Angulo Brothers

The Angulo brothers were heroes of the Independence of Peru. They were from Cusco,
children of Francisco Angulo's marriage to Melchora Torres, the exact date of birth of each one
being unknown. There were four in total: José (miner, farmer and captain of the Abancay
Regiment), Vicente (farmer, merchant and royalist army officer), Mariano (merchant and
militia officer) and Juan (clergyman). The first three led the Cuzco Rebellion of 1814, along with
Mateo Pumacahua and other patriot leaders. José Angulo assumed the title of Captain General
of the Arms of the Homeland, that is, the highest-ranking military position of the revolution.
Vicente Angulo was invested with the rank of brigadier and accompanied Pumacahua on the
expedition to Arequipa, being the architect of the patriotic triumph in La Apacheta. Mariano
Angulo assumed the general command of Cuzco with the rank of colonel and went to support
the expedition towards Huamanga. While Juan Angulo, who was religious, served as José's
advisor and possibly secretary. Once the revolution was defeated and the brothers José,
Vicente and Mariano were captured, they were subjected to a summary trial and sentenced to
death, a sentence that was carried out in Cuzco on May 29, 1815. For his part, Juan was sent to
Spain, where he was locked up in the Court prison in Madrid. Below is a brief biography of
each of the four brothers:
 Jose Angulo
He started as a miner in Tarapacá. He married María Asencia Tapia de Mendoza on January 7,
1790 and chose to dedicate himself to agricultural work near Cusco. In 1798 he used his wife's
dowry to acquire the Chitabamba cane field located in the district of Abancay through a
census, but since he did not have the financial resources to make it profitable, he transferred it
to his brother Vicente on September 30, 1808. Concerned about the exploitation of the
indigenous people at the hands of the colonials, and about the ideological currents linked to
Fidelism and the River Plate revolution, he frequented the meetings that the Cusco patriots
organized in the city. He was one of the promoters of the movement that demanded the
promulgation of the Constitution of 1812, on November 5, 1813, for which he was arrested,
but he managed to be allowed to go out at night, so he continued meeting with the patriots,
coming to take direction of the conspiratorial plans. The revolution broke out in Cuzco in the
early morning of August 3, 1814. A government board was installed made up of Brigadier
Mateo Pumacahua, royalist colonel Domingo Luis Astete and lieutenant colonel Juan Tomás
Moscoso. José Angulo himself assumed the title of Captain General of the Arms of the
Homeland, assigning himself a guard of twelve halberdiers. Initially, he wrote restrainedly to
Viceroy Abascal letting him know that the revolution was only a protest against the abuses of
the local authorities, but then he haughtily declared that he aspired to shake off the Spanish
yoke and free the country. He divided his forces into three military expeditions to spread the
revolution throughout Peru:

The first, led by Brigadier Pumacahua and his brother Vicente Angulo, which marched towards
Arequipa;

The second, under the command of Colonel Juan Manuel Pinelo and the priest Ildefonso de las
Muñecas, who marched towards Puno and La Paz; and

The third, commanded by Manuel Hurtado de Mendoza and the priest José Gabriel Béjar, who
headed towards Huamanga.

