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    Viruses Basics

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    mokashe1987
    The document summarizes the key discoveries in the history of viruses, beginning with tobacco mosaic disease in the late 19th century. It describes how German scientist Adolf Meyer first proposed the infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium. Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovsky later showed the infectious agent could pass through a filter, ruling out bacteria. Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and demonstrated the infectious agent could reproduce. American biologist Wendell Stanley was the first to crystallize a virus, tobacco mosaic virus. This established viruses as chemical rather than living entities.

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    Viruses Basics

    Uploaded by

    mokashe1987
    169 views53 pages
    The document summarizes the key discoveries in the history of viruses, beginning with tobacco mosaic disease in the late 19th century. It describes how German scientist Adolf Meyer first proposed the infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium. Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovsky later showed the infectious agent could pass through a filter, ruling out bacteria. Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and demonstrated the infectious agent could reproduce. American biologist Wendell Stanley was the first to crystallize a virus, tobacco mosaic virus. This established viruses as chemical rather than living entities.

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    Basics of viruses

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    The document summarizes the key discoveries in the history of viruses, beginning with tobacco mosaic disease in the late 19th century. It describes how German scientist Adolf Meyer first proposed the infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium. Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovsky later showed the infectious agent could pass through a filter, ruling out bacteria. Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and demonstrated the infectious agent could reproduce. American biologist Wendell Stanley was the first to crystallize a virus, tobacco mosaic virus. This established viruses as chemical rather than living entities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    169 views53 pages

    Viruses Basics

    Uploaded by

    mokashe1987
    The document summarizes the key discoveries in the history of viruses, beginning with tobacco mosaic disease in the late 19th century. It describes how German scientist Adolf Meyer first proposed the infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium. Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovsky later showed the infectious agent could pass through a filter, ruling out bacteria. Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and demonstrated the infectious agent could reproduce. American biologist Wendell Stanley was the first to crystallize a virus, tobacco mosaic virus. This established viruses as chemical rather than living entities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 53

    Discovery of viruses

    The discovery of viruses resulted from the search for the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration.

    Chlorosis Necrosis

    ADOLF MEYER
    A German scientist demonstrated that the disease was contagious & proposed that infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium that could not be seen with a microscope.

    He successfully transmitted the disease by spraying sap from


    infected plants onto the healthy ones. Using a microscope, he examined the sap & was unable to identify a microbe.

    D. IVANOWSKY
    1890: A Russian scientist proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a bacterium that was either too small to be trapped by a filter or that produced a filterable toxin To remove bacteria, he filtered sap from infected leaves Filtered sap still transmitted disease to healthy plants

    MARTINUS BEIJERINCK
    1897: A Dutch microbiologist proposed that disease was

    caused by a reproducing particle much smaller& simpler than


    a bacterium He ruled out the theory that a filterable toxin caused the disease by demonstrating that the infectious agent in filtered sap could reproduce

    Plants were sprayed with filtered sap from disease plants----->


    sprayed plants developed tobacco mosaic disease----->sap from newly infected plants was used to infect others

    WENDELL. M. STANLEY
    1935:An American Biologist, from the Rockefeller Institute, crystallized

    the infectious particle now known as Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV)


    The purified virus precipitated in the form of crystals. He was able to show that viruses can be better regarded as chemical matter, than as living organisms. Crystals retained the ability to infect healthy tissue. Subsequent determination of chemical nature of TMV: Protein in combo with nucleic, TMV were rods 300 nanometers long, TMV was RNA surrounded by protein coat.

    Viruses of bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes

    VIRUS-HOST RANGE
    The host range of a virus is the spectrum of host cells the virus can

    infect
    Some viruses have broad host ranges which may include several species(e.g. swine flu and rabies)

    Some viruses have host ranges so narrow that they can infect only
    one species(e.g. phages of E.coli) Infect only a single tissue type of one species(e.g. human cold virus) Infects only cells of the URT; AIDS virus binds only to specific receptors on certain white blood cells

    VIRAL SIZE

    Smaller than bacteria Pass through a filter

    Once called filterable agents

    VIRAL STRUCTURE
    The virus or virion, is just nucleic acid enclosed by a protein coat, Its a complete, fully developed infectious

    viral particle that is a vehicle of


    transmission from one host to another Viruses are classified by differences in the structures of these coats

    NUCLEIC ACID-VIRAL GENOMES


    Depending on the virus, viral genomes: May be double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, doublestranded RNA or single-stranded RNA

    Are organized as single nucleic acid molecules that are either


    linear or circular May have as few as four genes or as many as several hundred

    CAPSID
    Capsid: Protein coat that encloses the viral genome Its structure may be rod-shaped, polyhedral or complex Composed of many capsomeres: protein subunits

    made from only one or a few types of protein


    Membrane that cloak some viral capsid: Helps viruses infect their host

    Derived from host cell membrane which is


    usually virus-modified and contains proteins and glycoproteins of viral origin

    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    Helical viruses Polyhedral viruses Enveloped viruses Complex viruses

    HELICAL VIRUSES

    Resemble long rods. Maybe rigid or flexible. Viral Genome found inside a hollow cylindrical capsid.

