11

CHAPTER

THREE-DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
Chapter Objectives
This chapter will help you understand :
¾¾ Three-dimensional geometry : Introduction to coordinate system; Direction cosines and Directional ratios of a line; Equa-
tion of line in space; Angle and shortest distance between two lines; Introduction to plane, Co-planarity of two lines; Angle
between two planes; Distance of a point from a plane; Angle between a line and a plane.

Quick Review
™™ Vectors can exist in general n-dimensional space.
The general notation for a n-dimensional vector is, TIPS…
 Setting up the Matrix for Solving.
v = ( a1 , a2 , a3 , , an ) and each of the axis are called
components of the vector. Write your equations in standard form.
™™ In physics and mathematics, a pseudo-vector Transfer the numbers from the system of equations
(or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like
into a matrix.
a vector under a proper rotation, but in three-
dimensional (3D) geometry it gains an additional Draw a large square bracket around full matrix.
sign flip under an improper rotation such as a
reflection. Geometrically it is the opposite, of equal
magnitude but in the opposite direction, of its TRICKS…
mirror image. This is as opposed to a true vector,
Recognise the form of the solution matrix.
also known, in this context, as a polar vector, which
on reflection matches its mirror image. Use scalar multiplication.
™™ In 3D, the pseudo-vector, p is associated with the Use row-addition or row-subtraction.
curl of a polar vector or with the cross-product of
Combine row-addition and scalar multiplication in
two polar vectors a and b. The vector p calculated in
this way is a pseudo-vector. a single step.
™™ Constructing a plane in two-dimensional (2D) is Work from top to bottom first.
easy, this can be done from either a normal (unit
vector) and a point, or from two points in space.
™™ Quadric surfaces in 3D are the graphs of any equation that can be put into the general form :
Ax 2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Exz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0

Know the Links

☞☞
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/VectorsIntro.aspx
☞☞
http://docs.godotengine.org/en/3.0/tutorials/math/vectors_advanced.html

 Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. Distance of the point (α, β, γ) from y-axis is The foot of perpendicular from point P(a , b , g ) on
(a) β (b) β y-axis is Q( 0, b , 0).
2 2
(c) β + γ (d) α +γ ∴Required distance,
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 29, Page 237] PQ = (a − 0)2 + ( b − b )2 + (g − 0)2 = a 2 + g 2
Ans. Correct option : (d) Q. 2. If the directions cosines of a line are k, k, k, then
Explanation : (a) k > 0 (b) 0 < k < 1
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 483
1 1 In xy-plane, the reflection of the point (α , β , γ ) is
(c) k = 1 (d) k =
or −
3 3 (α , β , −γ ).
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 30, Page 238] Q. 6. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD, where A (0, 4,
Ans. Correct option : (d) 1), B (2, 3, –1), C (4, 5, 0) and D (2, 6, 2), is equal to
Explanation : (a) 9 sq. units (b) 18 sq. units
Since, direction cosines of a line are k, kand k. (c) 27 sq. units (d) 81 sq. units
∴l = k, m = k and n = k  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 34, Page 238]
We know that, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 Ans. Correct option : (a)
⇒ k2 + k2 + k2 = 1 Explanation :
1 We have, A (0, 4, 1), B (2, 3, –1), C (4, 5, 0) and D (2, 6, 2)
⇒ k2 =
3 AB = ( 2 − 0)ˆi + (3 − 4)ˆj + ( −1 − 1)kˆ
1 = 2ˆi − ˆj − 2kˆ
∴ k= ±
3
BC = ( 4 − 2)ˆi + (5 − 3)ˆj + ( 0 + 1)kˆ
 2 3 6 
Q. 3. The distance of the plane r .  ˆi + ˆj − kˆ  = 1 = 2ˆi + 2ˆj + kˆ
from the origin is 7 7 7 
CD = ( 2 − 4)ˆi + ( 6 − 5)ˆj + ( 2 − 0)kˆ
(a) 1 (b) 7
(c) 1/7 (d) None of these =−2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 31, Page 238] DA = ( 0 − 2)ˆi + ( 4 − 6)ˆi + (1 − 2)kˆ
Ans. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : =−2ˆi − 2ˆj − kˆ
 2 3 6  Thus quadrilateral formed is parallelogram.
The distance of the plane r ⋅  ˆi + ˆj − kˆ  = 1 form
7 7 7  ∴Area of quadrilateral ABCD
the origin is 1.
 = AB × BC
[Since r ⋅ nˆ =d is the form of above equation, where
d represents the distance of plane from the origin, ˆi ˆj kˆ
i.e., d = 1]
= 2 −1 −2
Q. 4. The sine of the angle between the straight line
x−2 y−3 z−4 2 2 1
= = and the plane 2x – 2y + z = 5 is
3 4 5 = 3ˆi − 6ˆj + 6kˆ
(a) 10/6√5 (b) 4/5√2
(c) 2√3/5 (d) √2/10 = 9 + 36 + 36
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 32, Page 238] = 9 sq. units
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : We have, the equation of line as Q. 7.
The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is
x −2 y −3 z−4 (a)
A pair of perpendicular lines
= = (b)
A pair of parallel lines
3 4 5
 (c)
A pair of parallel planes
This line is parallel to the vector, b = 3ˆi + 4ˆj + 5kˆ
(d)
A pair of perpendicular planes
Equation of plane is 2x − 2 y + z = 5.  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 35, Page 238]

Normal to the plane is n = 2ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ. Ans. Correct option : (d)
Its angle between line and plane is ‘θ’. Explanation :
Then, We have,
 xy + yz = 0
b.n (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 5kˆ) ⋅ ( 2ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ)         
sinθ =   = ⇒ 0
x( y + z ) =
b n 32 + 42 + 52 4 + 4 + 1 ⇒ x 0 and =
= y+z 0
6−8+5 3 1 Above are equations of planes.
= = =
50 9 15 2 5 2 Normal to the plane x = 0 is î .
And normal to the plane y + z = 0 is ĵ + kˆ.
2 ˆ ˆ ˆ
sin θ = 0
Now, i ⋅ ( j + k ) =
10
So, planes are perpendicular.
Q. 5. The reflection of the point (α, β, γ) in the xy-plane is Q. 8. The plane 2x – 3y + 6z – 11 = 0 makes an angle
(a) (α, β, 0) (b) (0, 0, γ) sin–1(α) with x-axis. The value of α is equal to
(a) √3/2 (b) √2/3
(c) (–α, –β, γ) (d) (α, β, –γ) (c) 2/7 (d) 3/7
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 33, Page 238]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 36, Page 236]
Ans. Correct option : (d) Ans. Correct option : (c)
Explanation :
484 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Explanation : (b) Parallel

We have equation of plane as 2x − 3y + 6 z − 11 = 0. (c) Intersect y-axis
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  5
Normal to the plane is n = 2i − 3 j + 6k . (d) Passes through  0, 0, 
  4
Also x-axis is along the vector a =ˆi + 0ˆj + 0kˆ .  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 23, Page 499]
According to the question, Ans. Correct option : (b)
 
a ⋅n Explanation :
sin α =  
a n Angle between two planes A1x + B1y + C1z = d1
ˆi ⋅ ( 2ˆi − 3ˆj + 6kˆ) and A2x + B2y + C2z = d2 is given by
2 A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2
= = cos θ =
1 4 + 9 + 36 7 A1 + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C22
2

Q. 9. Distance between the two planes : 2x + 3y + 4z = Given that plane,

4 and 4x + 6y + 8z = 12 is 2x – 1y + 4z = 5
(a) 2 units (b) 4 units Comparing with A1x + B1y +C1z = d1
(c) 8 units (d) 2/√29 units A1 = 2, B1 = –1, C1 = 4, d1 = 5
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 22, Page 499] 5x – 2.5y + 10z = 16
Ans. Correct option : (d) Multiplying by 2 on both sides,
Explanation : 10x – 5y + 20z = 12
Distance between two parallel planes, Comparing with A2x + B2y + C2z = d2
Ax + By + Cz = d1 and Ax+ By + Cz = d2 is A2 = 10, B2 = –5, C2 = 20, d2 = 12
d1 − d2
( 2 × 10) + ( −1 × −5) + ( 4 × 20)
A + B2 + C 2
2 So, cos θ =
22 + ( −1)2 + 42 102 + ( −5)2 + 202
2x + 3y +4z = 4
20 + 5 + 80
Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = d1 =
A = 2, B = 3, C = 4, d1 = 4 4 + 1 + 16 100 + 25 + 400
And now, 4x + 6y + 8z = 12 105
=
2 (2x + 3y + 4z) = 12 21 525
Dividing by 2 105
2x + 3y + 4z = 6 =
21 × 25 × 21
Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = d2
A = 2, B = 3, C = 4, d2 = 6 105
=
So, 21 × 5 21
Distance between the two planes 105
=
4−6 −2 2 21 × 5
= = = =1
2 + 32 + 42
2
4 + 9 + 16 29
So, cos θ = 1
Q. 10. The planes : 2x – y + 4z = 5 and 5x – 2.5y + 10z
∴ θ = 0°
= 6 are
Since angle between the planes is 0°.
(a) Perpendicular
Therefore, the planes are parallel.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 or 2 marks each)

Q. 1. Write the equation of a plane which is at a distance Q. 3. Find the coordinates of the point where the line
of 5 3 units from origin and the normal to which through the points A (3, 4, 1) and B (5, 1, 6) crosses
is equally inclined to coordinate axes. the XZ plane. Also find the angle which this line
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2016] makes with the XZ plane.
x y z  [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016]
Ans. + + = 5 3 Ans. Equation of line through A (3, 4, 1) and B (5, 1, 6),
3 3 3
or x + y + z = 15 [1] x − 3 y − 4 z −1
= = = k (say)
Q. 2. Find the vector equation of the plane with 2 −3 5
intercepts 3, −4, 2 on x, y and z-axis respectively. General point on the line :
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016] x = 2k + 3, y = –3k + 4, z = 5k + 1
x y z Line crosses xz plane, i.e., y = 0 if –3k + 4 = 0
Ans. + + = 1
3 −4 2 4
∴k=
   ˆi ˆj kˆ  3
⇒ r ⋅ ( 4ˆi − 3ˆj +
= 6kˆ) 12 or r ⋅  − =+ 1  17 23 
 3 4 2  Coordinate of required point =  , 0, 
  [1]  3 3 
Angle, which line makes with xz plane :
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 485

2( 0) + ( −3)(1) + 5( 0) So, the vector equation will be

sin θ = 
4 + 9 + 25 1 r = (5ˆi − 4ˆj + 6kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ). [1]
3 Q. 10. The vector equation of the line through the points
= (3, 4, –7) and (1, –1, 6) is __________.
38
 3   [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 40, Page 239]
⇒θ = sin −1   [2] Ans. We know that, vector equation of a line that passes
 38  
through two points a and b is represented by
Q. 4. Find the vector equation of the line passing    
r =+ a λ ( b − a ).
through the point A (1, 2, –1) and parallel to the  
line 5x – 25 = 14 – 7y = 35z. Here, r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ, a = 3ˆi + 4ˆj − 7 kˆ and

 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017] b = ˆi − ˆj + 6kˆ
x −5 y −2 z
Ans. Equation of given line is = = . So, the required equation is
1 / 5 −1 / 7 1 / 35
1 1 1 xiˆ + yjˆ + xkˆ = 3ˆi + 4ˆj − 7 kˆ + λ ( −2ˆi − 5ˆj + 13kˆ)
Its directional ratios , − , or 7 , − 5, 1
5 7 35 ⇒ ( x − 3)ˆi + ( y − 4)ˆj + ( z + 7 )kˆ = λ ( −2ˆi − 5ˆj + 13kˆ) [1]
Equation of required line is 

r = (ˆi + 2ˆj − kˆ) + λ (7ˆi − 5ˆj + kˆ) [2]
Q. 11. The Cartesian equation of the plane r. i + j −  ( k =2)
Q. 5. A line passes through the point with position is __________.
vector 2ˆi - 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ and is perpendicular to the  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 41, Page 239]

 Ans. We have,         r ⋅ (ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) =2
plane r.(3ˆi + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ) = 7 . Find the equation of
the line in Cartesian and vector forms. ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
⇒ ( xi + yj + zk ) ⋅ (i + j − k ) = 2
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2017] ⇒ x+y−z=2

Ans. Vector form: r = ( 2ˆi − 3ˆj + 4kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 4ˆj − 5kˆ) This is the required Cartesian form. [1]
x−2 y+3 z−4 Q. 12. State true/false :
Cartesian form : = =
3 4 −5 The unit vector normal to the plane x + 2y +3z – 6
[2]
Q. 6. Find the distance between the planes 2x – y + 2z = ˆi 2 ˆj 3kˆ
= 0 is + + .
5 and 5x – 2.5y + 5z = 20. 14 14 14
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 42, Page 239]
2x − y + 2 z =5 Ans. True,
Ans. Writing the equations as 
2x − y + 2 z =
8 We have equation of plane as x + 2 y + 3z − 6 =0.
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
⇒ Distance = 1 unit  [1] Normal to the plane is n =i + 2 j + 3k .
Q. 7. A plane passes through the points (2,0,0), (0,3,0) Therefore, unit vector normal to the plane is :
and (0,0,4). The equation of plane is __________. ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 37, Page 239] nˆ =
12 + 22 + 32
Ans. We know that, equation of a plane that cuts the
coordinate axes at (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) is ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ
= + +
x y z 14 14 14 [2]
+ + = 1.
a b c Q. 13. State true/false :
Hence, the equation of plane passes through the The intercepts made by the plane 2x – 3y + 5z +4
x y z = 0 on the coordinate axis are –2, 4/3, –4/5.
points (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 4) is + + = 1. [1]
2 3 4  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 43, Page 239]
Ans. True,
Q. 8. The direction cosines of the vector (2ˆi + 2ˆj - k̂ ) are
We have equation of plane as 2x − 3y + 5z + 4 = 0
______. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 38, Page 239]
⇒ 2 x – 3y + 5z = −4
Ans. Direction cosines of ( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − kˆ) are
2 x 3y 5z
2 2 −1 ⇒ − + = 1
, , . −4 −4 −4
4 + 4 +1 4 + 4 +1 4 + 4 +1 x y z
⇒ + + = 1
i.e., 2 , 2 , −1 . [1] −2 4  4
3 3 3  − 
3  5
x−5 y+4 z−6
Q. 9. The vector equation of the line = = 4 4
3 7 2 So, the intercepts are –2, and − . [2]
is __________. 3 5
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 39, Page 239] Q. 14. State true/false :
x −5 y +4 z−6 The angle between the line
Ans. We have equation of line as = = . 
3 7 2 r = ( 5ˆi − ˆj − 4 kˆ) + λ ( 2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) and the plane
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  5
Line passes through the point a = 5i − 4 j + 6k and r ⋅ (3ˆi − 4 ˆj − kˆ) + 5 = 0 is sin
−1
.
parallel to the vector b = 3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ. 2 91
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 44, Page 239]
486 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Ans. False, x −5 y +4 z−6

 We have, = =
Line r = (5ˆi − ˆj − 4kˆ) + λ ( 2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) is parallel to the 3 7 2

vector b = 2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ . This line is passing through the point (5, –4, 6) and

Normal to the plane is n= 3ˆi − 4ˆj – kˆ . parallel to the vector 3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ.

