign fishing companies, which export the largest

amount of production to the external market (USA). USA,

China, Europe, etc.). It has more support from the state:

economically and in infrastructure.

In the Amazon, paiche (arapaima gigas), tilapia (tilapia

nilotica), turtles and lizards are raised within the limits of

repopulation in lakes and rivers. However, in the Andean

region it has special significance because it will contribute

to balancing the protein diet with the breeding of trout

(salmo gairnieri) such as the rainbow type from Lake

Titicaca, Cusco, Huancayo, Huaraz, etc. But why trout?

for being a species suitable for the temperatures, clarity

lakes.

c) Mining .

It is the activity that yields on average 50% of the foreign

currency; It generates employment in the construction of roads,

railways, hospitals and schools in regions where mining

prevails. Peru is rich in minerals due to the diversity of relief

and the strong telluric action, being considered a polymetallic

territory, where up to 40 types of metals are recognized, and

only 16 are exploited, 99% corresponding to the main minerals

(copper, silver, zinc, iron and gold) and the rest to secondary

minerals (bismuth tin, tungten, antimony) however this activity

was started by Foreign Companies, then it passed into the

hands of the State (Velasco government) and currently the

mining centers are being privatized in almost its integrity.

Benefited from mining exports .

Firstly, the transnational companies that exploit the best

deposits, obtaining enormous profits. Secondly, the Peruvian

bourgeoisie that acts as intermediaries with foreign capital; For

example, the bourgeoisie, using the population, builds

infrastructure that facilitates the accessibility, exploitation and

marketing of minerals in favor of transnational companies.

to develop the national heavy industry, which would in turn

serve to promote other economic activities (fishing, agriculture,

light industries, commerce, etc.). This cuts Peru's economic

development, bringing Peru closer to greater dependence on

capitalist countries.
 CONCLUSIONS

 The poor administration of the colony's wealth, the fruitless

economic policy, the mediocrity of rulers, and even the vastness

of the colonial territory, were undoubtedly some of the causes of

the collapse of the colonial system; which left as a legacy an

acute economic crisis (maximized in Peru),

 The bourgeoisie in a state supposes a government where the

vast majority of capital is national, either from the state or from

the people born in it, and these capitals are invested in that

same state where the majority of the population benefits. This

bourgeoisie is born as a result of effort and work, and based on

this, it fulfills the role of leading a country.

 In Peru it did not happen like that. The bourgeoisie was not

born from work, but from the manumission of slaves, from the

consolidation of internal debt, and from the cheapness of

Chinese labor. It is therefore, for this reason, that the

bourgeoisie, from the beginning, did not feel identified with the

Country and for this reason, it was not (nor is it now) aware of

the role it played in the economic development of an entire

country.