The initial surprise caused these three expeditions to begin their operations triumphantly; but
the discipline of the royalist army soon prevailed over the enthusiasm and improvisation of the
patriots. The royalists defeated them at the Battle of Umachiri on March 11, 1815 and in other
actions. The Cusco council then began a reaction against the revolutionaries, on March 20.
José Angulo was forced to flee Cusco, but was captured in Zurite by the same residents. After a
summary trial, he was executed in Cuzco on May 29, along with his brothers Vicente and
Mariano.
 Vicente Angulo
Dedicated to agricultural work, his brother José transferred his cane field in Chitabamba to him
in 1808, and to develop his crops, he offered it as collateral for the loans he contracted with
the Convent of Santo Domingo on December 1, 1809, and the Convent from Santa Catalina de
Siena del Cusco on June 5, 1811, for 2,000 and 6,000 pesos respectively. At that time he
enlisted in the royalist army to fight against the Argentine forces that invaded Upper Peru. He
rose to lieutenant, being commissioned to guard three prisoners in Lima in 1812. Back in Cuzco
on April 24, 1813, he actively participated in the meetings that the patriots organized to plan a
revolution and in which his brothers José and Mariano participated. Denounced on October 5
and then on November 5, he was arrested and released on bail, but when the Cuzco revolution
broke out, he actively participated in it. He was recognized with the rank of brigadier and
accompanied Brigadier Mateo Pumacahua on the expedition to Arequipa. On November 9,
1814, he defeated the royalist forces led by Mayor José Gabriel Moscoso and Marshal
Francisco Picoaga in the Battle of La Apacheta, after which he occupied Arequipa, where he
tried to organize a local government. But he soon had to order a retreat due to the approach
of the army of royalist general Juan Ramírez. Both antagonistic forces met in Apo on December
5, but for now they preferred to avoid a meeting. Ramírez consolidated possession in Arequipa
and gave his forces a rest. The royalists had well-equipped and disciplined forces, numbering
1,200, while the patriots, although they were more numerous, only about 600 of them had
firearms; The rest fought with spears, slings and pikes. Once the fighting resumed, the battle of
Umachiri was fought on March 11, 1815. The patriot forces of Pumacahua and Vicente Angulo
were defeated. Vicente was arrested and taken to Cusco, where he was subjected to a
summary trial and sentenced to death, along with his brothers Mariano and José.

Mariano Angulo
He began in public administration as a subdelegate of the Abancay party (one of the political
subdivisions of the Cusco Municipality). He then dedicated himself to commerce in Cusco and
took charge of the Simataucca estate, in Chinchero, which Petronila Durán de Quintanilla gave
to him as a census holder. When the revolution of 1814 broke out, he took charge of the
command of the Cusco headquarters, with the rank of colonel. On November 30 of the same
year, he led the assault on the house of Colonel Domingo Luis Astete, a member of the
revolutionary junta, but who was evidently in favor of the Spanish. At the head of
revolutionary forces he headed towards Abancay on February 15, 1815, to join, as a cavalry
major, the patriotic forces of Manuel Hurtado de Mendoza and the priest José Gabriel Béjar
who were operating in Huamanga, but the defeat of Pumacahua was known. and Vicente
Angulo in Umachiri (Puno), discouragement arose among the patriotic troops. Then there was
the betrayal of one of the patriot leaders, José Manuel Romano, alias Pucatoro (red bull), who
promoted a brawl in which he murdered Hurtado de Mendoza, after which he surrendered to
the royalists with all his forces. Mariano Angulo managed to escape, but was arrested along
with his brothers and sent to Cusco, being subjected to a summary trial. All of them were
sentenced to death, a sentence that was carried out in Cusco on May 29, 1815.
 Juan Angulo
He studied at the Seminary of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco, and after receiving the diaconate on
September 18, 1802, he served in the parishes of Belén and Santiago, and was bursar in the
doctrines of Alca and Quiaca. Consecrated as a priest around 1808, he was assigned to the
parish of Pampamarca, whose temple he decorated and put a roof on, at his own expense. He
was in the Lares parish when the Cuzco Revolution of 1814 broke out. Aware of this event, he
immediately moved to Cuzco to accompany his brothers Mariano, Vicente and José, leaders of
said revolution. He was at José's side, the same one who had proclaimed himself Captain
General, undoubtedly becoming his advisor and possibly drafting the documents that have his
signature. Once the revolution was defeated and his brothers were executed on May 29, 1815,
he was captured and imprisoned. When he was put on trial, the judges limited themselves to
taking his statement and did not formally accuse him. Only for abandoning his parish and for
having accompanied his brother José, he was sentenced to a year of spiritual exercises in
Trujillo (a city in northern Peru), and to pay a fine of 2,000 pesos. In any case, the royalist
general Juan Ramírez sent him to Lima, where Viceroy Abascal ordered that he be shipped to
Spain. Upon arriving in Cádiz, he was imprisoned in the castle of San Sebastián and, at the
request of the royal council, he was finally transferred to Madrid, where he was placed in the
court prison.
 Liberating Current of the South

❶Who led it?