Let θ is the angle between line and plane. ∴ Its vector form is r = (5ˆi − 4ˆj + 6kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ).
  [2]
b .n
Then, sin θ =   Q. 18. State true/false :
b n The equation of a line, which is parallel to
( 2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) ⋅ (3ˆi − 4ˆj − kˆ) 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ and which passes through the point
= x − 5 y+2 z − 4
(5, − 2, 4) is = = .
6 ⋅ 26 2 −1 3
6 + 4 −1 9  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 48, Page 240]
= =
156 2 39 Ans. False,
9 Line is parallel to the vector 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ.
∴ θ=
sin −1 Line passing through the point (5, –2, 4),
2 39 [2]
x−5 y +2 z−4
Q. 15. State true/false : So its equation is = = . [2]
 2 1 3
The angle between the planes r ⋅ ( 2ˆi − 3 ˆj + kˆ) = 1 Q. 19. State true/false :
 −1 −5 If the foot of perpendicular drawn from the origin
and r ⋅ (ˆi − ˆj ) = 4 is cos .
58 to a plane is (5, –3, –2), then the equation of plane

 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 45, Page 239] is r ⋅ ( 5ˆi − 3 ˆj − 2 kˆ) =
38.
Ans. False,  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 49, Page 240]
Normal to the plane Ans. True,
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ O(0, 0, 0)
r ⋅ ( 2i − 3 j + k ) = 1 is n1 = 2i − 3 j + k
 ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ
Normal to the plane r ⋅ (i − j ) =4 is n2 =i − j
∴ Angle between the planes is given by
 
n ⋅n
cosθ = 1  2
n1 n2

( 2ˆi − 3ˆj + kˆ) ⋅ (ˆi − ˆj ) P(5, –3, –2)

⇒ cos θ =
4 + 9 +1 1+1
From the figure, normal to the plane is
2+3 5 
⇒ cos θ= = n = OP = 5ˆi − 3ˆj − 2kˆ .
14 2 2 7 Plane passing through the point P(5, −3, −2).
 5  ∴ Equation of the plane is
∴θ = cos  −1

2 7 [2] 5( x − 5) − 3( y + 3) − 2( z + 2) = 0 or 5x − 3y − 2 z =38. [2]
Q. 16. State true/false : Q. 20. If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the x, y
 and z-axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
The line r = 2ˆi − 3 ˆj − kˆ + λ (ˆi − ˆj + 2 kˆ) lies in the
  [NCERT Ex. 11.1, Q. 1, Page 467]
plane r ⋅ (3ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) + 2 = 0.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 46, Page 239] Ans. Direction cosines of a line making angle α with
Ans. False, x-axis, β with y-axis and γ with z-axis are l, m and n.
 = l =
cos α , m =
cos β , n cos γ
We have, r = 2ˆi − 3ˆj − kˆ + λ (ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ)
Here, α = 90 ° , β = 135 °, γ = 45°,
⇒ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) = ( 2 + λ )ˆi + ( −3 − λ )ˆj + ( −1 + 2λ )kˆ So, direction cosines are
Position vector of any point on this line is = l cos= 90° 0
( 2 + λ )ˆi + ( −3 − λ )ˆj + ( −1 + 2λ )kˆ. −1
If this point lies on the plane then LHS of the plane is m = cos135° = cos(180 − 45°) = − cos 45° =
2
( 2 + λ )ˆi + ( −3 − λ )ˆj + ( −1 + 2λ )kˆ ⋅ (3ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) + 2
  1
= n cos= 45°
= 6 + 3λ − 3 − λ + 1 − 2λ + 2 ≠ 0 2
So, the line does not lie on the plane. [2] Therefore, required direction cosines are
Q. 17. State true/false : 1 1
0, – , . [2]
x − 5 y+4 z − 6 2 2
The vector equation of the line = =
3 7 2 Q. 21. Find the direction cosines of a line which makes
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
is r = 5i − 4 j +6 k + λ (3i +7 j + 2 k ). ˆ ˆ equal angles with the coordinate axes.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 47, Page 239]  [NCERT Ex. 11.1, Q. 2, Page 467]
Ans. True, Ans. Direction cosines of a line making, α with x-axis, β
with y-axis, and with z-axis are l, m and n
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 487
l = cosa , m = cos b , n = cos g So, a1, = –3, b1 = –5 and c1 = –3
Given the line makes equal angles with the For BC :
coordinate axes. B (–1, –2, 1)
So, C (5, 8, 7)
a = b = g ...(i) Direction ratios
So the, direction cosines are = 5 − ( −1), 8 − ( −2), 7 − 1
l = cosa , m = cosa , n = cosa = 6, 10, 6
We know that, So, a2, = 6, b2 = 10 and c2 = 6 [1]
l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 [1] Now,
cos a + cos b + cos g = 1
2 2 2 a2 6
= = −2
a1 −3
cos2 a + cos2 a + cos2 a = 1 (From Eq. (i))
b2 10
1 = = −2
3 cos2 a = b1 −5
3
1 c2 6
cos a =
2 = = −2
3 c1 −3
a b c
1 Since, 2 = 2 = 2 = −2
cosa = ± a1 b1 c1
3
Therefore A, B and C are collinear. [1]
1
∴ cosa = ± Q. 24. Find the equation of the line which passes through
3 the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector
Therefore, direction cosines are :
1 1 1 3ˆi + 2 ˆj − 2 kˆ
l=± , m=± , n=±  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 4, Page 477]
3 3 3 [1] Ans. Equation of a line passing through a point with
Q. 22. If a line has the direction ratios –18, 12, –4, then  
position vector a, and parallel to a vector b is
what are its direction cosines?   
 [NCERT Ex. 11.1, Q. 3, Page 467] r = a + lb
Ans. If direction ratios of a line are a, b and c. Since line passes through the point (1, 2, 3)

Direction cosines are a = 1ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
a b c Since line is parallel to 3ˆi + 2ˆj − 2kˆ
, ,
a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 . b = 3ˆi + 2ˆj − 2kˆ
Given that,   
Equation of line r = a + l b
Direction ratios = –18, 12, –4 
r = (ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) + l (3ˆi + 2ˆj − 2kˆ) [2]
a = −18, b = 12, c = −4
Q. 25. Find the Cartesian equation of the line which
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ( −18)2 + 122 + ( −4)2 passes through the point (–2, 4, –5) and parallel to
= 324 + 144 + 16 x+3 y−4 z+8
the line given by = = .
3 5 6
= 484
[1]  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 6, Page 477]
= 22 Ans. Equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1, z1)
Direction cosines
and parallel to a line having direction ratios a, b, c is
a b c x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= , , = =
a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a b c
−18 12 −4 Since the line passes through the points (–2, 4, –5)
= , ,
22 22 22 x1 = −2, y1 = 4, z1 = −5
−9 6 −2 x +3 y −4 z+8
= , , Since the line is parallel to = =
11 11 11 [1] 3 5 6
Q. 23. Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (–1, –2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are a = 3, b = 5 c = 6 [1]
collinear. Therefore, equation of line in Cartesian form is :
 [NCERT Ex. 11.1, Q. 4, Page 467] x − ( −2) y − 4 z − ( −5)
B(–1, –2, 1) = =
Ans. 3 5 6
[1]
A(2, 3, 4) C(5, 8, 7) x+2 y−4 z+5
= =
Three points A, B and C are collinear if direction 3 5 6
ratios of AB and BC are proportional. Q. 26. The Cartesian equation of a line is
For AB : x−5 y+4 z−6
= = . Write its vector form.
A (2, 3, 4) 3 7 2
B (–1, –2, 1)  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 7, Page 477]
Direction ratios Ans. Cartesian equation :
= −1 − 2, − 2 − 3, 1 − 4 x −5 y +4 z−6
= =
= −3, − 5, − 3 3 7 2
488 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

x − 5 y − ( −4) z − 6 Q. 28. In each of the following cases, determine the

= = direction cosines of the normal to the plane and
3 7 2  ...(i)
Equation of a line in Cartesian form is given by the distance from the origin.
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 (a) z=2 (b) x + y + z = 1
= = (c) 2x + 3y – z = 5 (d) 5y + 8 = 0
a b c ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii), we have  [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 1, Page 493]
x1 = 5, y1 = −4 z1 = 6 Ans. (a) For plane
And ax + by + cz = d
Direction ratios of normal = a, b, c
= a 3,= b 7= c 2 [1]
Direction cosines :
Equation of line in vector form is :
   a b c
r= a + λ b = l = ,m = ,n
2 2 2 2 2 2
Where a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2

 d
a = x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ = 5ˆi − 4ˆj + 6kˆ and b = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ Distance from the origin =
a2 + b2 + c 2
= 3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ Given equation of plane is
Now, z=2

r = (5ˆi − 4ˆj + 6kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ) 0x + 0 y + 1z = 2
Therefore, equation of line in vector form is : Comparing with ax + by + cz = d

r = (5ˆi − 4ˆj + 6kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ) [1] = a 0= , b 0= , c 1 and= d 2
x−5 y+2 z x y z and a + b + c = 02 + 02 + 12 = 1
2 2 2
Q. 27. Show that the line = = and = =
7 −5 1 1 2 3 Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
are perpendicular to each other. a b c
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 13, Page = 478] l = ,m = ,n
a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2
Ans. Two lines
0 0 1
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 = l =,m = ,n
= = 1 1 1
a1 b1 c1
 = l 0,= m 0= ,n 1
and
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2 ∴ Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
= = = (0, 0, 1)
a2 b2 c2
And,
are perpendicular to each other if
d 2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = 0 [1] Distance from = the origin = = 2.
x−5 y +2 z
2
a +b +c2 2 1 [2]
= = (b) For plane
7 −5 1
ax + by + cz = d
x − 5 y − ( −2) z − 0
= = Direction ratios of normal = a, b, c
7 −5 1
Comparing with Direction cosines :
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 a b c
= = , = l = ,m = ,n
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1 b1 c1 a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2

So, d
Distance from the origin =
x1 = 5, y1 = −2 z1 = 0 a2 + b2 + c 2
and a1 = 7 , b1 = −5, c1 = 1 Given equation of plane is :
Now for : x +y+z= 1
x y z 1x + 1y + 1z = 1
= = Comparing with ax + by + cz = d
1 2 3
x−0 y−0 z−0 = a 1,= b 1= , c 1 and= d 1
= =
1 2 3 and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
Comparing with Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2 a b c
= = , = l = ,m = ,n
a2 b2 c2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a +b c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2
So,
= x 2 0= y 2 0,= z 2 0, 1 1 1
= l = ,m = ,n
=
and a2 1= , b 2 2 ,= c2 3 3 3 3
∴ Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
So, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = ( 7 × 1) + ( −5 × 2) + (1 × 3)  1 1 1 
= , , 
= 7 + ( −10) + 3 = 0  3 3 3
Therefore, the two given lines are perpendicular to And,
each other. [1] d 1
Distance from = the origin = [2]
a2 + b2 + c 2 3
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 489
For plane(c) 
(c) r .[( s − 2t )ˆi + (3 − t ) ˆj + (2 s + t )kˆ] =
15
ax + by + cz = d
 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 3, Page 493]
Direction ratios of normal = a, b, c 
Direction cosines : Ans. (a) Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in equation

a b c r ⋅ (ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) =2
=l = ,m = ,n
a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( xi + yj + zk ) ⋅ (i + j − k ) =ˆ 2
d
Distance from the origin = ( x × 1) + ( y × 1) + ( z × −1) = 2
a2 + b2 + c 2
Given equation of plane is x+y−z= 2
2x + 3y − z = 5 is the Cartesian equation of the given plane. [2]

2x + 3y − 1z = 5 (b) Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in equation
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Comparing with ax + by + cz = d r ⋅ ( 2i + 3 j − 4k ) = 1
a= 2, b = 3, c = −1 and d = 5
( xi + yj + zk ) ⋅ ( 2i + 3ˆj − 4kˆ) =
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 1
and a 2 + b 2 + c=
2
22 + 32 + ( −1)2 ( x × 2) + ( y × 3) + ( z × −4) =1
= 4 + 9 +1 2x + 3y - 4 z = 1
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane. [2]
= 14 
Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are (c) Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in equation

a b c r ⋅ [( s − 2t )ˆi + (3 − t )ˆj + (2 s + t )kˆ] = 15
= l = ,m = ,n
( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) ⋅ [( s − 2t )ˆi + (3 − t )ˆj + (2 s + t )kˆ] =
2 2 2 2 2 2
a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2
15
2 3 −1 x( s - 2t ) + y(3 − t ) + z(2 s + t ) =
15
= l = ,m = ,n
14 14 14 ( s − 2t )x + (3 − t )y + (2 s + t )z =15
∴ Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
 2 3 −1  This is the equation of the plane in Cartesian form. [2]
= , ,  Q. 30. Find the intercepts cut-off by the plane 2x + y – z
 14 14 14  = 5. [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 7, Page 493]
And, Ans. The equation of a plane with intercepts a, b, c on x,
d 5
Distance from = the origin = y, and z-axis respectively is :
2
a +b +c 2 2
14 [2] x y z
(d) For plane + + = 1
a b c ...(i)
ax + by + cz = d
Given, equation of plane is :
Direction ratios of normal = a, b, c
2x + y − z = 5
Direction cosines :
a b c Dividing by 5
= l = ,m = ,n 2x + y − z 5
2
a +b +c 2 2 2
a +b +c2 2
a + b2 + c2
2
=
d 5 5
Distance from the origin = 2x y z
a2 + b2 + c 2 + − = 1
Given equation of plane is 5 5 5
5 +8= 0 x y z
+ + = 1
5 = −8  5  5 ( −5)
2
−5 = 8  
0x − 5 y + 0 z = 8 Comparing above equation with (i)
Comparing with ax + by + cz = d 5
a = , b = 5, c = −5 [2]
a= 0, b = −5, c = 0 and d = 8 2
Q. 31. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on
and a 2 + b 2 + c= 2
02 + ( −5)2 + 0=2
25
= 5 the y-axis and parallel to ZOX plane.
Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are :  [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 8, Page 493]
a b c Y
= l = ,m = ,n Ans.
a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c 2
0 −5 0 (0, 3, 0)
= l = ,m = ,n
5 5 5
∴ Direction cosines of the normal to the plane are
= (0, –1, 0)
And,
d 8 O
Distance from = the origin = [2] X
a2 + b2 + c 2 5
Q. 29. Find the Cartesian equation of the following
planes :
  Z
(a) r .(ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) =2 (b) r .( 2ˆi + 3 ˆj −4 kˆ) = 1
490 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

The equation of a plane with intercepts a, b, c on x, 2x − y + 2 z + 3 = 0

y and z-axis respectively is 2x − y + 2 z =−3
x y z
+ + = 1 −( 2x − y + 2 z ) =3
a b c
Given that, −2x + y − 2 z = 3
The plane is parallel to ZOX plane as shown Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = D,
∴ Intercept on x-axis = 0 A= −2, B = 1, C =−2, D = 3
So, a = 0 and intercept on z-axis = 0 Now,
So, c = 0 Distance of point from the plane is
Given that,
( −2 × 3) + (1 × −2) + ( −2 × 1) − 3
Intercept on y-axis = 3 =
So, b = 3 ( −2)2 + 12 + ( 2)2
Equation of a plane, ( −6) + ( −2) + ( −2) − 3
=
x y z 4 +1+ 4
+ + = 1
0 3 0 −13
=
y 9
0+ +0= 1
3 13
=  [2]
y 3
=1
3 (c) The distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane
y = 3 [2] Ax+ By + Cz = D is :
Q. 32. In the following cases, find the distance of each Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D
of the given points from the corresponding given A 2 + B2 + C 2
plane.
Given that, the point is (2, 3, –5).
Point Plane
So, x1 = 2, y1 = 3, z1 = −5
(a) (0, 0, 0) 3x – 4y + 12 z = 3
(b) (3, –2, 1) 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 And the equation of plane is :
(c) (2, 3, –5) x + 2y – 2z = 9 1x + 2 y − 2 z =9
(d) (–6, 0, 0) 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0 Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = D,
 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 14, Page 494] A= 1, B = 2, C = −2, D = 9
Ans. (a) The distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the Now,
plane Ax+ By + Cz = D is : Distance of point from the plane is
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D (1 × 2) + ( 2 × 3) + ( −2 × −5) − 9
=
A 2 + B2 + C 2 12 + 22 + ( −2)2
Given that, the point is (0, 0, 0). 2 + 6 + 10 − 9
=
So, x1 0= , y1 0= , z1 0 =
1+ 4 + 4
And the equation of plane is : 18 − 9 9
3x − 4 y + 12 z =3 = = =3
9 3 [2]
Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = D,
(d) The distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane
A= 3, B = −4, C = 12, D = 3 Ax + By +Cz = D is :
Now,
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D
Distance of point from the plane is
A 2 + B2 + C 2
(3 × 0) + ( −4 × 0) + (12 × 0) − 3 Given that, the point is (–6, 0, 0).
=
32 + ( −4)2 + 122 So, x1 = −6, y1 = 0, z1 = 0
And the equation of plane is :
0+0+0−3
= 2x − 3y + 6 z − 2 = 0
9 + 16 + 144
2x − 3y + 6 z = 2
3 Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = D,
=
169 A= 2, B = −3, C = 6, D =3
3 Now,
=
13 [2] Distance of point from the plane
(b) The distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane
Ax + By +Cz = D is : ( 2 × −6) + ( −3 × 0) + ( 6 × 0) − 2
=
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D 22 + ( −3)2 + 62
A 2 + B2 + C 2 −12 + 0 + 0 − 2
=
Given that, the point is (3, –2, 1). 4 + 9 + 36
So, x1 = 3, y1 = −2, z1 =
1 −14 −14
= = = −2 = 2
And the equation of plane is 49 7 [2]
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 491
Q. 33. Show that the line joining the origin to the point and a2 =
b − c , b2 =
c − a, c2 =
a−b
(2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined by
the points (3, 5, –1), (4, 3, –1). a( b − c ) + b( c − a ) + c( a − b )
So, cosθ =
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 1, Page 497] a + b 2 + c 2 ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 + ( a − b )2
2