    POLYHEDRAL VIRUSES
    Many-sided Capsid is in the shape of icosahedron
    (a polyhedral with 20 triangular faces)

    Eg.: Adenovirus, and poliovirus

    ENVELOPED VIRUSES
    Roughly spherical Enveloped-helical or enveloped polyhedral

    viruses
    Enveloped helical = Influenzae virus Enveloped polyhedral = Herpes simplex virus

    Viral envelope
    Not found in all viruses - Surrounds capsid - Derived from host cell (budding) - May have viral proteins and glycoproteins embedded - Assists the virus in infecting its host - Example is influenza

    COMPLEX VIRUSES

    Bacteriophage. Capsid(head) is polyhedral, tail sheath is helical. Tail fibers, plate and pin.

    TWO BASIC TYPES OF VIRIONS


    Naked: consist only of nucleic acid and capsid Enveloped virus: consists of nucleic acid, capsid, and

    envelope

    Overviewreplication cycle of viruses


    Can only multiply within living cells that are actively metabolizing Viruses lack cellular components necessary to harvest energy and synthesize proteins Viruses must use structures & enzymes of cells they

    infect to support their own reproduction- considered


    parasites

    Ultra structure of bacterial viruses

    Bacteriophage
    Virus that infects

    bacteria
    Excellent model for other bacteria

    PHAGE T4
    CHROMOSOME: DOUBLE STRAND LINEAR DNA ~2 x 105 NUCLEOTIDE PAIRS ~1 x 108 MOLECULAR WEIGHT COLLAR ~200 GENES BASE PLATE EXTERIOR SPIKES HEAD

    CAPSOMER

    TAIL

    CORE SHEATH
    TAIL FIBER (6)

    INJECTION PENETRATION
    RECEPTOR PROTEIN

    WALL - OUTER MEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

    CYTOPLASM

    Two possible outcomes following viral infection of a bacterial cell


    Lytic Infection: Viruses multiply inside the cells they invade

    Lysogenic Infection: Integrate viral DNA into host cell chromosome; the virus DNA replicates as the bacterial chromosome replicates

    Replication of lytic phages


    Phage nucleic acid enters the bacterium and capsid remains outside Nucleic acid replicated along with phage proteins

    Many virions are formed


    Phages exit by bursting the cell Phages that go through this life cycle are called virulent Virulent: has the ability to overcome host defenses and cause disease

    Bacteria eater

    - Viral genome has a promoter - Bacterial RNA polymerase transcribes viral genes

    - EARLY STAGE PROTEINS

    - Viral genes adjacent to the promoter are transcribed


    - Proteins that stop host transcription - Proteins that stimulate viral replication - Viral nucleases digest host genome - Stimulate late gene transcription

    -LATE STAGE PROTEINS


    - Viral genes that code for viral capsid proteins - Proteins that lyse the host cell

    Virus infects host


    Hosts RNA polymerase transcribes EARLY genes

    Lytic Stage

    operon
    Early proteins stop transcription of hosts genes Early protein stimulates viral genome reproduction, digest host genome & stimulate late gene transcription Viral capsid proteins Early protein stimulates transcription of LATE genes.

    Lyse host

    Lysogenic Infection
    The viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome

    Each time the host chromosomes replicated and split into new

    cells, so is the viral DNA


    Phage may excise itself from the chromosome and later and revert to lytic growth

    Temperate phage
    Bacterium growing well lysogenic cycle Bacterial host stressed or damaged lytic cycle Regulatory proteins Constant Growth Cro cI Lysogenic

    cI(Clear) Cro

    (Control of Repressor Operator)

    Compete for promoter sites

    STRESS or UV Damage cI Cro Lytic

    Both are transcriptional inhibitor

    35

    STRESS or DAMAGE
    Cro protein activates promoters for phage DNA replication & cell lysis

    GOOD GROWTH
    cI accumulates & activates promoters for integration Lysogenic Cycle

    Host range of phages


    Host range: number of different bacteria that a particular phage can infect Two factors determine the host range of a phage:
    1. Phage must be able to attach to receptors on host cell surface

    2.

    The restriction modification system of the host cell

    Restriction Modification System


    In some bacteria to protect themselves from viral infection Bacterial cell makes restriction enzyme & methylating enzyme Methylating enzyme adds methyl group to bacterial DNA

    Bacteria now knows this is its own DNA


    Uses restriction enzyme to cut any DNA that is not methylated Cuts viral DNA- inactivating it

    Multiplication of Animal Viruses

    Multiplication of Animal Viruses


    Similar to bacteriophage replication Animal viruses attach to host plasma membrane via spikes on the capsid or envelope

    Animal viruses are usually taken into the cytoplasm as intact


    nucleocapsids Uncoating is the separation of the capsid from the genome

    Entry of Animal Viruses into their Host Cells

    Interactions of Animal Viruses with their hosts


    Acute Infections Latent Viral Infections Persistant Viral Infections

    Latent Viral Infections


    When acute infection followed by symptomless period and then reactivation of disease Symptoms of the initial and reactivated diseases may differ Provirus: latent form of virus in which viral DNA

    incorporated into host DNA

    Examples of Latent Infectionsvaricella zoster virus


    Initial infection of children- chicken pox Then can remain latent for years with no disease symptoms Can be reactivated and cause shingles Chicken pox and shingles- different diseases caused by same virus

    Persistent Viral Infections


    Occurs gradually over a long period Example: Measles Several years after contracting measles can get Subacute sclerosing panenchaphalitis

    Retroviridae
    Family of viruses that carry their genetic information as ssRNA Have enzyme reverse transcriptase which forms a DNA copy that is then integrated into the host genome

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