The Liberating Current of the South was led by Don José de San Martín y Matorras, born on
February 25, 1778 in Yapeyú. Misiones, current Argentina.

❷ Peru's liberation plan

San Martín conceives the plan to liberate Peru. To carry out this work, the Army of the Andes
in Mendoza prepared.

He crossed the Andes Mountains and defeated the royalists at Chacabuco.

He is defeated in Cancha Rayada and wins again in Maipu, definitively liberating Chile.

The grandiose objective was to bring freedom to Peru. In 1819 Cochrane spread optimism
among Peruvians by carrying out two expeditions.

Later, San Martín landed in Paracas on September 8, 1820 with 4,118 soldiers, ready to face
the 23 thousand royalists.

❸ Miraflores Conference

The Miraflores conference was held between September 15 and 20, 1820 between the
delegates of San Martín and Viceroy Pezuela. The delegates from San Martín were: Juan García
del Río and Tomas Guido. The delegates from Pezuela were: Count Villar de Fuentes, Dionisio
Capaz and Hipólito Unanue. The main topics discussed were:

ⓐ Recognition of the Independence of Peru.

ⓑ Implement a constitutional monarchy in Peru.

The colonialist response was: put the Constitution of Cadiz into effect and send deputies to the
court of Cadiz. The representatives of San Martín did not accept this proposal.

❹ Coup d'état against Viceroy Pezuela: Aznapuquio Mutiny

San Martín continued north and established his headquarters in Huaura. Meanwhile, Alvarez
de Arenales entered the central mountain range through Ica, raising the other towns where he
passed. Viceroy Pezuela, who was going through a critical situation, was deposed through a
coup d'état by General José La Serna, in the Aznapuquio mutiny.

❺ Punchauca Conference

La Serna and San Martín meet at the Punchauca Conference between May and June 1821. The
delegates from San Martín were Tomas Guido, Gracía del Río, Juan Ignacio la Rosa and
Fernando Lopez. The delegates from Serna were: Manuel Abreu, Manuel del Llano, Mariano
Gladiano, and Francisco Mear. The same points from the previous conference (Miraflores
Conference) were discussed but the conversations failed.
❻ Independence of Peru

La Serna leaves Lima heading to the central mountains. San Martín takes advantage of this
circumstance and enters Lima. He called an open Town Council and gave tacit support to the
reactionary and conservative Lima aristocracy, protecting them from possible uprisings. But he
asks them to symbolically accept independence. On July 15, 1821, the Act of Independence of
Peru was declared. This act was drafted by Manuel Pérez de Tudela and Doctor José de Arriz
and symbolically proclaims independence on July 28, 1821. On July 29, Independence was
sworn or ratified.
 Protectorate of Saint Martin
San Martin established it on August 3, 1821. He assumed political and military command of the
free peoples of Peru, and took the title of protector.

On October 8, 1821, he issued the provisional statute to govern the country. His desire was to
establish a constitutional monarchy, thinking that it was adapted to our reality.

PLAYS:
 national with lyrics by the poet José de la Torre Ugarte and music by the I believe
three ministries: foreign relations (Juan García de Rio), War and Navy (Bernardo
Monteagudo) and treasury (Hipólito Unanue).
 I appoint José de la Riba Agüero as prefect of Lima.
 Freedom of wombs: no one is born a slave after July 28.
 I create the order of the sun.
 He abolished the mita and personal services.
 He established the normal school whose first director was Diego Thompson.
 I promulgate the trade regulations.
 He created the national library, its first director was Mariano José de Arce.
 He abolished land customs.
 He gave the call for the first constituent congress.
 He sent Juan García del Rio and Diego Paroissien in search of a European prince
for Peru.
 Master José Bernardo Alcedo approved the anthem, being sung for the first time
on September 24, 1821 by the singer Rosa Merino.
 He established the state council of thirteen members.
 