Ans. Two line having direction ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, ab − ac + bc − ab + ca − bc
c2 are perpendicular to each other if =
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 b 2 + c 2 − 2bc + c 2 + a 2 − 2ca + a 2 + b 2 − 2ab
0
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 =
Also, a line passing through the points (x1, y1, z1) =0
and (x2, y2, z2) has the direction ratios ∴ cos θ = 0
So, θ = 90°
( x 2 − x1 ), ( y 2 − y1 ), ( z2 − z1 )
Therefore, angle between the given pair of lines
For AB : is 90°. [2]
A (0, 0, 0) Q. 36. Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and
B (2, 1, 1) passing through the origin.
Direction ratios  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 4, Page 498]
= (2 – 0), (1 – 0), (1 – 0) Ans. Direction cosines of a line making angle α with
= 2, 1, 1 x-axis, β with y-axis and γ with z-axis are l, m and n.
∴ a1= 2, b1= 1, c1= 1 x-axis makes an angle 0° with x-axis,
Now for CD : 90° with y-axis and 90° with z-axis,
C (3, 5, –1) y
D (4, 3, –1)
Direction ratios
= (4 – 3), (3 – 5), (–1 + 1) o X
= 1, –2, 0
∴ a2 = 1, b2 = −2 and c 2 = 0
Z
Now,
So, α =° 0 , β= 90°, γ = 90°
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = ( 2 × 1) + (1 × −2) + (1 × 0)
Direction cosines are :
= 2 + ( −2) + 0 l cos 0°, m
= = cos 90° n = cos 90°
= 2−2 = l 1= , m 0= , n 0
=0 ∴ Direction cosines of x-axis are 1, 0, 0. [1]
Therefore, the given two lines are perpendicular [2]
Equation of line passing through points (x1, y1, z1)
Q. 34. If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of and parallel to a line with direction ratios a, b, c is
two mutually perpendicular lines, show that the
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
direction cosines of the line perpendicular to both = =
of these are m1 n2 − m2 n1 , n1 l2 − n2 l1 , l1 m2 − l2 m1 a b c
Since line passes through origin, i.e., (0, 0, 0),
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 2, Page 497]
Ans. Weknow that, = x1 1= , y1 0= , z1 0
   Since line is parallel to x-axis,
a × b is perpendicular to both a and b .
So, required line is the cross-product of lines having = a 1= , b 0= , c 0
direction cosines l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 x−0 y−0 z−0
Equation of line : = =
ˆi ˆj kˆ 1 0 0
x y z
Required line = l1 m1 n1 = =
1 0 0 [1]
l2 m2 n2 x−1 y−2 z−3
Q. 37. If the lines = = and
−3 2k 2
= ˆi (m1n2 − m2 n1 ) − ˆj(l1n2 − l2 n1 ) + kˆ(l1m2 − l2 m1 ) x−1 y−1 z−6
= = are perpendicular, find the
= ( m1n2 − m2 n1 )ˆi − (l1n2 − l2 n1 )ˆj + (l1m2 − l2 m1 )kˆ 3k 1 −5
So that, direction cosines = m1n2 – m2n1, n1l2 – n2l1, value of k. [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 6, Page 498]
l1m2 – l2m1 x − x y − y1 z − z1
Ans. Two lines = = 1
and
∴ Direction cosines of the line perpendicular to a1 b1 c1
both of these are m1n2 – m2n1, n1l2 – n2l1, l1m2 – l2m1. x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
Thus proved [2] = = are perpendicular to each
a2 b2 c2
Q. 35. Find the angle between the lines whose direction other if
ratios are a, b, c and b – c, c – a, a – b.
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = 0
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 3, Page 498]
Given that,
Ans. Angle between the lines with direction ratios a1, b1,
c1 and a2, b2, c2 is given by x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= =
−3 2k 2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 Comparing with
cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
Given that, = a1 a= , b1 b= , c1 c a1 b1 c1
492 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

=x1 1= , y1 2= , z1 3 =
So, x1 a=
, y1 b=
, z1 c
and a1 = −3, b1 = 2k , c1 = 2
Rough
Now for :
x −1 y −1 z − 6
= = Y
3k 1 −5
Comparing with
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = N
a2 b2 c2
=x 2 1,= y 2 1= , z2 6
and a2 = 3k , b1 = 1, c1 = −2, [1] X
O
Since the two lines are perpendicular,
Z n
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = 0
( −3 × 3k ) + ( 2k × 1) + ( 2 × −5) = 0 r . ( ˆi + ˆj + k̂ )
−9k + 2k − 10 = 0
Since both planes are parallel to each other, their
−7 k =10 normal will be parallel.
−10 ∴ Direction ratios of normal = Direction ratios of
k= 
7 normal of r ⋅ (ˆi + ˆj + kˆ) =0
−10 Direction ratios of normal = 1, 1, 1
Therefore, k = [1]
7 ∴ A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
Q. 38. Find the equation of the plane passing through (a,
Thus,
b, c) and parallel to the plane r .(ˆ i + ˆj + kˆ) =2. Equation of plane in Cartesian form is :
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 8, Page 498] 0
A( x − x1 ) + B( y − y1 ) + C( z − z1 ) =
Ans. The equation of plane passing through (x1, y1, z1)
1( x − a ) + 1( y − b ) + 1( z − c ) =
0
and perpendicular to a line with direction ratio A,
B and C is x−a+ y−b+z−c = 0
0
A( x − x1 ) + B( y − y1 ) + C( z − z1 ) = x + y + z − (a + b + c) = 0
The plane passes through (a, b, c) x+y+z= a+b+c [2]

Short Answer Type Questions (3 and 4 marks each)

    
Q. 1. Let a = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ, b = ˆi and c = c1ˆi + c2 ˆj + c3 kˆ, then Also BC ⋅ CA = 0
 
(a) Let c1 = 1 and c2 = 2, find c3 which makes a, b and ∴A, B and C form a right triangle.

c coplanar. 1   1
Area =
of ∆ | AB ×=
BC | 210 [4]
(b) If c2 = –1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1 can 2 2
 
makes a, b and c coplanar. Q. 3. Find the value of λ, if four points with position
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017] vectors 3ˆi + 6 ˆj + 9 kˆ, ˆi + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, 2ˆi + 3 ˆj + kˆ and
1 1 1
  4ˆi + 6 ˆj + λ kˆ are coplanar.
Ans. [ a b c= ] 1 0 0= c 2 − c 3  [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017]
c1 c 2 c3 Ans. Given points, A, B, C and D are coplanar, if the
  
(a) c1 = 1, c2 = 2 vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar, i.e.
    
[ a b c ]= 2 − c3 AB =−2ˆi − 4ˆj − 6kˆ, AC =−ˆi − 3ˆj + 8kˆ, AD =ˆi + ( λ + 9)kˆ
      are coplanar.
 a , b , c are coplanar [ a , b , c ] =0 ⇒ c3 =2
(b) c2 = –1, c3 = 1 i.e.,
  −2 −4 −6
[ a b c ] =c 2 − c3 =−2 ≠ 0
   −1 −3 −8 = 0
⇒ No value of c1 can make a, b, c coplanar. [4]
Q. 2. Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 1 0 λ −9
2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ, ˆi − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ and 3ˆi − 4 ˆj − 4 kˆ respectively, −2[ −3λ + 27] + 4[ −λ + 17] − 6(3) = 0
are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence ⇒ λ= 2. [4]
find the area of the triangle. Q. 4. Find the shortest distance between lines
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017] 
   r = 6ˆi + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ + λ (ˆi − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ)
Ans. AB =−i − 2 j − 6kˆ, BC =2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ, CA =−ˆi + 3ˆj + 5kˆ
ˆ ˆ 
   and r =−4ˆi − kˆ + µ ( 3ˆi − 2 ˆj − 2 kˆ).
Since AB, BC , CA , are not parallel vectors, and  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 9, Page 498]
   
AB + BC + CA = 0 Ans. Shortest distance between lines with vector
∴A, B and C form a triangle. equations
  
( b − a ) = (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 1kˆ) − (5ˆi + 1ˆj + 6kˆ)
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 493
= (3 − 5)ˆi + ( 4 − 1)ˆj + (1 − 6)kˆ
     
r = a1 + l b1 and r = a2 + m b2 is = −2ˆi + 3ˆj − 5kˆ
    
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 − a1 ) ∴ r = (5ˆi + ˆj + 6kˆ) + l ( −2ˆi + 3ˆj − 5kˆ)...(i)
  Let the coordinates of the point where the line
b1 × b2 crosses the YZ plane be (0, y, z)
 
For : r = ( 6ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ) + l (ˆi − 2ˆj + 2kˆ) So, r = 0ˆi + yjˆ + zkˆ ...(ii)
   Since point lies in the line, it will satisfy the
Comparing with r = a1 + l b1 ,
  equation,
a = 6ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ and b = 1ˆi − 2ˆj + 2kˆ
1 1 Putting value of Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we have
Now For : 0ˆi + yjˆ + zkˆ = 5ˆi + ˆj + 6kˆ − 2lˆi + 3l ˆj − 5l kˆ

r = ( −4ˆi − kˆ) + m (3ˆi − 2ˆj − 2kˆ) 0ˆi + yjˆ + zkˆ = (5 − 2l )ˆi + (1 + 3l )ˆj + ( 6 − 5l )kˆ
  
Two vectors are equal if their corresponding
Comparing with r = a2 + m b2 ,
  components are equal.
a2 = 4ˆi + 0ˆj + 1kˆ and b2 = 3ˆi − 2ˆj − 2kˆ So,
 
Now, ( a2 − a1 ) = ( −4ˆi + 0ˆj − 1kˆ) − ( 6ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ) 0 = 5 − 2l ; y = 1 + 3l ; z = 6 − 5l [2]
Solving
= ( −4 − 6)ˆi + ( 0 − 2)ˆj + ( −1 − 2)kˆ 0 = 5 − 2l
= −10ˆi − 2ˆj − 3kˆ 0 = 2l
ˆi ˆj kˆ ∴l =
5
 
( b1 × b2 ) = 1 −2 2 2
5 15 17
3 −2 −2 Now, y = 1 + 3l = 1 + 3 × = 1 + =
2 2 2
= ˆi [( −2 × −2) − ( −2 × 2)] − ˆj[(1 × −2) − (3 × 2)] 5 25 −13
and z = 6 − 5l = 6 − 5 × = 6 − =
+ kˆ[(1 × −2) − (3 × −2)] 2 2 2
Therefore, the coordinates of the required point is
= ˆi [ 4 + 4] − ˆj[ −2 − 6] + kˆ[ −2 + 6]  17 −13 
= ˆi (8) − ˆj( −8) + kˆ( 4)  0, 2 , 2  . [1]
 
Q. 6. Find the coordinates of the point where the line
= 8ˆi + 8ˆj + 4kˆ
  through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the ZX-plane.
Magnitude of b1 × b2 = 82 + 82 + 42  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 11, Page 498]
  Ans. The equation of a line passing
b1 × b2 = 64 + 64 + 16 = 144 = 12   through two points
[2] with position vectors a and b is :
Also,    
    r = a + l (b − a )
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 − a1 ) = (8ˆi + 8ˆj + 4kˆ) ⋅ ( −10ˆi − 2ˆj − 3kˆ) Given that, the line passes through
= (8 × −10) + (8 × −2) + 4( 4 × −3) A (5, 1, 6)
= 80 + ( −16) + ( −12)  ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = 5i + 1 j + 6k
= −108 B (3, 4, 1)
    
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 × a1 ) b = 3ˆi + 4ˆj + 1kˆ
Shortest distance =    
b1 × b2 ( b − a ) = (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 1kˆ) − (5ˆi + 1ˆj + 6kˆ)
= (3 − 5)ˆi + (4 − 1)ˆj + (1 − 6)kˆ
−108
= = −9 = 9
12 [1] = –2ˆi + 3ˆj − 5kˆ

Q. 5. Find the coordinates of the point where the line ∴ r = (5ˆi + ˆj + 6kˆ) + l ( −2ˆi + 3ˆj − 5kˆ) ...(i)
through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the YZ-plane.
Let the coordinates of the point where the line
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 10, Page 498]
crosses the ZX plane be (x, 0, z)
Ans. The equation of a line passing  through two points 

with position vectors a and b is So, r = xiˆ + 0ˆj + zkˆ ...(ii)
   
r = a + l (b − a ) Since point lies in the line, it will satisfy its equation,
Given, the line passes through
Putting value of Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i)
For Points A and B :
A (5, 1, 6) xiˆ + 0ˆj + zkˆ = 5ˆi + ˆj + 6kˆ − 2lˆi + 3l ˆj − 5l kˆ
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = 5i + 1 j + 6k xiˆ + 0ˆj + zkˆ = (5 − 2l )ˆi + (1 + 3l )ˆj + ( 6 − 5l )kˆ
B (3, 4, 1) Two vectors are equal if their corresponding
 components are equal.
b = 3ˆi + 4ˆj + 1kˆ So,
 
( b − a ) = (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 1kˆ) − (5ˆi + 1ˆj + 6kˆ) x = 5 − 2l ; 0 = 1 + 3l ; z = 6 − 5l [2]
= (3 − 5)ˆi + ( 4 − 1)ˆj + (1 − 6)kˆ Solving

= −2ˆi + 3ˆj − 5kˆ

494 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

0 = 1 + 3λ Now the plane passes through the point (–1, 3, 2)

   3λ = −1 So, equation of plane is :
−1 A( x + 1) + B( y − 3) + C( z − 2) =
0 ...(i)
∴λ = We find the direction ratios of normal to plane,
3 i.e. A, B and C.
−1 2 17
Now, x = 5 − 2λ = 5 − 2 × = 5+ = Also, the plane is perpendicular to the given two
3 3 13 planes.
−1 5 23 So, their normal to plane would be perpendicular
z = 6 − 5λ = 6 − 5 × = 6+ = [1]
3 3 3 to normal of both planes.
Therefore, the coordinates of the required point is We know that,
   
 17 23  a × b is perpendicular to both a and b .
 3 , 0, 3  . [1]
  So, required normal is the cross-product of normal
Q. 7. Find the coordinates of the point where the line of planes x + 2 y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z =0.
through (3, –4, –5) and (2, –3, 1) crosses the plane 2x
ˆi ˆj kˆ
+ y + z = 7. [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 12, Page 498]
Ans. The equation of a line passing through two points Required normal 1 2 3
A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) is 3 3 1
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = = ˆi [ 2(1) − 3(3)] − ˆj [1(1) − 3(3)]
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 .
Given that, the line passes through the points + ˆ[1(3) − 3( 2)]
A (3, − 4, − 5)
= ˆi ( 2 − 9) − ˆj(1 − 9) + kˆ(3 − 6)
∴ x1 = 3, y1 = −4, z1 = −5
= −7ˆi + 8ˆj − 3kˆ
B ( 2, − 3, 1)
Hence, direction ratios = –7, 8, –3
∴ x2 = 2, y 2 = −3, z2 = 1 ∴ A = –7, B = 8, C = –3 [2]
So, the equation of line is Putting above values in Eq. (i)
x − 3 y − ( −4) z − ( −5) A( x + 1) + B( y − 3) + C( z − 2) = 0
= =
2 − 3 −3 − ( −4) 1 − ( −5) −7 k ( x + 1) + 8k ( y − 3) − 3k ( z − 2) = 0
x −3 y +4 z+5 k[ −7( x + 1) + 8( y − 3) − 3( z − 2)] = 0
= = = k
−1 1 6
So, −7( x + 1) + 8( y − 3) − 3( z − 2) = 0
x =− k + 3; y =k − 4 ; z =6k − 5 ...(i) −7 x + 8 y − 3z − 25 = 0
Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of the point where 0 = 7 x − 8 y + 3z + 25
the line crosses the plane 2x + y + z = 7 7 x − 8 y + 3z + 25 = 0
Putting value of x, y, z from Eq. (i) in the equation Therefore, equation of the required plane is 7x – 8y
of plane, + 3z + 25 =0 [1]
2x + y + z = 7 Q. 9. If the points (1, 1, p) and (–3, 0, 1) be equidistant
2( − k + 3) + ( k − 4) + ( 6k − 5) =7 
from the r ⋅ ( 3ˆi + 4 ˆj − 12 kˆ) + 13 = 0 , then find the
−2k + 6 + k − 4 + 6k − 5 = 7 [2] value of p. [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 14, Page 498]

5 −3= 7 Ans. The distance of a point with position vector a from
5 = 7+3 the plane
 
             5 10   a ⋅n − d
r ⋅n = d is 
10 n
∴ k= = 2
5 Given, the points are
Putting value of k in x, y, z (i) (1, 1, p)

x =− k + 3 =−2 + 3 = 1 So, a = 1ˆi + 1ˆj + pkˆ
1
y = k − 4 = 2 − 4 = −2 (ii) (–3, 0, 1)

z = 6k − 5 = 6 × 2 − 5 = 12 − 5 = 7 So, a2 = −3ˆi + 0ˆj + 1kˆ
Therefore, the coordinate of the required point are The equation of plane is :
(1, –2, 7). [1] 
Q. 8. Find the equation of the plane passing through r ⋅ (3ˆi + 4ˆj − 12kˆ) + 13 = 0
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
the point (–1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of r ⋅ (3i + 4 j − 12k ) =−13
the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.  ˆ ˆ ˆ
−r ⋅ (3i + 4 j − 12k ) = 13
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 13, Page 498]  ˆ ˆ ˆ
r ⋅ ( −3i − 4 j + 12k ) =13
Ans. The equation of a plane passing through the point
 
(x1, y1, z1) is given by Comparing with r ⋅ n = d,

0
A( x − x1 ) + B( y − y1 ) + C( z − z1 ) = n= −3ˆi − 4ˆj + 12kˆ and, d = 13
where A, B and C are the direction ratios of normal 
Magnitude of n = ( −3)2 + ( −4)2 + 122
to the plane.

n = 9 + 16 + 144
= 169 13
=
  
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 495
Magnitude of n = ( −3)2 + ( −4)2 + 122 r ⋅ (ˆi + 2ˆj − 5kˆ) + 9 = 0
  ˆ ˆ ˆ
n = 9 + 16 + 144 r ⋅ ( i + 2 j − 5k ) = −9
 ˆ ˆ
= =169 13 − r ⋅ ( i + 2 j − 5k ) =9
  [1]
(i) Distance of point a1 from plane, r ⋅ ( −1ˆi – 2ˆj + 5kˆ) =9
   
a1 ⋅ n − d (1ˆi + 1ˆj + pkˆ) ⋅ ( −3ˆi − 4ˆj + 12kˆ) − 13 Comparing with r ⋅ n = d,
 =  ˆ ˆ ˆ
n 13 n =−i − 2 j + 5k
Since line is perpendicular to plane, the line will be
(1 × −3) + (1 × −4) + ( p × 12) − 13 parallel to the normal of the plane.
=  
13
∴ b =n =−1ˆi − 2ˆj + 5kˆ
−3 − 4 + 12 p − 13 Hence,
=
13 
r = (1ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) + λ ( −1ˆi − 2ˆj + 5kˆ)
12 p − 20 
= r =(ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) − λ (ˆi + 2ˆj − 5kˆ)
13 
∴Vector equation of line is
(ii) Distance of point a2 from plane, 
  r =(ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) − λ (ˆi + 2ˆj − 5kˆ) . [2]
a2 ⋅ n − d ( −3ˆi + 0ˆj + 1kˆ) ⋅ ( −3ˆi − 4ˆj + 12kˆ) − 13 Q. 11. If the coordinates of the points A, B, C and D be
 =
n 13 (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (– 4, 3, –6) and (2, 9, 2), respectively,
then find the angle between the lines AB and CD.
( −3 × −3) + ( 0 × −4) + (1 × 12) − 13
=  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 5, Page 498]
13 Ans. Angle between a pair of lines having direction
9 + 0 + 12 − 13 ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 is given by
=
13 a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2
cos θ =
18 8 a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
= =
13 13 A line passing through A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2)
Since the plane is equi-distance from both the has direction ratios (x2 – x1), (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1)
points, For AB :
12 p − 20 8 A (1, 2, 3) and B (4, 5, 7)
=
13 13 Direction ratios of AB :
(4 – 1), (5 – 2) and (7 – 3)
12 p − 20 =
8
= 3, 3, 4
(12 p − 20) = ±8 [2] ∴ a1 = 3, b1 = 3, c1 = 4
Solve for both condition one by one : For CD :
12 p − 20 = 8 C (–4, 3, –6) and D (2, 9, 2)
12 p= 8 + 20 Direction ratios of CD :
12 p = 28 [2 – (–4)], (9 – 3) and [2 – (–3)]
= 6, 6, 8
28 7 ∴ a2 = 6, b2 = 6, c2 = 8
=p =
12 3 Now,
Now for,
12 p − 20 = −8 a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
cos θ =
12 p =−8 + 20 a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2
1
12 p = 12
3× 6 + 3× 6 + 4 ×8
12 cos θ =
=p = 1 3 + 32 + 42 62 + 62 + 82
2
12
So, 18 + 18 + 32
=
7 9 + 9 + 16 36 + 36 + 64
p = and p = 1 [1]
3 68
Q. 10. Find the vector equation of the line passing =
34 136
through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane
 68
r ⋅ (ˆi + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ) + 9 =0. =
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 7, Page 498] 34 4 × 34
Ans. The vector equation of a line passing through a point 68
 =
 34 4 × 34
with position vector a and parallel to vector b is
  
r= a + λ b 68
=
Given that, the line passes through the point (1, 2, 3). 34 34 × 4

So, a =1ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ 68
=
Finding Normal of Plane : 34 × 2

r ⋅ (ˆi + 2ˆj − 5kˆ) + 9 = 0 68
 ˆ ˆ ˆ = = 1
r ⋅ ( i + 2 j − 5k ) =−9 68  [2]
 ˆ ˆ
− r ⋅ (i + 2 j − 5k ) =9

r ⋅ ( −1ˆi – 2ˆj + 5kˆ) =9
 496 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

∴cos θ = 1 Ans. The vector equation of plane passing through the

 So, θ = 0°    
intersection of planes r ⋅ n1 = d1 and r ⋅ n2 = d2. and
Therefore, angle between AB and CD is 0°. [1]   
Q. 12. Find the equation of the plane through the   also passes through the point (x1 , y 1 , z 1 ) is r ⋅ ( n + λ n 2 ) =d1 + λ d 2
 1

intersection of the planes 3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and r ⋅ ( n1 + λ n2 ) =d1 + λ d2

x + y + z – 2 = 0 and the point (2, 2, 1). Given that, the plane passes through
 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 9, Page 493] 
(i) r ⋅ ( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7
Ans. Equation of a plane passing through the intersection  
of planes Comparing with r ⋅ n1 = d1 ,

A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2 ˆ ˆ
n1 = 2i + 2 j − 3k ˆ
And through the point (x1, y1, z1) is
and d1 = 7
( A1x + B1y + C1z =d1 ) + λ ( A2 x + B2 y + C2 z =d2 ) =0 
(ii) r ⋅ ( 2ˆi + 5ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9
Given that, plane passes through  
For : Comparing with r ⋅ n2 = d2 ,

3x − y + 2 z − 4 = 0 ˆ ˆ
n2 = 2i + 5 j + 3k ˆ
i.e. 3x + ( −1) y + 2 z =4 and d2 = 9
Comparing with So, equation of plane is :
A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 
r ⋅ ( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ) + λ ( 2ˆi + 5ˆj + 3kˆ) =7 + λ .9
 
A1 = 3, B1 = −1, C1 = 2, d1 = 4   ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
r ⋅ 2i + 3 j − 3k + 2λi + 5λ j + 3λ k  =7 + 9λ
For :  
x+y+z–2= 0   ˆ
ˆ ˆ
r ⋅ ( 2 + 2λ )i + ( 2 + 5λ ) j + ( −3 + 3λ )k = 9λ + 7 ...(i)
i.e. 1x + 1y + 1z = 2  

Comparing with Now, to find λ, put r = xˆi + yˆj + zkˆ
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2 , ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) ⋅ ( 2 + 2λ )ˆi + ( 2 + 5λ )ˆj + ( −3 + 3λ )kˆ
= A2 1,= B2 1,= C2 1= , d2 2  
Equation of plane is : = 9 λ + 7
(3x − 1y + 2 z − 4) + λ (1x + 1y + 1z − 2) = 0 x( 2 + 2λ ) + y( 2 + 5λ )ˆj + z( −3 + 3λ )kˆ
3x − y + 2 z − 4 + λ x + λ y + λ z − 2λ = 0 = 9λ + 7 ...(ii)
(3 + λ )x + ( −1 + λ ) y + ( 2 + λ )z + ( −4 − 2λ ) =0 ...(i) The plane passes through (2, 1, 3)
We now find the value of λ Putting (2, 1, 3) in Eq. (ii),
The plane passes through (2, 2, 1) 2( 2 + 2λ ) + 1( 2 + 5λ ) + 3( −3 + 3x )= 9λ + 7
Putting (2, 2, 1) in (i), we have 4 + 4λ + 2 + 5λ + ( −9) + 9λ= 9λ + 7
(3 + λ )x + ( −1 + λ ) y + ( 2 + λ )z + ( −4 − 2λ ) =0
18λ − 9λ =7 + 3
(3 + λ ) × 2 + ( −1 + λ ) × 2 + ( 2 + λ ) × 1 + ( −4 − 2λ ) =
0
9λ = 10
6 + 2λ − 2 + 2λ + 2 + λ − 4 − 2λ = 0
10
3λ + 2 = 0 ∴ λ= [2]
9
3λ = −2 Putting value of λ in Eq. (i),
−2   10   10   10   10
∴ λ= r ⋅  2 + 2 ⋅  ˆi +  2 + 5 ⋅  ˆj +  −3 + 3 ⋅  kˆ = 9 ⋅ + 7
3 [1]  9  9  9  9
Putting value of λ in Eq. (1), we have   20  ˆ  50  ˆ  30  ˆ
(3 + λ )x + ( −1 + λ ) y + ( 2 + λ )z + ( −4 − 2λ ) =0 r ⋅  2 +  i +  2 +  j +  −3 +  k  = 10 + 7
9
  9
   9  
  −2     −2     −2     30 ˆ 68 ˆ 3 ˆ
3 +    x +  −1 +    y +  2 +    z r ⋅ i + j + k = 17
  3     3     3  9 9 9 
 −2 
+ ( −4) − 2 ×  =
3
0
1
9
( )
r ⋅ 38ˆi + 38ˆj + 3kˆ = 17
 
 2  2  2  4 r ⋅ (38ˆi + 68ˆj + 3kˆ) =17 × 9
 3 − 3  x +  −1 − 3  y +  2 − 3  z +  −4 + 3  =0
       

( )
r ⋅ 38ˆi + 68ˆj + 3kˆ = 153
7x 5y 4z 8 Therefore, the vector equation of the required
− + − = 0

1
3 3 3 3

(
plane is r ⋅ 38ˆi + 68ˆj + 3kˆ =
153. ) [1]
( 7 x − 5 y + 4 z − 8) = 0 Q. 14. In the following cases, find the coordinates of the
3
foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.
7x − 5y + 4z − 8 = 0
(a) 2x + 3y + 4z – 12 = 0
∴The equation of plane is 7 x − 5 y + 4 z − 8 = 0 [2]
Q. 13. Find the vector equation of the plane passing (b) 3y + 4z – 6 = 0
 ˆ ˆ ˆ (c) x +ˆ y +ˆz =ˆ1
through the intersection of the planes r ⋅ ( 2i + 2 j − 3k ) = 7 , r ⋅ ( 2i + 5 j + 3k ) = 9
  (d) 5y + 8 = 0 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 4, Page 493]
+ 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7 , r ⋅ ( 2ˆi + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9 and through the point
r ⋅ ( 2ˆi
Ans. (a) Assume a point P (x1, y1, z1) on the given plane.
(2, 1, 3). [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 10, Page 493]
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 497
Y (b) Assume a point P (x1, y1, z1) on the given plane.
B Y

A B
A
P (x1, y1, z1) →
n
O X
→ C O X
n
Z
Z P (x1, y1, z1)
D
C
Since perpendicular to plane is parallel to normal D
vector.  Since perpendicular to plane is parallel to the

Vector OP is parallel to normal vector n to the normal vector.
plane.  
Given equation of plane is : Vector OP is parallel to normal vector n to the
plane.
2x + 3y + 4 z − 12 =
0
Given equation of plane is :
2x + 3y + 4 z = 12
  3y + 4 z − 6 = 0
Since, OP and n are parallel and their direction 3y + 4 z = 6
ratios are proportional.
0x + 3y + 4 z = 6
Finding direction ratios : 
 
Since, OP and n are parallel and their direction
(i) OP = x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ
ratios are proportional.
Direction ratios = x1, y1, z1
Finding direction ratios :
∴
= a1 x1 , = b1 y1 , = c1 z1  
 ˆ ˆ ˆ OP = x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ n = 0ˆi + 3ˆj + 4kˆ
(ii) n = 2i + 3 j + 4k
Direction ratios = 2, 3, 4
∴= a2 2, = b2 3, = c2 4 =
Direction ratios x= 1 , y1 , z1 Direction ratios 0, 3, 4
Direction rations are proportional. ∴ a=
1 x1 , b=
1 y1 , c=
1 z1 ∴ a=2 0, b=
2 3, c=
2 4
So, Direction ratios are proportional.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
= = = k So, = = = k
a 2 b2 c 2 a 2 b2 c 2
x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1
= = = k = = = k
2 3 4 0 3 4
=x1 2= k , y1 3=k , z1 4k =x1 0= , y1 3k= , z1 4k
Also, point P (x1, y1, z1,) lies in the plane. Also, point P (x1, y1, z1) lies in the given plane.
Putting P (2k, 3k, 4k) in Putting P (0, 3k, 4k) in
2x + 3y + 4 z = 12,           0x + 3y + 4z = 6,
0(k) + 3(3k) + 4(4k) = 6
2( 2k ) + 3(3k ) + 4( 4k ) =
12
       25k = 6
4k + 9k + 16k =
12 6
k=
29k = 12           25
So, x1 = 0
12
∴ k= 6 18
29 y1 =3k =×
3 =
25 25
12 24
So , x1 =2k =2 × = 6 24
29 29 z1 =4k =4 × =
25 25
12 36
y1 =3k =×
3 = Therefore, coordinates of foot of perpendicular are
29 29
 18 24 
12 48  0, 25 , 25  . [3]
and z1 =4k =4 ×
=  
29 29
Therefore, coordinate of foot of perpendicular are (c) Assume a point P (x1, y1, z1) on the plane.
 24 36 48 
 29 , 29 , 29  . [3]
 
 498 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Y Given that, equation of plane :

5y + 8 = 0
A B 5y = – 8
–5y = 8
0x – 5y + 0z = 8
 
Since, OP and n are parallel and their direction
ratios are proportional.
O X Finding direction ratios :
 