 THE SYMBOLS OF THE COUNTRY

 . THE NATIONAL FLAG :

 -IT WAS DECREATED FOR THE FIRST TIME WITH JOSE DE SAN MARTIN,
PISCO, on October 21, 1821.
 -He was designing on silk or canvas eight feet long by six feet wide and divided into four
fields by two diagonal lines.
 -The lateral fields were red and the rest were white.
 Months later, the Marquis of Torre Tagle established by decree of March 15, 1822 a new
flag with two horizontal red stripes at the ends and a white intermediate one.
 On May 31, 1822, this national symbol was established, it was changed in 1825.
 By a law of 25 of 1825 and represents our country to this day.


Constituent Congress of Peru (1822)

The Constituent Congress of Peru of 1822 was the first democratically elected political
institution in Peru. Its members, called deputies, were appointed in popular elections called by
the Liberator José de San Martín, who then exercised power as Protector of Peru. The main
task of this assembly was to give the Republic of Peru its first political constitution, which was
the liberal Constitution of 1823. Likewise, upon the retirement of San Martín, it handed over
the Executive Power to three of its members, who formed a collegiate body called the
Supreme Government Board and whose head was General José de la Mar. Subsequently, it
successively ratified the first Presidents of the Republic of Peru: José de la Riva Agüero and
José Bernardo de Tagle (better known as the Marquis of Torre Tagle).

Context
After the proclamation of the independence of Peru, in the former capital of the Viceroyalty of
Peru, Lima, on July 28, 1821, General José de San Martín assumed military-political command
of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector (with Peruvian permission),
according to the decree of August 3, 1821.

San Martín was the one who gave the Peruvian state its first flag, its anthem, its currency, as
well as its original administration and its first public institutions. But a Political Constitution
was missing and in the meantime, a provisional Regulation was imposed, later replaced by a
Statute.

Creation and installation

On December 27, 1821, San Martín convened for the first time the citizens in order to freely
elect a constituent congress through Decree No. 146, with the mission of establishing the form
of government that would henceforth govern Peru, as well as a Adequate Political
Constitution. This device ordered the installation of the congress on May 1, 1822, but the date
had to be delayed to April 27 because the election regulations had not been drafted in time.

The congress was finally installed on Friday, September 20, 1822 and was made up of 79
elected deputies and 38 substitutes for the provinces occupied by the royalists. Among its
members were the most prominent members of the clergy, the forum, letters and sciences.
Before this Congress, San Martín renounced the protectorate and got ready to leave Peru.

For the preparatory meetings, Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza was elected president, who had
educated the Independence generation in the philosophy of Enlightenment as rector of the
San Carlos Convictory. Many of his former disciples now appeared as deputies.

The representative for Arequipa, Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, was elected as President of
the Congress, and secretaries were José Faustino Sánchez Carrión - author of the famous
letters of "El Solitario de Sayán", in which he advocated for the federal republic as a form of
government - and Francisco Javier Mariátegui, also of liberal tendency.

Northern Liberating Current

1. Concept: This is the name given to the independence campaign led by the
Venezuelan Creole Simón Bolívar between 1810 and 1826. It began fighting for the
freedom of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador) and
ended by achieving the independence of Peru and Bolivia.
2. Independence of Gran Colombia: After a decade of bloody battles, Bolívar achieved
the independence of Colombia by defeating the Spanish in the Battle of Boyacá (7-
81819). The independence of Venezuela was achieved by winning the battle of
Carabobo (24-6-1821) and that of Ecuador by winning in Pichincha (24-5-1822).
3. Independence of Peru: In July 1822, Bolívar met with Don José de San Martín in
Guayaquil. The result was the withdrawal of San Martín from Peru so that his
liberation campaign could be completed by Bolívar. He arrived in Lima in September
1822 and was named Dictator of Peru in February 1822. Thus, commanding the United
Liberating Army, he defeated the Spanish in the battle of Junín (8-6-1824) and his
lieutenant Antonio José de Sucre defeated them in the decisive battle of Ayacucho (12-
9-1824).
4. Independence of Bolivia: Sucre headed to Alto Perú (Bolivia) to defeat the Spanish
Antonio Olañeta, but upon arriving he learned that he had been killed by his own
soldiers. Then he convened the Congress of Chuquisaca where on August 6, 1825 the
birth of the Republic of Bolivia was decided.
5. Bolivarian project: Bolívar tried to unite Gran Colombia, Peru and Bolivia to turn
them into the Confederation of the Andes. However, he could not overcome the
opposition of local nationalists and in 1830 pulmonary consumption worsened, leading
to his death.