P (x1, y1, z1) OP = x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ n = 0ˆi − 5ˆj + 0kˆ
Z
C
D Direction ratios= x1 , y1 , z1 Direction ratios= 0, −5, 0
Since perpendicular to plane is parallel to the ∴ a1 = x1 , b1 = y1 , c1 = z1 ∴ a2 = 0 , b2 =−5, c 2 =0
normal vector.
  Since direction ratios are proportional.
Vector OP is parallel to normal vector n to the a1 b1 c1
plane. = =
a 2 b2 c 2
Given that, equation of plane is :
x+y=z=1 x1 y1 z1
= = = k
1x + 1y + 1z = 1 0 −5 0
  x1 == 0, y1 −5k , z1 = 0
Since, OP and n are parallel and their direction
ratios are proportional. Also, point P (x1, y1, z1) lies in the given plane.
Finding direction ratios : Putting (x1, y1, z1) in
   0x – 5y + 0z = 8,
OP = x ˆi + y ˆj + z kˆ n = 1ˆi + 1ˆj + 1kˆ
1 1 1 0x1 – 5y1 + 0z1 = 8,
      −5(−5k) = 8
= Direction ratios x= 1 , y1 , z1 Direction ratios 1,1,1            25k = 8
∴ a= x , b= y , c= z ∴ a= 1, b= 1, c= 1 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 ∴ k=
Direction ratios are proportional. 25
a1 b1 c1 So,     x1 = 0
So, = = = k 8 −8
a 2 b2 c 2 y1 =−5k =−5 × =
25 5
x1 y1 z1           z1 = 0
= = = k
1 1 1  −8 
∴Coordinate of foot of perpendicular =  0, , 0  . [3]
x=
1 y=1 z=
1 k  5 
Also, point P (x1, y1, z1) lies in the given plane. Q. 15. Find the equation of the plane which
Putting P (k, k, k) in contains the line of intersection of the planes
x + y + z = 1,  
r .(iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ) − 4 = 0, r .(2iˆ + jˆ − kˆ) + 5 = 0
k+k+k=1 and which is perpendicular to the plane
3k = 1 
1 r .(5iˆ + 3 jˆ − 6kˆ) + 8 = 0 .
∴k =  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 17, Page 498]
3
1 1 1 Ans. Equation of a plane passing through the intersection
So, x1= k= , y1= k= , z1= k= of the places A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 and A2x + B2y
3 3 3
Therefore, coordinates of foot of perpendicular are + C2z = d2 is
1 1 1 (A1x + B1y + C1z – d1) + λ( A2x + B2y + C2z – d2) = 0
 3 , 3 , 3 . [3] Converting equation of planes to Cartesian form to
  find A1, B1, C1, d1 and A2, B2, C2, d2
(d) Assume a point P (x1, y1, z1) on the given plane. 
Y r ⋅ (2ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) + 5 = 0
 
r ⋅ (ˆi + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) − 4 = 0 r ⋅ ( 2ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) =−5
 
2ˆj + 3kˆ) 4
r ⋅ (ˆi += − r ⋅ ( 2ˆi=+ ˆj − kˆ) 5

r ⋅ ( −2ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) =5
 ˆ
Putting r = xiˆ+ yjˆ + zk,
O → X
A n B 
Putting r = xiˆ+ yjˆ + zkˆ
( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) 
5y + 8 ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ)   =5
Z P (x1, y1, z1) ˆ ˆ ˆ
 =4  ( −2i − j + k )
⋅
D ˆ ˆ ˆ
 (i + 2 j + 3k )
⋅
C
( x × −2) + ( y × −1)= ( z × 1)
Since perpendicular to plane is parallel to the
normal vector. ( x × 1) + ( y × 2) =5
   +( z × 3) =4
Vector OP is parallel to the normal vector n to the   −2 x − 1y + 1z = 5
plane. 1x + 2 y + 3z =
4

Comparing with Comparing with

A1x + B1 y=
+ C1 z d1 A2 x + B2 y=
+ C 2 z d2
  =4  
ˆ ˆ ˆ
⋅ ( i + 2 j + 3k ) ( x × −2) + ( y × −1)= ( z × 1)
( x × 1) + ( y × 2) =5
 +( z × 3) =4
  −2 x − 1y + 1z = 5
1x + 2 y + 3z =
4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 499
Comparing with Comparing with To find point of intersection of line and plane,

A1x + B1 y= + C1 z d1 A2 x + B2 y=+ C 2 z d2 Putting value of r from equation of line into
equation of plane,
A1 = 1, B1 = 2 , C1 =
3, A2 = −2 , B2 = −1, C2 =
1,
( 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 2kˆ) .(ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) =5
= d1 4= d2 5  
Equation of plane is : ( 2ˆi − 1ˆj + 2kˆ + 3λˆi + 4λ ˆj + 2λ kˆ) .(1ˆi − 1ˆj + 1kˆ) = 5
 
(A1x + B1y + C1z – d1) + λ(A2x + B2y + C2z – d2) = 0
Putting values, we have ( 2 + 3λ )ˆi + ( −1+ 4λ )ˆj + ( 2 + 2λ )kˆ .(1ˆi −1ˆj + 1kˆ) =5
  
 (1x + 2y + 3z – 4) + λ(–2x – 1y + 1z – 5) = 0  ( 2 + 3λ ) × 1 + ( −1 + 4λ ) × ( −1) + ( 2 + 2λ ) × 1 = 5
(1 – 2λ)x + (2 – λ)y + (3 + λ)z + (–4 – 5λ) = 0  …(i)  [1½]
Now, the plane is perpendicular to the plane 2 + 3λ + 1 – 4λ +2 + 2λ = 5

r .(5ˆi + 3ˆj − 6kˆ) + 8 =0.             λ+5=5
              λ=5–5
So, normal to plane N will be perpendicular to               λ=0
 
normal n of r .(5ˆi + 3ˆj − 6kˆ) + 8 = 0. So, the equation of line is :

Now, r = ( 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 2kˆ)

r .(5ˆi + 3ˆj − 6kˆ) + 8 = 0 
r = 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
r .(5i + 3 j − 6k ) = −8 Let the point of intersection be (x, y, z).
 ˆ ˆ ˆ 
−r .(5i + 3 j − 6k ) = 8 So, r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
 ˆ ˆ ˆ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ
r .( −5i − 3 j + 6k ) = 8  [1½]
As we know that, if two lines with direction ratios Hence, x = 2, y = −1, z =
2
a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are perpendicular then Therefore, the point of intersection is (2, –1, 2).
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0  Now, the distance between two points (x1, y1, z1)

Finding direction cosines of N and n
 and (x2, y2, z2) is ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2.

N= (1 − 2λ )ˆi + ( 2 − λ )ˆj + (3 + λ )kˆ n = −5ˆi − 3ˆj + 6kˆ Distance between (2, –1. 2) and (–1, –5, –10)
Direction ratios = 1 − 2λ , Direction ratios = ( −1 − 2)2 + ( −5 + 1)2 + ( −10 − 2)2
2 − λ,3 + λ =−5, −3, 6
= ( −3)2 + ( −4)2 + ( −12)2
1 2λ ,
∴ a1 =− ∴ a2 = −5,
b1 = 2 − λ, b1 =−3, = 9 + 16 + 144
c1 =3+λ c1 =6 = 169
  [1½]
Since, N is perpendicular to n = 13.
Q. 17. Find the vector equation of the line passing
              a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the planes
(1 – 2λ) × –5 + (2 – λ) × –3 + (3 + λ) × 6 = 0  
           –5 + 10λ – 6 + 3λ + 18 + 6λ = 0 r .(ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ) = 5 and r .(3ˆi + ˆj + kˆ) = 6.
                    19λ + 7 = 0  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 19, Page 499]
−7 Ans. The vector equation of a line passing through a point
∴ λ=  
19 with position vector a and parallel to a vector b is
  
Putting value of λ in Eq. (i), we have r= a + λ b
(1 − 2λ )x + ( 2 − λ ) y + (3 + λ )z + ( −4 − 5λ ) =0 Given that, the line passes through the point (1, 2, 3).
−7    −7     −7    −7  
 So, a =1ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
1− 2 × 19  x +  2 −  19   y + 3 +  19   z +  −4 − 5 × 19  =0
          Given that, line is parallel to both planes.
 14   7  7  35  ∴ Line is perpendicular to normal of both planes.
1 + 19  x + 1 + 19  y +  3 − 19  z +  −4 + 19  =0 
        i.e. b is perpendicular to normal of both planes.
33 45 50 41
x+ y+ z− =0 We know that,
19 19 19 19    
1 a × b is perpendicular to both a and b .
(33x + 45y + 50z − 41) = 0 
19 So, b is the cross-product of normal of planes
33x + 45 y + 50 z − 41 = 0  
Therefore, the equation of the plane is 33x + 45y r .(ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ) =5 and r .(3ˆi + ˆj + kˆ) =6.
+ 50z = 41. [1½] i ˆj kˆ
Q. 16. Find the distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) =
Required normal 1 −1 2
from the point of intersection of the line
 3 1 1
r = 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ + λ (3ˆi + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ) and the plane

r .(ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) = 5. [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 18, Page 499] =ˆi ( −1(1) − 1( 2)) − ˆj(1(1) − 3( 2))
Ans. Given, the equation of line is + kˆ(1(1) − 3( −1))

r = ( 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ) + λ (3ˆi + 4ˆj + 2kˆ)
And the equation of the plane is = ˆi ( −1 − 2) − ˆj(1 − 6) + kˆ(1 + 3)

r .(ˆi − ˆj + kˆ) =5 =−3ˆi + 5ˆj + 4kˆ
500 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

 Also,
Thus, b = −3ˆi + 5ˆj + 4kˆ
  ˆi ˆj kˆ
Now, putting value of a and b in formula  
   × b2 1 2 − 3
b1=
r= a + λ b
2 4 −5
= (ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) + λ ( −3ˆi + 5ˆj + 4kˆ)  
Therefore, the equation of the line is ⇒ b1 × b2 = ( −10 + 12)ˆi − ( −5 + 6)ˆj + ( 4 − 4)kˆ
 
(ˆi + 2ˆj + 3kˆ) + λ ( −3ˆi + 5ˆj + 4kˆ). [3] ⇒ b1 × b2 = 2ˆi − ˆj
 
Q. 18. Find the vector equation of the line passing ⇒ b1 × b2 = 4 + 1= 5 [2]
through the point (1, 2, –4) and perpendicular to
So, the shortest distance is given by
the two lines :  
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10
= = and
x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
= = = d =
( )
 
 
b1 × b2 ⋅ ( a2 − a1 ) ( )( )
2ˆi − ˆj ⋅ −3ˆi + 2kˆ
3 −16 7 3 8 −5 . 5
b1 × b2
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 20, Page 499]
Ans. The vector equation of a line passing through a point −6 6
  = = units
with position vector a and parallel to a vector b is 5 5 [2]
   Q. 20. If O be the origin and the coordinates of P be (1,
r= a + λ b
2, –3), then find the equation of the plane passing
The line passes through the point (1, 2, –4)
 through P and perpendicular to OP.
So, a =1ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 16, Page 498]
Given that, line is perpendicular to both lines. Ans. Equation of plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) and

∴ b is perpendicular to both lines. perpendicular to a line with direction ratios A, B, C is
A (x – x1) + B (y – y1) + C (z – z1) = 0
We know that,
  The plane passes through P (1, 2, –3)
 
a × b is perpendicular to both a and b . So, x1 = 1, y1 = 2 and z1 = –3
 
So, b is the cross-product of both lines Normal vector to plane = OP
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5 where O (0, 0, 0), P (1, 2, –3)
= = and = = . 
3 −16 7 3 8 −5 Direction ratios of OP = 1 – 0, 2 – 0, –3 – 0
ˆi ˆj kˆ =1, 2, –3 [2]
∴ A = 1, B = 2, and C = –3
Required normal = 3 −16 7
Equation of plane in Cartesian form is given by
3 8 −5 1 (x – 1) +2 (y – 2) + (–3) [z – (–3)] = 0
ˆ ˆ ˆ x – 1 + 2y – 4 – 3 (z + 3) = 0
= i ( −16( −5) − 8( 7 )) − j(3( −5) − 3( 7 )) + k (3(8) − 3( −16))
x – 1 + 2y – 4 – 3z – 9 = 0
= ˆi (80 − 56) − ˆj( −15 − 21) + kˆ( 24 + 48) x + 2y – 3z – 14 = 0 [1]
ˆ ˆ
= 24i + 36 j + 72k ˆ Q. 21. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the
 planes
Thus, b = 24ˆi + 36ˆj + 72kˆ
(a) that passes through the point (1, 0, –2) and the
Now,
  normal to the plane is ˆi + ˆj − kˆ.
Putting value of a and b in formula (b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the
  
r= a + λ b normal vector to the plane is ˆi − 2 ˆj + kˆ.
 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ  [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 5, Page 493]
∴r = (1i + 2 j − 4k ) + λ ( 24i + 36 j + 72k )
Ans. (a) Vector equation of a plane passing through a
=(ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ) + λ12( 2ˆi + 3ˆj + 6kˆ) point (x1, y1, z1) and perpendicular to a line with
=(ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ) + λ ( 2ˆi + 3ˆj + 6kˆ) direction rations A, B, C is :
Therefore, the equation of the line is  r − ( x1ˆi + y1ˆj + z1kˆ) .( Aiˆ + Bjˆ + Ckˆ) = 0
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
(i + 2 j − 4k ) + λ ( 2i + 3 j + 6k )ˆ . [3]   
Or ( r − a ). n = 0
Q. 19. Find the shortest distance between the lines Y

( ) ( )
r = 4ˆi − ˆj + λ ˆi − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ and
P (r)


( ) (
r = ˆi − ˆj − 2 kˆ + µ 2ˆi + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ) n
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018]
Ans. Here, A (x1, y1, z1)
 
a1 =4ˆi − ˆj , b1 =ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ and O X
 
a2 = ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ, b2 = 2ˆi + 4ˆj − 5kˆ
Now, Z
 
( )
a − a =ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ − 4ˆi − ˆj =−3ˆi + 2kˆ
2 1
 
AP is perpendicular to n .
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 501
 
So, AP ⋅ n = 0  r − (ˆi + 4ˆj + 6kˆ) ⋅(ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ) = 0
    
(r − a ) ⋅ n =0  ˆ ˆ ˆ
Put r = xi + yj + zk
Vector Equation
[( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) − (1ˆi + 4ˆj + 6kˆ)].(1ˆi − 2ˆj + 1kˆ) =
0
Equation of plane passing through point A whose


position vector is a and perpendicular to n is : [( x − 1)ˆi + ( y − 4)ˆj + ( z − 6)kˆ].(1ˆi + 2ˆj + 1kˆ) =
0
  1( x − 1) + ( −2)( y − 4) + 1( z − 6) =0
(r − a ) ⋅n =0
Given that, x − 1 + 2( y − 4) + Z − 6 =0
Plane passes through (1, 0, –2). x − 2y + z + 1 = 0

So, a =1ˆi + 0ˆj − 2kˆ ∴Equation of plane in Cartesian form is (x – 2y + z
Normal to plane = ˆi + ˆj − kˆ + 1 = 0).
 Cartesian Form (Method 2) :
         = n = ˆi + ˆj − kˆ
Equation of plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) and
Vector equation of plane is :
   perpendicular to a line with direction ratios A, B, C is :
(r − a ) ⋅n = 0 A (x – xl) + B (y – y1) +C (z – z1) = 0
 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
[r − (1i + 0 j − 2k )].(i + j − k ) = 0 Since the plane passes through (1, 4, 6).
 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ x1 = 1, y1 = 4 and z1 = 6
[ r − (i − 2k )].(i + j − k ) = 0 And normal plane is ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ
Cartesian Form (Method 1) : So, direction ratios of line perpendicular to plane
Vector equation is : = (1, –2, 1)

[ r − (ˆi − 2kˆ)].(ˆi + ˆj − kˆ) = 0 ∴ A = 1, B = –2 and C = 1
 So that, equations of line in Cartesian form is :
Put r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
1( x − 1) − 2( y − 4) + 1( x − 6) = 0
[( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) − (1ˆi + 0ˆj − 2kˆ)].(1ˆi + 1ˆj − 1kˆ) =
0 [3]
x − 2y + z + 1 = 0
[( x − 1)ˆi + ( y − 0)ˆj + ( z − ( −2))kˆ].(1ˆi + 1ˆj − 1kˆ) =0 Q. 22. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a
1( x − 1) + 1( y − 0) − 1( z + 2) = 0 distance of 7 units from the origin and normal to
x − 1 + y − z − 2 =0 the vector 3ˆi + 5 ˆj − 6 kˆ.
 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 2, Page 493]
x+y−z= 3
Ans. Vector equation of at a distance ‘d’ from the origin
So that, the equation of plane in Cartesian form 
and normal to the vector n is
will be,  
r ⋅n= d
x+y−z= 3
 1 
Cartesian Form (Method 2) : Unit vector of n= nˆ=  ( n )
Equation of plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) and n
perpendicular to a line with direction ratios A, B, C is : Distance from origin = d = 7

A (x – x1) + B (y – y1) + C (z – z1) = 0 n = 3ˆi + 5ˆj − 6kˆ
Since the plane passes through (1, 0, –2) 
x1 = 1, y1 = 0 and z1 = 2 Magnitude of = n 32 + 52 + ( −6)2

         n = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70 [1]
And normal is ˆi + ˆj − kˆ
So, direction ratios of line perpendicular to plane 1  1 3ˆi + 5ˆj − 6kˆ
Now, = nˆ  ( n= ) (3ˆi + 5ˆj − 6kˆ=
)
= (1, 1, –1) n 70 70
∴A = 1, B = 1 and C = 1 Vector equation is :

Therefore, equation of line in Cartesian form is : r ⋅ n= d
1(x – 1) + 1(y – 0) + 1[z – (–2)] = 0
  3ˆi + 5ˆj − 6kˆ 
             x+y–z=3 [3] r ⋅  = 7
 70
(b) Vector Equation  
Equation of plane passing through point A whose So that, the vector equation of the plane is :
 
position vector is a and perpendicular to n is :   3ˆi + 5ˆj − 6kˆ 
   r ⋅  = 7
(r − a ) ⋅n =0  70 [2]
 
Given that, Q. 23. Find the shortest distance between the lines
Plane passes through (1, 4, 6). 
 r = (iˆ + 2 jˆ + kˆ) + λ (iˆ − jˆ + kˆ) and
So, a =1ˆi + 4ˆj + 6kˆ 
r = 2iˆ − jˆ − kˆ + µ (2iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ).
Normal to plane =ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 14, Page 478]

n =ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ Ans. Shortest distance between the lines with vector
Vector equation of plane is : equations,
  
( r − a ).n = 0      
r= a1 + λ b1 and r= a2 + µ b2
 r − (ˆi + 4ˆj + 6kˆ) ⋅ (ˆi − 2ˆj + kˆ) =
0    
  ( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 − a1 )
Cartesian Form (Method 1) : =  
Vector equation is :     b1 × b2
502 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Given that, 
So, r = ( 0ˆi + 0ˆj + 0kˆ) + λ[(5ˆi − 2ˆj + 3kˆ) − ( 0ˆi + 0ˆj + 0kˆ)]
 r = (ˆi + 2ˆj + kˆ)  r = ( 2ˆi − ˆj − kˆ)  
    r λ[(5ˆi − 2ˆj + 3kˆ)
= [1½]
 + λ (ˆi − ˆj + kˆ)   + µ ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ) Cartesian Equation
Comparing with Comparing with Cartesian equation of a line passing through two
      points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) is
r= a1 +λ b1 , r= a2 +µ b2 ,
  x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
ˆ = = =
ˆ ˆ
a1 = 1i + 2 j + 1k a2 = 2ˆi − 1ˆj − 1kˆ x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
 
And b1 = 1ˆi − 1ˆj + 1kˆ And b2 = 2ˆi − 1ˆj + 2kˆ Since the line passes through A (0, 0, 0)
Now, x1 = 0, y1 = 0 and z1 = 0
  And also passes through B (5, –2, 3),
a − a = ( 2ˆi − 1ˆj − 1kˆ) − (1ˆi + 2ˆj + 1kˆ)
2 1 x2 = 5, y2 = –2 and z2 = 3
= ( 2 − 1)ˆi + ( −1 − 2)ˆj + ( −1 − 1)kˆ Equation of line is :
x−0 y−0 z−0
=1ˆi − 3ˆj − 2kˆ = = =
5 − 0 −2 − 0 3 − 0
ˆi ˆj kˆ x y z
  = =
b1 × b2 = 1 −1 1 5 −2 3 [1½]
2 1 2 Q. 25. Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of
the line that passes through the points (3, –2, –5),
= ˆi [( −1 × 2) − (1 × 1)] − ˆj[(1 × 2) − ( 2 × 1)] + kˆ[(1 × 1) (3, –2, 6). [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 9, Page 478]
− ( 2 × −1)] Ans. Vector Equation
Vector equation of a line passing through two
= i [ −2 − 1] − ˆj[ 2 − 2] + kˆ[1 + 2]
ˆ  
points with position vectors a and b is :
= −3ˆi − 0ˆj + 3kˆ    
[1] r= a + λ(b − a )
 
Magnitude of ( b1 × b2 ) = ( −3)2 + ( 0)2 + 32 Given, the two points are
  A (3, − 2, − 5) B (3, − 2, 6)
b1 × b2 = 9 + 0 + 9 = 18 = 9 × 3 = 3 2  ˆ ˆ ˆ 
a = 3i − 2 j − 5k b = 3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ
Also,
    So,
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 − a1 ) =−( 3ˆi − 0ˆj + 3kˆ) ⋅ (1ˆi − 3ˆj − 2 kˆ) 
r = (3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ) + λ [(3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ) − (3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ)]
= ( −3 × 1) + (0 × −3) + (3 × −2)
= 3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ + λ [(3 − 3)ˆi + (–2 − ( −2))ˆj + (6 − ( −5))kˆ)]
=−3 − 0 − 6 =−9
    = 3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ + λ [0ˆi + 0ˆj + 0ˆj + 11kˆ]
( b × b ) ⋅( a × a )
So, shortest distance = 1 2 2 1 = 3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ + λ (11kˆ)
b1 × b2 
So that, the vector equation is r = 3ˆi − 2ˆj − 5kˆ + λ (11kˆ)
−9  [1½]
= Cartesian Equation
3 2
Cartesian equation of a line passing through two
3
= points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) is :
2 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
3 2 x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
= ×
2 2 Since the line passes through point A (3, –2, –5)
3 2 x1 = 3, y1 = –2 and z1 = –5
=
2 And also passes through point B (3, –2, 6)
So that, the shortest distance between the given x2 = 3, y2 = –2 and z2 = 6
3 2 x − 3 y − ( −2) z − ( −5)
two lines is . [2] Equation of line= is =
2 3 − 3 −2 − ( −2) 6 − ( −5)
Q. 24. Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the x −3 y +2 z+5
= =
lines that pass through the origin and (5, –2, 3). 0 0 11 [1½]
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 8, Page 477] Q. 26. Find the angle between the following pairs of
Ans. Vector Equation lines :

Vector equation of a line passing through two
 (i) r = 2ˆi − 5 ˆj + kˆ + λ (3ˆi + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ)
 
points with position vectors a and b is : and r = 7ˆi − 6 kˆ + µ (ˆi + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ)
   
r= a + λ(b − a ) 
(ii) r = 3ˆi + ˆj − 2 kˆ + λ (ˆi − ˆj − 2kˆ) and
Given that, 
Let two points be A (0, 0, 0) and B (5, –2, 3). r = 2ˆi − ˆj − 56 kˆ + µ (3ˆi − 5 ˆj − 4 kˆ)
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 10, Page 478]
A ( 0, 0, 0) B (5, − 2, 3)
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ Ans. (i) Angle between two vectors :
a =0i + 0 j + 0k b =5i − 2 j + 3k   
r a1 + λ b1
=
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 503
  
 8 
And = r a2 + µ b2 is given by ∴θ = cos−1 
  
5 3
b1.b2
cosθ =   So that, the angle between the given vectors is
  b1 b2  8 
cos−1  . [1½]
Given that, the pair of lines is : 5 3
 r=( 2ˆi − 5ˆj + kˆ)   r=( 7ˆi − 6kˆ)  Q. 27. Find the angle between the following pair of lines :
    x − 2 y −1 z − 3 x+2 y−4 z−5
 + λ (3ˆi + 2ˆj + 6kˆ)  + µ (ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ) (i) = = and = =
  2 5 −3 −1 8 4
So, a1 = 2ˆi − 5ˆj + 1kˆ So, a2 = 7ˆi + 0ˆj − 6kˆ x y z x−5 y−2 z−3
  (ii) = = and = =
b =3ˆi + 2ˆj + 6kˆ
1 b =1ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ
2
2 2 1 4 1 8
Now,  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 11, Page 478]
  Ans. (i) Angle between the pair of lines :
b1 ⋅ b2 = (3ˆi + 2ˆj + 6kˆ) ⋅ (1ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ) x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= (3 × 1) + ( 2 × 2) + ( 6 × 2) = 3 + 4 + 12 = 19 = =
 a1 b1 c1
Magnitude of b1 = 32 + 22 + 62 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
 And = = is given by
a2 b2 c2
   b1 = 9 + 4 + 36 = 49 = 7

Magnitude of b2 = 12 + 22 + 22 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2

cosθ =
b2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3 a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2
1

Now, x − 2 y −1 z + 3 x +2 y −4 z−5
= = = =
  2 5 −3 −1 8 4
b .b2 19 19
=
cos θ 1=  = x − 2 y − 1 z − ( −3) x − ( −2) y − 4 z − 5
b1 b2 7 × 3 21 = = = =
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
 19  Comparing with Comparing with
∴ θ= cos−1  
 21  x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = =
So that, the angle between the given vectors is a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
 19  x1 =2, y1 = 1, z1 =−3 x 2 = −2, y 2 = 4, z 2 = 5
cos−1  . [1½]
 21  And a1 = 2, b1 =5, c1 =
−3 And a2 = −1, b2 = 8, c 2 =4
(ii) Angle between two vectors,
  a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2
r= a1 + b1 Now, cosθ =
   a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
And = r a2 + µ b2 is given by
  ( 2 × −1) + (5 × 8) + ( −3 × 4)
b .b =
cosθ = 1 2 2 + 52 + ( −3)2 ( −1)2 + 82 + 42
2
b1 b2
Given that, the pair of lines is : −2 + 40 + ( −12)
=
 r= (3ˆi + ˆj − 2kˆ)  r= ( 2ˆi − ˆj − 56kˆ) 4 + 25 + 9 1 + 64 + 16
    26
 + λ (ˆi − ˆj − 2kˆ)   + µ (3ˆi − 5ˆj − 4kˆ)  =
  38 81
So, a1 = 3ˆi − 1ˆj − 2kˆ So, a2 = 2ˆi + 1ˆj − 56kˆ 26
  =
b = 1ˆi − 1ˆj − 2kˆ
1 2 b = 3ˆi − 5ˆj − 4kˆ 38 × 9
Now, 26
  =
b1 ⋅ b2 = (1ˆi − 1ˆj − 2kˆ) ⋅ (3ˆi − 5ˆj − 4kˆ) 9 38
= (1 × 3) + ( −1 × −5) + ( −2 × −4) = 3 + 5 + 8 = 16 26
 So, cosθ =
Magnitude of b=1 12 + ( −1)2 + ( −2)2 9 38
  26 
b1 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 ∴ θ= cos−1  
  9 38 
Magnitude of b=2 32 + ( −5)2 + ( −4)2 So that, the angle between the given lines is
  26 
b2 = 9 + 25 + 16 = 50 = 25 × 2 = 5 2 cos−1  . [1½]
Now,  9 38 
  (ii) Angle between the pair of lines :
b .b 16 16 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
cosθ
= =
1 2 = = = And
b1 b2 6 ×5 2 3 × 2 ×5× 2  a1 b1 c1
16 8 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = = is given by
a2 b2 c2
3 × 2×5 5 3
 −3 2p 2 −3p 1 −5
7 7
Comparing with Comparing with
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = = ,
504 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS a b
1 : Class-XII1 c 1 a2 b2 c2
= x1 1= , y1 2= , z1 3 = x 2 1= , y 2 5= , z2 6
2p −3p
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 And a1 = −3, b1 = , And a2 =, b2 = 1,
cosθ = 7 7
a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2
c1 = 2 c 2 = −5
x y z x −5 y −2 z−5 Since the lines are perpendicular
= = = =
2 2 1 4 1 8 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
x−0 y−0 z−0  −3p   2 p 
= =
2 2 1 Comparing with  −3 × 7  +  7 × 1 + ( 2 × −5) = 0
   
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2 9p 2p
Comparing with = = + − 10 = 0
a2 b2 c2 7 7
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 11p
= = = x 2 5,= y 2 2= , z2 5 = 10
a1 b1 c1 7
7
= x1 0, = y1 0,= z1 0 And= a 2 4= , b2 1= , c2 8 p= 10 ×
11
And = a1 2= , b1 2= , c1 1 70
∴ p= [2]
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 11
Now, cosθ = Q. 29. Find the equation of the line in vector and in
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22 Cartesian form that passes through the point with
( 2 × 4) + ( 2 × 1) + (1 × 8) position vector 2ˆi - ˆj + 4 kˆ and is in the direction
=
2 2 2
2 + 2 +1 × 4 +1 + 8 2 2 2 ˆi + 2 ˆj − kˆ. [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 5, Page 477]
8+2+8 Ans. Equation of a line passing through a point with
=  
4 + 4 + 1 16 + 1 + 64 position vector a and parallel to vector b is
18   
= r = a + λb
9 × 81 Here,
18  ˆ ˆ ˆ
= a = 2i − j + 4k

3× 9 And b =+ ˆi 2ˆj − kˆ
2 
= So, r = ( 2ˆi − ˆj + 4kˆ) + λ (ˆi + 2ˆj − kˆ)
3
∴Equation of line in vector form is
2
So, cosθ = ( 2ˆi − ˆj + 4kˆ) + λ (ˆi + 2ˆj − kˆ) [1]
3
2 Equation of a line passing though (x1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and
∴ θ= cos−1   parallel to a line having direction ratios a, b, c is
3 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
So that, the angle between the given lines is = =
a b c
2 Since the lines passes through a point with position
cos−1  . [1½]
3 vector 2ˆi − ˆj + 4kˆ,
Q. 28. Find the value of P so that the lines ∴ x1 = 2, y1 = –1 and z1 = 4
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
= = and = = Also, line is in the direction of ˆi + 2ˆj − kˆ,
3 2p 2 3p 1 5 Direction ratios : a = 1, b = 2 and c = –1
are at right angles. [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 12] Equation of line in Cartesian form is :
Ans. Two lines are given by x − 2 y − ( −1) z − 4
= =
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2 1 2 −1
= = and = =
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 x − 2 y +1 z − 4
= =
They are at right angles to each other, if 1 2 −1 [2]
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 [1] Q. 30. Show that the line through the points (1, –1, 2),
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z (3, 4, –2) is perpendicular to the line through the
= = = = points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 2, Page 477]
−( x − 1) 7( y − 2) −7( x − 1) y − 5 Ans. Two lines with direction ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2
= =
3 2p 3p 1 are perpendicular to each other if
z−3 −( z − 6) a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = 0
= =
2 5 Now, a line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 5 z − 6 (x2, y2, z2) has the direction ratios :
= = = =
−3 2p 2 −3p 1 −5 ( x 2 − x1 ), ( y 2 − y1 ) and ( z2 − z1 ) [1]
7 7 A (1, −1, 2) C ( 0, 3, 2)
Comparing with Comparing with B (3, 4, − 2) B (3, 5, 6)
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = = ,
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 Direction ratio: Direction ratio:
= x1 1= , y1 2= , z1 3 = x 2 1= , y 2 5= , z2 6 (3 − 1), 4 − ( −1), −2 − 2 (3 − 0),(5 − 3),( 6 − 2)
2p −3p = 2 , 5, − 4 = 3, 2, 4
And a1 = −3, b1 = , And a2 =, b2 = 1,
7 7 ∴ a1 = 2, b1 = 5, c1 = −4 ∴ a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c 2 = 4
c1 = 2 c 2 = −5
 A (1, −1, 2) C ( 0, 3, 2)
B (3, 4, − 2) B (3, 5, 6)

Direction ratio: Direction ratio: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 505