Battle of Junín
The battle of Junín was one of the last confrontations between the royalist and
independence armies in the process of Peru's independence on August 6, 1824. Its
result was the victory of the independentists.
Simón Bolívar, Liberator and President of Gran Colombia continued the war of
emancipation of Peru. In 1824 the royalists were still holding on in the central
mountains and Upper Peru. Bolívar had more than 8,000 men in his army, equivalent
in number to the royalist army, but the royalist forces were dispersed between the
Mantaro valley and Alto Perú. This was due to the uprising in Upper Peru by the
royalist general Olañeta, which fractured the defense of the viceroyalty, and forced the
viceroy to send an important part of his armies under the command of Jerónimo
Valdés to Upper Peru, some 5,000 regulars who were based in Fist.
Bolívar, aware of this advantage, took advantage of the opportunity, and in June 1824
he headed his army towards the central mountains of Peru to isolate the solitary
royalist forces of General José de Canterac, located in the north.

BATTLE OF JUNIN

Battle of Ayacucho
The Battle of Ayacucho was the last major confrontation within the land campaigns of
the Spanish American wars of independence (1809-1826) and meant the definitive end
of Spanish colonial rule in South America. The battle took place in the Pampa de
Quinua or Ayacucho, 28 Peru, on December 9, 1824.
The victory of the independentistas meant the disappearance of the most important
royalist military contingent still standing, sealing the independence of Peru with a
military capitulation that put an end to the Viceroyalty of Peru. However, Spain did not
formally renounce sovereignty over its American continental possessions until 1836.
The treaty of peace, friendship and recognition with Peru was signed on August 14,
1879 in Paris.

The Ayacucho Campaign

The disintegration of Canterac's observation corps forced La Serna to bring Jerónimo

Valdés from Potosí, who came on forced marches with his soldiers. Once the royalist
generals met, and despite signs of sincere support from Cusco, the viceroy ruled out a
direct assault due to the lack of training of his militias, increased by massive recruits of
peasants a few weeks before. On the contrary, he attempted to cut off Sucre's rearguard
through maneuvers of marches and countermarchs, which followed one another from
Cusco to the meeting in Ayacucho, along the Andean mountain range. In this way, the
royalists sought a coup d'état that they obtained on December 3 in the battle of Corpa
huaico or Matará, where at the cost of only 30 men they caused the liberating army more
than 500 casualties and the loss of a good part of the park. and artillery. But Sucre and his
staff managed to maintain the organization of the troops and prevented the viceroy from
exploiting that local success. Even at the cost of significant losses in men and material,
Sucre kept the United Army in an orderly withdrawal, and always located in secured
positions, difficult to access such as the Quinoa field.

Capitulation of Ayacucho
The Capitulation of Ayacucho is the treaty signed by the chief of staff José de Canterac
and General Antonio José de Sucre after the battle of Ayacucho, on December 9, 1824.
The conditions established by the document, so questioned later by many patriots,
were:
-The capitulation only of the army under his command, the royalist permanence in
Callao and the birth of Peru to independent life, with an economic debt to the
countries that contributed militarily to its independence.
-The delivery of the royalist places to the Peruvian authorities.
-The Peruvian recognition of the debt that the independence wars generated in Spain.
-The Peruvian state would cover the expenses of the return of the Spaniards.
Despite the definitive nature of this document, some Spanish officials refused to
recognize its validity, arguing that it was not signed by Viceroy La Serna. The first of
them was Olañeta, who resisted in Upper Peru until April 1825. The second was
Brigadier Rodil, stationed at Real Felipe, in Callao, who was slow to accept the
impossibility of receiving Spanish foreign aid and refused to hand over the fortress,
which had to be subdued by Simón Bolívar in a bloody siege that ended with the
surrender. royalist on January 23, 1826. Only 400 of the more than 2,000 soldiers who
began the occupation with him accompanied Rodil. Peru had been freed from Spanish
domination. (Popotitos)