(3 − 1), 4 − ( −1), −2 − 2 (3 − 0),(5 − 3),( 6 − 2)
= 2 , 5, − 4 = 3, 2, 4 A(3, 5, –4)
Ans.
∴ a1 = 2, b1 = 5, c1 = −4 ∴ a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c 2 = 4
Now,
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = ( 2 × 3) + (5 × 2) + ( −4 × 4)
= 6 + 10 + ( −16) = 16 − 16 = 0
So that the given two lines are perpendicular. [2] B(–1, 1, 2) C(–5, –5, –2)
Q. 31. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8), Direction ratios of a line passing through two
(2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points
points P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2)
(–1, –2, 1), (1, 2, 5).[NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 3, Page 477]
= (x2 – x1), (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1)
Ans. Two lines having direction ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, Direction cosines
b2, c2 are parallel if x − x1 y 2 − y1 z −z
a1 b1 c1 = 2 , and 2 1
= = PQ PQ PQ
a 2 b2 c 2
Where, PQ = ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2 [1]
Also, a line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
has the direction ratios : For AB :
(x2 – x1), (y2 – y1) and (z2 – z1) [1] A (3, 5, –4)
A ( 4 , 7 , 8) C ( −1, − 2, 1) B (–1, 1, 2)
B ( 2, 3, 4) B (1, 2, 5) Direction Ratios
            = –1 –3, 1 – 5, 2 –(–4)
            = –4, –4, 6
Direction ratio Direction ratio
= 2 − 4, 3 − 7 , 4 − 8 = 1 − ( −1), 2 − ( −2), 5 − 1 AB = 68
             = 4 × 17 = 2 17
= −2, − 4, − 4 = 2, 4, 4
Direction cosines
∴ a1 = −2, b1 = −4, c1 = −4 ∴a2 = 2 , b2 = 4, c 2 = 4
−4 −4 6
Now, = , and
a1 −2 2 17 2 17 2 17
= = −1 −2 −2 3
a2 2 = , and
b1 −4 17 17 17
= = −1 For BC :
b2 4
B (–1, 1, 2)
c1 −4
= = −1 C (–5, –5, –2)
c2 4 Direction Ratios
Since =− 5 − ( −1), − 5 − 1, −2 − 2
a1 b1 c1 =−4, −6, −4
= = = −1
a 2 b2 c 2 BC = 68
So that, the given lines are parallel. [2] = 4 × 17 = 2 17
Q. 32. Prove that the line through A (0, –1, –1) and B (4, 5, Direction cosines
1) intersects the line through C (3, 9, 4) and D (–4, −4 −6 −4
4, 4). [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2016] = , and
2 17 2 17 2 17
Ans. Equation of line AB −2 −3 −2
 = , and
 
r = ( −ˆj − kˆ) + λ ( 4ˆi + 6ˆj + 2kˆ) 17 17 17
For CA :
Equation of line CD C (–5, –5, –2)

r = (3ˆi + 9ˆj + 4kˆ) + µ ( −7ˆi − 5ˆj ) A (3, 5, –4)
  Direction Ratios
a2 − a1 = 3ˆi + 10ˆj + 5kˆ
= 3 − ( −5), 5 − ( −5), − 4 − ( −2)
ˆi ˆj kˆ
  = 8, 10, − 2
b1 × b2 =4 6 2
CA = 168
−7 − 5 0
= 4 × 42 = 2 42
= 10ˆi − 14ˆj + 22kˆ Direction cosines
   
( a2 − a1 ) ⋅( b1 × b2 ) = 30 − 140 = 0 8 10 −2
= , and
⇒ Lines intersect [4] 2 42 2 42 2 42
Q. 33. Find the direction cosines of the sides of the 4 5 −1
= , and
triangle whose vertices are (3, 5, –4), (–1, 1, 2) and 42 42 42 [2]
(–5, –5, –2). [NCERT Ex. 11.1, Q. 5, Page 467]
 506 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 34. Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD whose side Any point on the line L1 is (2λ + 1, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3).
AB and the diagonal AC are given by the vectors Any point on the line L2 is (5µ + 4, 2µ + 1, µ).
3ˆi + ˆj + 4 kˆ and 4ˆi + 5kˆ respectively. If lines intersect then there exists a value of λ, µ
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2017] for which
   (2λ + 1, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3) = (5µ + 4, 2µ + 1, µ)
Ans. BC
= AC − AB ⇒ 2λ + 1 = 5µ + 4, 3λ + 2 = 2µ + 1 and 4λ + 3 = µ
= ˆi − ˆj + kˆ Solving first two equations, we get
ˆi ˆj kˆ λ = – 1, µ = – 1
  These values of λ = – 1, µ = – 1 also satisfy the third
Area AB × BC = Magnitude of 3 1 4 equation.
1 −1 1 That means both lines intersect.
And the point of intersection is (–1, –1, –1). [3]
= 5ˆi + ˆj − 4kˆ 
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Q. 38. Find the angle between the lines r =3i − 2 j +6 k +
= 42 sq. units [4] 
ˆ and r =(2 ˆj − 5kˆ) + µ(6ˆi + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ).
λ = (2ˆi + ˆj + 2 k)
Q. 35. Find the position vector of a point A in space such
 
that OA is inclined at 60° to OX and at 45° to OY  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 4, Page 235]
 
Ans. We have line, r = 3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ + λ ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ) ,
and OA = 10 units. 
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 1, Page 235] which is parallel to the vector b1 = 2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ and
 
Ans. Given that OA is inclined at 60° to OX and at 45° to r = ( 2ˆj − 5kˆ) + µ ( 6ˆi + 3ˆj + 2kˆ) , which is parallel to

OY. the vector b 2 =6ˆi + 3ˆj + 2kˆ .

Let OA makes angle α with OZ. If θ is an angle between the lines, then
 
∴cos2 60° + cos2 45° + cos2 α = 1 [∵l2 + m2 + n2 = 1] b1.b 2
cosθ =  
2
1  1 
2
b1 b 2
 + cos α =
2
⇒  +  1
2  2  ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ) ⋅ ( 6ˆi + 3ˆj + 2kˆ)
1 1 =
⇒ + + cos2 α = 1 2ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ 6ˆi + 3ˆj + 2kˆ
4 2
1
⇒ cos2 α = 12 + 3 + 4 19
4 = =
1 9 49 21
⇒ cosα = ± 19
2 ∴ θ= cos−1
   1 [3]
1 1
ˆj ± kˆ  21
∴ OA = OA  ˆi + Q. 39. Prove that the line through A (0, –1, –1) and B (4, 5,
 2 2 2 
1) intersects the line through C (3, 9, 4) and D (–4,
1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
= 10  ˆi + j ± k 4, 4). [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 5, Page 235]
2 2 2  Ans. We know that the equation of a line that passes
=+5ˆi 5 2ˆj ± 5kˆ [3] through two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is :
Q. 36. Find the vector equation of the line which is x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
parallel to the vector 3ˆi − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and which passes x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
through the point (1, –2, 3). So the, equation of line passes through points A (0,
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 2, Page 235] –1, –1) and B (4, 5, 1) is :
 x − 0 y +1 z +1 x y +1 z +1
Ans. Let b =3i − 2ˆj + 6kˆ and a =−
ˆ ˆi 2ˆj + 3kˆ . = = = =
or
4 − 0 5 +1 1+1 4 6 2 …(i)
So, vector equation of the line, which is parallel to
 And the equation of the line passes through C (3, 9,
the vector b =3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ and passes through the 4) and D (–4, 4, 4) is :
 ˆ ˆ ˆ   
point a =−i 2 j + 3k , is r = a + λ b x −3 y −9 z−4 x −3 y −9 z−4
 = = or = =
∴ r =(ˆi − 2ˆj + 3kˆ) + λ (3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ) −4 − 3 4 − 9 4 − 4 −7 −5 0 ….(ii)
Any point on the line (i) is (4λ, 6λ – 1, 2λ – 1).
⇒ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) − (ˆi − 2ˆj + 3kˆ)= λ (3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ) Any point on the line (ii) is (–7µ + 3, –5µ + 9, 4).
⇒ ( x − 1)ˆi + ( y + 2)ˆj + ( z − 3)kˆ= λ (3ˆi − 2ˆj + 6kˆ) [3] If lines intersect then there exists a value of λ, µ
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x−4 y −1 for which
Q. 37. Show that the lines = = and = = z (4λ, 6λ – 1, 2λ – 1) ≡ (–7µ + 3, –5µ + 9, 4)
−2 z−3 x − 4 y −1 2 3 4 5 2
= and = = z intersect. ∴ 4λ = –7µ + 3, 6λ – 1 = –5µ + 9, 2λ – 1 = 4
3 4 5 2 ⇒ λ = 5/2
Also, find their point of intersection. So, from the first equation, µ = –1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 3, Page 235] Also, these values of λ and µ satisfy the second
Ans. We have lines equation.
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 So, both lines intersect. [3]
L1 : = = = λ
2 3 4 Q. 40. Prove that the lines x = py + q, z = ry + s and x =
x − 4 y −1 p′y + q′, z = r′y + s′ are perpendicular if pp′ + rr′
and L2 : = = z= µ
5 2 + 1 = 0. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 6, Page 235]
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 507
Ans. We have line x = py + q, z = ry + s So, the plane passes through the point 4 (1, –3, 3).

x−q z−s Also normal to plane is AB = − 3ˆi + 2ˆj − 6kˆ.
⇒= y =
and y
p r So, the equation of required plane is :
   
x−q y z−s (r − a) ⋅ n = 0 where a = ˆi − 3ˆj + 3kˆ
⇒ ==
p 1 r (i)
Similarly, line x = p’y + q’, z = r’y + s’ ⇒ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) − (ˆi − 3ˆj + 3kˆ) ⋅ ( −3ˆi + 2ˆj − 6kˆ) =0
 
x − q' y z − s'
⇒ == ⇒ ( x − 1)i + ( y + 3) j + ( z − 3)k  ⋅ ( −3ˆi + 2ˆj − 6kˆ) =0
ˆ ˆ ˆ
p' 1 r ' (ii)  
⇒ −3x + 3 + 2 y + 6 − 6 z + 18 =0
Line (i) is parallel to the vector piˆ + ˆj + rkˆ.
∴ 3x − 2 y + 6 z − 27 = 0 [3]
Line (ii) is parallel to the vector p 'ˆi + ˆj + r ' kˆ.
Q. 44. Find the equation of the plane through the points
Lines are perpendicular, (2, 1, 0), (3, –2, –2) and (3, 1, 7).
∴ ( piˆ + ˆj + rkˆ) ⋅ ( p 'ˆi + ˆj + r ' kˆ)  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 10, Page 235]
[3]
∴ pp '+ 1 + rr ' =0. Ans. We know that, the equation of a plane passing
Q. 41. Find the equation of a plane which bisects through three non-collinear points (x1, y1, z1), (x2,
perpendicularly the line joining the points A (2, 3, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) is
4) and B (4, 5, 8) at right angles. x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 7, Page 235] x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0
Ans. Since, the equation of a plane is bisecting x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
perpendicular to the line joining the points A (2, 3,
4) and B (4, 5, 8) at right angles.
 2+ 4 3+5 4+8 x − 2 y −1 z − 0
So, mid-point of AB is  , , i.e., (3, 4, 6)
 2 2 2  ⇒ 3 − 2 −2 − 1 −2 − 0 =0
Also normal to the plane, 3 − 2 1−1 7 − 0

n = ( 4 − 2)ˆi + (5 − 3)ˆj + (8 − 4)kˆ x − 2 y −1 z
= 2ˆi + 2ˆj + 4kˆ ⇒ 1 −3 −2 =
0
  
So, the required equation of the plane is ( r − a ) ⋅ n = 0 1 0 7
⇒ ( x − 3)ˆi + ( y − 4)ˆj + ( z − 6)kˆ ⋅ ( 2ˆi + 2ˆj + 4kˆ) = 0
 
 ⇒ ( x − 2)( −21) − ( y − 1)(9) + z(3) =0
[ a = 3ˆi + 4ˆj + 6kˆ]
∴ 7 x + 3y − z = 17  [3]
⇒ 2x − 6 + 2 y − 8 + 4 z − 24 = 0
Q. 45. Find the equations of the two lines through the
⇒
[3] x + y + 2z = 19 x−3 y−3 z
Q. 42. Find the equation of a plane which is at a distance origin which intersect the line = = at
π 2 1 1
3√3 units from origin and the normal to which is angles of each.
equally inclined to coordinate axis. 3
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 8, Page 235]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 11, Page 236]
Ans. Since, normal to the plane is equally inclined to the x −3 y −3 z
Ans. Given equation of the line is : = = = λ
coordinate axis. 2 1 1
1 So, direction ratios of the line are (2, 1, 1) ≡ (a1, b1, c1)
So that, cos= α cos = β cos = γ
3 Any point on the given line is p (2λ + 3, λ + 3, λ)
 1
So, the normal is n = ˆi + 1 ˆj + 1 kˆ and plane is So, direction ratios of OP are :
3 3 3 (2λ + 3, λ + 3, λ) ≡ (a2, b2, c2)
at a distance of 3 3 units from the origin. π
 Now, angle between given line and OP is .
The equation of plane is r ⋅ nˆ = 3 3. 3
π a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
[Since vector equation of the plane at a distance p  cos =
 3 a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
from the origin is r ⋅ nˆ = p]
1 (4λ + 6) + (λ + 3) + (λ )
 1 ˆi + 1 ˆj + 1 kˆ  = ∴ =
⇒ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) ⋅   3 3 2 6 (2λ + 3)2 + (λ + 3)2 + λ 2
 3 3 3 
3 y z 6 6λ + 9
⇒ + + =3 3 ⇒ =
3 3 3 2 6λ + 18λ + 18
2

∴ x+y+z= 9 [3]
⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 3 = 2λ + 3
Q. 43. If the line drawn from the point (–2, –1, –3) meets
a plane at right angle at the point (1, –3, 3), find the ⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 3= 4λ 2 + 9 + 12λ
equation of the plane. ⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 2 = 0
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 9, Page 235] ⇒ (λ + 1)(λ + 2) =0
Ans. Since, the line drawn from the point B (–2, –1, –3)
∴ λ =−1, −2
meets a plane at right angle, at the point 4 (1, –3, 3). So, the direction ratios are 1, 2, –1 and –1, 1, –2.
 = (l + m + n ) + (lδ l + mδ m + nδ n)
1
= 1 − (δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2 ) [Using Eq. (iii)]
2
⇒ 2(1− cos δθ ) = (δ l 2 + δ m 2 = δ n 2 )
508 | 2 δθ
OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
⇒ 2.2 sin =δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2
2
Also, both the required lines pass through origin. 2
 δθ 
So, the equations of required lines are ⇒ 4  = δ l 2 + δ m2 + δ n2
x y z x y z  2 
= = and = = . [3] δθ δθ δθ
1 2 −1 −1 1 −2 [Since is small, sin = ]
Q. 46. Find the angle between the lines whose direction 2 2 2
cosines are given by the equations l + m + n = 0, ⇒ δθ =δ l + δ m + δ n 2
2 2 2
 [3]
l2 + m2 – n2 = 0. Q. 48. O is the origin and A is (a, b, c). Find the direction
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 12, Page 236] cosines of the line OA and the equation of plane
Ans. Given that, through A at right angle to OA.
l + m + n = 0, l2 + m2 – n2 = 0  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 14, Page 236]
Eliminating n from both the equations, we have Ans. Direction ratios of OA are a, b and c.
∴Direction ratios of line OA are
       l2 + m2 – (l + m)2 = 0
a b c
⇒ l + m2 – l2 – m –2ml2 = 0
2
, and .
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒         2lm = 0 a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2

⇒         lm =0 Also,
 
⇒         l = 0 or m = 0 n = OA = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ
If   l = 0, we have m + n = 0 and m2 – n2 = 0 The equation of plane passes through (a, b, c) and
⇒              l = 0, m = λ, n = – λ perpendicular to OA is given by
If m = 0, we have l + m = 0 and l2 – m2 = 0 a(x – a) + b(y – b) + c(z – c) = 0
⇒                  l = –λ, m = 0, n = λ ⇒      ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2 [3]
So, the vectors parallel to these given lines are Q. 49. Two systems of rectangular axis have the same
origin. If a plane cuts them at distances a, b, c and
ˆa =ˆj − kˆ and bˆ =−ˆi =kˆ. a′, b′, c′, respectively, from the origin, prove that
If angle between the lines is ‘θ’, then 1 1 1 1 1 1
  + + = + +
a⋅b 1 a2 b2 c 2 a'2 b'2 c'2
=
cos θ =    [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 15, Page 236]
a b 2⋅ 2 Ans. Consider OX, OY, OZ and OX’, OY’, OZ’ are two
1 systems of rectangular axes.
⇒ cosθ = Let their corresponding equation of plane be :
2
x y z
π + + = 1
∴ θ= a b c ...(i)
3 [3]
Q. 47. If a variable line in two adjacent positions has x y z
And + + = 1...(ii)
direction cosines l, m, n and l + δl, m + δm, n + a' b' c'
δn, show that the small angle δθ between the two Also, the length of perpendicular from origin to
positions is given by δθ2 = δl2 + δm2 + δn2 equations (i) and (ii) must be same.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 13, Page 236] 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ + −1 + + −1
Ans. We have l, n, n and l + δl, m + δm, n + δn as
∴ a b c = a' b' c'
direction cosines of a variable line in two different 1 1 1 1 1 1
positions. 2
+ 2+ 2 2
+ 2+ 2
a b c a' b' c'
∴ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 ….(i)
1 1 1 1 1 1
And (l + δl)2 + (m + δm)2 + (n + δn)2 = 1 ….(ii) ⇒ 2+ 2+ 2 = 2+ 2+ 2
a b c a' b' c' [3]
⇒ l2 + m2 + n2 + δl2 + δm2 + δn2 + 2(lδl + mδm +
Q. 50. Find the angle between the planes whose
nδn) = 1 
⇒ δl2 + δm2 + δn2 = –2(lδl + mδm + nδn) [∵ l2 + m2 vector equations are r (2ˆi + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 5 and