Simon Bolivar

Government of Simón Bolívar

The Liberator Simón Bolívar arrived in Lima on September 1, 1823, but the Peruvian
Congress granted him the powers of Dictator only on February 10, 1824.
Bolívar appointed José Faustino Sánchez Carrión Secretary General and together they
moved to Trujillo to organize the United Liberating Army.
Battles of Junín and Ayacucho
In mid-1824, Bolívar began the final campaign for the Independence of Peru and South
America. He directed his troops towards the central mountains, a region that was still
controlled by the Spanish. On August 6, the patriot cavalry under the command of
Mariano Necochea defeated the royalist cavalry of José de Canterac. This allowed the
patriots to advance to Andahuaylas. Here, Bolívar handed over command to the young
general Antonio José de Sucre and returned to Lima.
On December 9, the final clash occurred in the Battle of Ayacucho where Sucre
defeated and captured José de La Serna, the last viceroy of Peru. Almost immediately,
the Spanish general Canterac signed the Capitulation of Ayacucho before Sucre, a
document in which he accepted the Independence of Peru.
The Congress of Panama
It was summoned by Simón Bolivar and his minister José Faustino Sánchez Carrión
from Lima, on December 7, 1824. Its objective was to coordinate the continental
defense against the possible threat of the European Holy Alliance, and to lay the
foundations for the union or federation of the countries recently liberated from Spain.
The meeting was held in Panama City in June and July 1826. It included representatives
from Gran Colombia, Peru, Mexico, and the United Provinces of Central America.
Argentina, Chile and Bolivia were not present. Peru was represented by Manuel Pérez
de Tudela and Manuel Lorenzo de Vidaurre.
The main agreements of the Congress of Panama were: the creation of a league of
American republics, a mutual defense pact and a Supranational Parliamentary
Assembly. However, these agreements were only ratified by Gran Colombia, a republic
that disintegrated in 1830.
The Federation of the Andes
The Liberator dreamed of unifying the countries that he had helped make independent
and where he had a notable influence: Peru, Bolivia and Greater Colombia (Ecuador,
Venezuela, Colombia and Panama). Its objective was to counteract the influences of
the United States, Brazil and European powers. The supreme head of the project
would be Simón Bolívar with the title of President for Life .
To put the “Confederation of the Andes” into operation, it was an essential
requirement that Peru, Bolivia and Greater Colombia approve and apply the
Constitution. But the nationalist sectors of each country were in charge of avoiding it.
Other important facts
- Founded the University of Trujillo in 1824.
-Supported the Independence of Bolivia. General Sucre arrived in Upper Peru in 1825
and gathered the Congress of Chuquisaca, where the birth of the Republic of Bolivia
was decided.
- Reestablished the indigenous tribute, with the name of contribution.
- He abolished the chiefdoms (indigenous nobility) and ordered the dissolution of
indigenous communities.
- The capitulation of the Spanish general Ramón Rodil was achieved, who surrendered
the Real Felipe Fortress and left for his country in January 1826.
Retirement of Simón Bolívar
By 1826, Bolívar's political prestige had declined in Peru. A sector of liberal and
nationalist Creoles and mestizos criticized his authoritarianism and desire to remain in
power. This did not discourage the Liberator, who intended to continue with his
projects. However, surprisingly, on September 2, 1826, he embarked for Gran
Colombia to bring order to this country that was threatened by anarchy.
Before leaving, Bolívar entrusted command to a Government Council headed by his
friend Andrés de Santa Cruz.

Political ideas of Simón Bolívar

Simón Bolívar, better known as the liberator, had a well-defined political thought; That can be
evidenced (and his political opinion in general) in the document of the Angostura Speech; In
 this he defines the country he wants. This document is also considered a fundamental basis for
what Bolivarianism is. Bolívar there raises the following ideas:

 Recognizes and gives importance to the division of powers

 It proposes not three, but four powers for the country: Executive, Legislative, Judicial,
Moral.

 He says that the rule of law is the only formula to achieve equality

 He recognizes the benefits of the federal system of government but recognizes that the
country is not yet prepared for this form of government and says that a Central
government is what should be used in our case.

 It recognizes the mestizos of our towns, something very innovative for a Latin American
politician of the time since they were not taken into account in our societies.

 Recognizes that a serious problem of our society in general (including politicians) is that we
inherit the defects of our Spanish ancestors; such as tyranny, ignorance and vice

 He talks about education and morality being the basis of a civilized and democratic country.

 He recommends that we formulate our laws to suit us, not copy them without knowing how
they will affect a government.

THE COUNTRY SYMBOLS (meaning)

MEANING OF THE SHIELD

The vicuña: sacred for its finesse and independence, it is an example of the calm courage
of the males, who among the animals carry their females in droves, it is the only one that
does not run more than them to save itself in danger, but rather the makes him escape
while he is left alone, facing death. Neither servile beast, nor animal of domestic benefit,
never captive, is the fine and brave lord of our solitudes.

Cinchona: it is not a venal harvest either. Bitter and severe, upright and generous, it is the
plant of social utility, its destiny is not wealth, but life. Its nobility remains associated in
history, forever, with the idea of finding the remedy for our ills in our soil; and in legend, the
charm of the vicereine who was saved by the dark science of an Indian.

The cornucopia. It gives us the classic element of the myth of Amalthea and the lesson of
effort necessary to make our wealth useful. There are no flowers to shed or fruits to
consume, as in the Greek legend, but rather a harsh need for transformation. Each of its
coins means that in Peru every meter of land, every inch of road, every wheel that turns,
every hour that passes, is worth gold. Everything is always to be done and the future
demands more and more organization, technique, and work.

MEANING OF THE PERUVIAN FLAG

The Peruvian flag is rectangular in shape, it is composed of three stripes of equal width
arranged vertically: one white in the center and two red at the ends; It does not have a
shield and is attached to the top of the flagpole on the side of one of the red stripes. It has a
proportion of three for the length and two for the width.

The sacred colors of the Peruvian flag were the inspiration of General Don José de San
Martín. As for the reason for the color red and white, there are many interpretations. One of
them is white for the peace that the country always seeks and red for the blood shed by our
heroes to make this nation sovereign and free.

On September 8, 1820, upon disembarking at the port of Pisco at the head of the liberating
expedition, General Don José de San Martín, after arranging for his troops to rest, fell
asleep in the shade of a palm tree. And in that moment of rest, he dreamed that a crowd
cheered for freedom and proudly waved a beautiful flag. When he woke up, almost as if in
a vision, the liberator saw in the sky a flock of birds with red wings and white breasts. That
reminded him of his dream and his heart beat with joy. He quickly addressed Admiral
Cochrane and Chief of Staff Las Heras and said:

- Do you see those birds that are heading north?

- Yes, my general, white and red - Cochrane responded.
- They look like a flag - added the heras.
- They are a flag - confirmed the liberator.
It is the flag that flies for the freedom of this nation.
The patch of birds was heading north, as if they were trying to show a route to those three
brave hearts. and then, as they approached Pisco, the birds with light plumage quickly rose
to the sky, getting lost in the clouds, as if "in an infinite desire for blue."

And that is how that sublime vision became a beautiful reality and led to the creation of the
first flag of Peru.

MEANING OF THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

The Peruvian anthem is a musical composition covered in solemnity used to transmit

serious feelings to Peruvians, such as patriotism, honor, freedom, historical and cultural
distinction compared to other countries and that were
written in the immediate moments after independence. .

National anthem of Peru

text: josé de la torre ugarte
music: josé bernardo alcedo
..........

Chorus
We are free, let us always be
free,
let's always be it,
and before the sun denies its lights,
that we miss the solemn vow
that the homeland elevated to the eternal.
that we miss the solemn vow
that the homeland elevated to the eternal.
 HISTORY OF PERU

Beyond the carved stone walls of Machu Picchu, the amazing mud temples of
the Moche culture on the northern coast and the sacred pyramids of Caral, Peru
has a long civilizational development that began in the cold high Andean punas
more than of ten millennia.
The men who built the lost city of the Incas; The same ones who designed the
most intricate roads and laid out the most formidable works of hydraulic and
agricultural engineering, started from cold caves more than four thousand
meters high. These hunters and gatherers were the first to populate our territory
and have left countless traces of their way of life in places such as Pikimachay
(Ayacucho), Lauricocha (Huánuco) and Toquepala (Tacna), where researchers
have managed to decipher the birth of civilization. Peruvian
These first settlers abandoned their caves to descend to the western valleys of
the Pacific approximately seven thousand years ago and from there they moved
to the coastal hills and finally to the sea. The llama and deer hunters suddenly
became shellfish hunters and fishermen, and then domesticated plants in the
warm valleys that cross the desert. Men like the one from Nanchoc show this
dramatic moment of the Peruvian man, in which they began to cultivate their
first products such as beans, corn, potatoes and cotton thanks to which they put
an end to their wandering life to create their first villages.

Peru's independence
The stage of emancipation begins with the rebellion of José Gabriel
Condorcanqui, Túpac Amaru II, an
indigenous nobleman who rose up
against the abuses of the magistrate
and the administration of the viceroyalty. On November 4, 1780, Túpac
Amaru II took prisoner the mayor of the province of Tinta, in Cusco, and
shortly afterwards sentenced him to death. This fact forced harsh
repression by the viceroy. The Inca forces had several victories, but were
finally defeated on April 5. Túpac Amaru II was captured and executed
along with his entire family on May 18 of the same year. It is estimated
that around one hundred thousand people died in these rebellions.

Atahualpa remained a prisoner for almost nine months. He had offered to

fill two quarters with silver and one with gold in exchange for his freedom.
However, he was vilely deceived and was finally murdered in the Plaza
de Armas of Cajamarca on July 26, 1533. Initially he was sentenced to
the stake, but after accepting baptism it was changed to the garrote. The
Spanish divided up a large amount of loot, with the Spanish crown
corresponding one fifth (fifth royal).
Despite the indigenous defeat, this rebellion
had great significance in colonial society, it is
known that not only indigenous people
participated in this movement, but also some
Creoles who had helped finance this fight,
their objective was to stop paying taxes to
the Spanish crown. To avoid future uprisings,
the curacazgos were suppressed, replacing
them with Indian mayors; The use of Inca
costumes was prohibited and the portraits of
the Incas were ordered to be destroyed, and
writings in Quechua were also prohibited.
The arrival of the Argentine general José de
San Martín, on September 8, 1820, meant a
new stage in the fight for independence. San
Martín had just liberated Chile (April 5, 1818) after defeating the Spanish
army in the battle of Maipú.
San Martín arrived in Peru with
an army of approximately 4,000
soldiers. However, this army
was gaining followers as a
result of the desertions of
soldiers who belonged to the
royalist army. In different cities
of Peru, citizens in favor of
independence organized
proclamation events.
Viceroy La Serna considered
that the best way to retain his
position was to move to the
mountains. This allowed Lima to
be at the mercy of the patriot army. Don José de San Martín triumphantly
entered the capital on June 6, 1821. Later, the independence of Peru was
proclaimed on July 28, 1821.
The Protectorate was established as a form of government, headed by
San Martín. The protector's project was conservative, the idea was to
look for a prince in Spain to take charge of the throne of Peru.
In July 1822, General José de San Martín traveled to Guayaquil in order
to meet with the Venezuelan general Simón Bolívar. This meeting was
not favorable for San Martín, so he decided to leave Peru on September
20, 1822.

Simón Bolívar arrived in Peru on September 1, 1823. He was the true

organizer of the Peruvian army that had its first trial by fire in the pampas
of Chacamarca, Junín. It was here that the Peruvian army achieved its
first victory, on August 6, 1824. Not a single shot was heard, only the
noise of sabers. The Spanish were defeated thanks to the surprise
appearance of the regimental battalion known as the Húsares del Perú,
commanded by General Guillermo Miller.
In Ayacucho, Quinua pampa, independence was consolidated. On the
morning of December 9, 1824, patriotic troops under the command of
Antonio José de Sucre faced the royalists led by viceroy La Serna.
Around two in the afternoon, the patriotic triumph was consummated, the
viceroy had been wounded and captured. The capitulation was then
signed on the same battlefield. This document signified the birth of Peru
as an independent nation.