+ n2 = 1] r .(3ˆi − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 3.
−1 2  [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 12, Page 494]
⇒ lδ l + mδ m + nδ= n (δ l + δ m 2 + δ n 2 )…(iii)    
2 Ans. Angle between two planes r.n1 = d1 and r.n2 = d2 is
 
Now a and b are unit vectors along a line with given by
 
direction cosines l, m, n and (l + δl), (m + δm) and n .n
(n + δn), respectively. cosθ = 1 2
  n n 
∴ a =liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ and ( 2ˆi +1 2ˆj2 − 3kˆ) 5
r= r.(=3ˆi − 3ˆj + 5kˆ) 3
Given, r= ˆ
( 2ithe
+ 2two ˆ ˆ
j − 3kplanes
) 5 are : r.(= 3ˆi − 3ˆj + 5kˆ) 3
  
b =(l + δ l )ˆi + ( m + δ m)ˆj + ( n + δ n)kˆ r=( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ) 5  r.(= 3ˆi − 3ˆj + 5kˆ) 3 
= Comparing with r.n 1 d= 1, Comparing with r.n 2 d2 ,
⇒ cos δθ =l(l + δ l ) + m( m + δ m) + n( n + δ n) = 
Comparingˆ with r.nˆ1 d= 
ˆ 1, Comparingˆ with ˆ r.nˆ2 d2 ,
= (l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ) + (lδ l + mδ m + nδ n) n
1 = 2 i + 2 j − 3 k
  n
2 = 2 i + 2 j − 3 k 

= Comparingn1 = 2ˆi +with 2ˆj −r3.nkˆ1 d= 1, Comparing + 2ˆj −r3.nkˆ2 d2 ,
n2 = 2ˆi with
1  
= 1 − (δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2 ) [Using Eq. (iii)] n1 = 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3k ˆ n2 = 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3 kˆ
2 Magnitude of n 1 Magnitude of n 2
Magnitude of n1 2 Magnitude of n2
⇒ 2(1− cos δθ ) = (δ l 2 + δ m 2 = δ n 2 ) = 22 + 22 + ( − 3) = 32 + ( −3)2 +(5)2
δθ =Magnitude 2 2
2 + 2 + ( −31) of n 2
= 32 + ( −3)of
 Magnitude 2
+n(25)2
⇒ 2.2 sin 2 =δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2 1 = 42+ 4 +2 9 = 17
n 2
2 = 92+ 9 + 252 = 43
n
2 n=1 =
24 ++42+ 9+=( −317 ) n= 2 = 93 ++9(+−325
) =+ (543 )2
2  ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( 2i + 2 j − 3k ).(3i − 3 j + 5k ) 
ˆ ˆ
 δθ  So,n1cos = θ 4=+(42ˆi++9 2= ˆj −17 ˆ − 3nˆ2j += 5kˆ9) + 9 + 25 = 43
⇒ 4  = δ l 2 + δ m2 + δ n2 3kˆ).(
17 × 3i43
 2  So, cosθ =
( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 17 3kˆ).(
× 3ˆi43 − 3ˆj + 5kˆ)
δθ δθ δθ So, cosθ == ( 2 × 3) + ( 2 × −3) + ( −3 × 5)
 1 2 21 − 5 − 60
=
  49 + 25 + 36 9 + 1 + 100
Magnitude of n1 Magnitude of n2 −44
=
= 22 + 22 + ( −3)2 = 32 + ( −3)2 + (5)2 110 110
 
=
−44 −2 2 GEOMETRY
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
= =
| 509
n1 = 4+ 4+9= 17 n2 = 9 + 9 + 25 = 43
110 5 5
( 2ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ).(3ˆi − 3ˆj + 5kˆ) 2
So, cosθ = Hence, cosθ =
5
17 × 43
2
( 2 × 3) + ( 2 × −3) + ( −3 × 5) ∴ θ= cos−1  
= 5
17 × 43 2
Hence, angle between two planes is cos−1   [3]
6 − 6 − 15 5
= (b) Given that, the two planes are :
731
2x + y += 3x − 2 0 x −= 2y + 5 0
15
−15
== 2x + 1y + 3z = 2 1x − 2 y = −5
731
15 − 1x + 2 y = 5
So, cosθ = −1x + 2 y + 0 z = 5
731
Comparing with Comparing with
 15 
∴θ = cos-1   A1x + B1y += C1z d1 A2 x + B2 y += C2 z d2
 731 
Therefore, the angle between the planes is Direction ratios of Direction ratios of
 15  normal = 2,1, 3 normal = −1, 2, 0
cos−1  . [3]
 731  A1 = 2, B1=1, C1=3 A2= − 1, B2= 2, C2= 0
Q. 51. In the following cases, determine whether the Check Parallel
given planes are parallel or perpendicular, and Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
in case they are neither, find the angles between C2 are parallel if
them.
A1 B1 C1
(a) 7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x – y – 10z + 4 = 0 = =
(b) 2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0 A2 B2 C2
(c) 2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0 A 2 B1 1 C1 3
(d) 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0 So, 1 = = −2, = , =
A2 −1 B2 2 C2 0
(e) 4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0 Since, direction ratios are not proportional, these
 [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 13, Page 494] two normal planes are not parallel.
Ans. (a) Given that, the two planes are : ∴ Given that, two planes are not parallel.
7x + 5y += 6 z + 30 0 3x − y −= 10 z + 4 0 Check Perpendicular
7 x + 5 y + 6 z =−30 3x − y − 10 z =−4 Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
−( 7 x + 5 y= + 6 z ) 30 −(3x − y = − 10 z ) 4 C2 are perpendicular if
−7 x −= 5 y − 6 z 30 −3x += y + 10 z 4 A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0
Now,
Comparing with Comparing with
A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2= ( 2 × −1) + (1 × 2) + (3 × 0)
A1x + B= 1 y + C 1 z d1 A2 x + B2=y + C2 z d2
=−2 + 2 + 0
Direction ratios of Direction ratios of
=0
normal =−7 , −5, −6 normal = −3,1,10
Since A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0
A1 = −7 , B1 = −5, C1 = −6 A2 = −3, B2 = 1, C2 = 10 These two normal planes are perpendicular.
Check Parallel
Since normal are perpendicular, planes are
Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
perpendicular. [3]
C2 are parallel if
A1 B1 C1 (c) Given that, the two planes are :
= = 2x − 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0
A2 B2 C2 3x − 3y + 6 z − 1 = 0
A −7 7 B1 −5 C1 −6 −3 2x − 2 y + 4 z = −5
So, 1 = = , = = −5, = = 3x − 3y + 6 z = 1
A2 −3 3 B2 1 C2 10 5 −2x + 2 y − 4 z = 5
A1 B1 C1 Comparing with Comparing with
Since ≠ ≠
A2 B2 C2 A1x + B1y= + C1z d1 A2 x + B2 y=+ C2 z d2
So, these two normal planes are not parallel. Direction ratios of Direction ratios of
∴Given that, two planes are not parallel.
normal = −2, 2, −4 normal = 3, −3, 6
Check Perpendicular
Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2, A1 = −2, B1 = 2, C1 = −4 A2 = 3, B2 = −3, C2 = 6
C2 are perpendicular if Check Parallel
A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0 Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
21 − 5 − 60 C2 are parallel if
=
49 + 25 + 36 9 + 1 + 100 A1 B1 C1
= =
−44 A2 B2 C2
=
110 110 A −2
−44 −2 2 Here, 1 = = −2,
= = = A2 3
110 5 5 B1 2 −2
2 = = ,
Hence, cosθ = B2 −3 3
5
C1 −4 −2
2 = =
∴ θ= cos−1   C 6 3
 A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C2
510 | OSWAAL A
Here, 1NCERT
=
−2 SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
= −2,
A2 3
B1 2 −2 Check Perpendicular
= = , Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
B2 −3 3
C2 are perpendicular if
C1 −4 −2 A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0
= =
C2 6 3 A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = ( 4 × 0) + (8 × 1) + (1 × 1)
A1 B1 C1 −2 = 0 + 8 +1
Since, = = =
A2 B2 C2 3 =9
Therefore, these two normal planes are parallel.
Since, A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 ≠ 0
Since normal are parallel, the two planes are
Therefore, these two normal planes are not
parallel. [3]
perpendicular.
(d) Given that, the two planes are :
Hence, the given two planes are not perpendicular.
2x − y + 3z + 3 = 0
2x − y + 3z − 1 =0 Finding angle
2x − y + 3z =−3 Now, the angle between two planes A1x + B1y +
2x − y + 3z = 1
−2x + y − 3z = 3 C1z = d1 and A2x + B2y + C2z = d2 is given by
Comparing with Comparing with A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2
cosθ =
A1x + B1y= + C1z d1 A2 x + B2 y=
+ C2 z d2 A12 + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C22
Direction ratios of Direction ratios of
( 4 × 0) + (8 × 1) + (1 × 1)
normal = 2, −1, 3 normal = −2,1, −3 =
42 + 82 + 12 02 + 12 + 12
A1 = 2, B1 = −1, C1 = 3 A2 = −2, B2 = 1, C2 = −3
0 + 8 +1
Check Parallel =
16 + 64 + 1 0 + 1 + 1
Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2,
C2 are parallel if 9 9 1
= = =
A1 B1 C1 18 2 9 2 2
= =
A2 B2 C2 1
So, cosθ =
A 2 2
Here, 1 = = −1
A2 −2 ∴θ = 45°
Therefore, the angle between the given two planes
B1 −1
= = −1 is 45°. [3]
B2 1   
Q. 52. Show that the vectors a , b and c are coplanar if
C1 3      
= = −1 a + b, b + c and c + a are coplanar.
C2 −3
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016]
A B C Ans. Given that,
Since 1 = 1 = 1 = −1,
A2 B2 C2      
a + b , b + c , c + a are coplanar.
Therefore, these two normal planes are parallel.      
Since normal are parallel, the two planes are ∴ a + b, b + c , c + a = 0
 
parallel. [3]      
(e) Given that, the two planes are : { }
i.e., ( a + b ). ( b + c ) × ( c + a ) = 0
       
=
4x + 8=y + z −8 0
4x + 8 y + z 8 =
=y+z−4 0
y+z 4
{ }
( a + b ). ( b × c + b × a + c × a ) =
        
0

4=
x + 8 y + 1z 8 0x + 1y + 1z 4
= a.( b × c ) + a.( b × a ) + a.( c × a )
        
Comparing with Comparing with + b.( b × c ) + b.( b × a ) + b.( c × a ) = 0
A1x + B1y= + C1z d1 A2 x + B2 y=
+ C2 z d2      
= 2  a , b , c  0= or  a , b , c  0
Direction ratios of Direction ratios of    
  
normal = 2, −1, 3 normal = −2,1, −3 Thus, a , b and c are coplanar. [4]
Q. 53. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line
A1 = 2, B1 = −1, C1 = 3 A2 = −2, B2 = 1, C2 = −3
through the point (1, 2, –4) and perpendicular to
Check Parallel the two lines :
Two lines with direction ratios A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2, 
r =(8ˆi − 19 ˆj + 10kˆ) + λ (3ˆi − 16 ˆj + 7 kˆ) and
C2 are parallel if 
A1 B1 C1 r = (15ˆi + 29 ˆj + 5kˆ) + µ(3ˆi + 8 ˆj − 5kˆ).
= =  [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016]
A2 B2 C2
Ans. Vector equation of the required line is
A 4 B1 8 C1 1 
So, 1 = = −1, = = 8, = =1 r =(ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ) + µ[(3ˆi − 16ˆj + 7 kˆ) × (3ˆi + 8ˆj − 5kˆ)]
A2 0 B2 1 C2 1

A B C r =(ˆi + 2ˆj − 4kˆ) + λ[( 2ˆi + 3ˆj + 6kˆ)]
Since 1 ≠ 1 ≠ 1
A2 B2 C2 In Cartesian form,
So, these two normal planes are not parallel. x −1 y − 2 z + 4
= = [4]
∴ Given that, two planes are not parallel.  2 3 6
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 511

Long Answer Type Questions (5 and 6 marks each)

Q. 1. Find the coordinate of the point P where the line Q. 3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the

through A (3, –4, –5) and B (2, –3, 1) crosses the
plane passing through three points L (2, 2, 1), M (3,
line of intersection of the planes r ⋅ i + j + 
 (
k =1 )
0, 1) and N (4, –1, 0). Also, find the ratio in which P
 
(

)
and r ⋅ 2i + 3 j − k + 4= 0 and parallel to x-axis.
divides the line segment AB.  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 15 , Page 498]
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016] Ans. Equation of a plane passing through
Ans. Equation of the line AB : the intersection of two planes
x −3 y +4 z+5 A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2 is
= = = λ
−1 1 6 ( A1x + B1y + C1z − d1 ) + λ ( A2x + B2 y + C2 z − d2 ) =
0.
Equation of plane LMN : Converting equation of planes to Cartesian form to
 x − 2 y − 2 z − 1 find A1 , B1 , C1 , d1 and A2 , B2 , C2 , d2 . [1]
  
 1
 2
−2 0 =

0
(
r ⋅ i + j +  1
k = )
 − 3 − 1  Putting,
2 ( x − 2 ) + 1( y − 2 ) + 1( z − 1) =
0 or 2x + y + z − 7 =0 
 + yj + zk

r = xi
Any point on line AB is ( −λ + 3, λ − 4, 6λ − 5 ).
If this point lies on plane, then ( xi + yj + zk ) ⋅(i + j + k ) =1
2 ( − λ + 3 ) + ( λ − 4 ) + ( 6λ − 5 ) − 7 =
0      ( x × 1) + ( y × 1) + ( z × 1) = 1
⇒ 5λ = 10          1x + 1y + 1z = 1
⇒ λ= 2 Comparing with
∴ P is (1, −2, 7 ).                                A1x + B1y + C1z = d1
Let P divides AB into .    = A 1 1 ,= B 1 1,=C 1 1 =
, d1 1
2K + 3 Now,
⇒1= ⇒ K =−2 i.e., P divides, AB externally 
K +1 (
r ⋅ 2i + 3j −  ) k +4= 0
into 2 : 1. [6] 
Q. 2. Find the distance of the point ( −1, −5, −10 ) ( )
r ⋅ 2i + 3j −  k = −4

from the point of intermission of the line
 (
−r ⋅ 2i + 3j −  ) k =4
r = 2i − j + 2 (
k + λ 3i + 4j + 2 )
k and the plane 

(
r × i − j +  )
k = 5. (r ⋅ −2i − 3j + 

) k =4
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018] Putting, r = xi + yj + zk ,
Ans. Given that,
 ( xi + yj + zk )( )
 ⋅ −2i − 3j + 1k =4
   r

= 2 (
i − j + 2k + λ 3i + 4j + 2
)
k
( x × −2 ) + ( y × −3) + ( z × 1) = 4
⇒ r = ( 2 + 3λ )i + ( −1 − 4λ )j + ( 2 + 2λ ) k
 −2x − 3y + 1z = 4
Substitute r = ( 2 + 3λ )i + ( −1 − 4λ )j + ( 2 + 2λ ) k in Comparing with

(  
)
   r ⋅ i − j + k = 5. A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2
A2 = −2, B2 = −3, C2 = 1, d2 = 4
∴ ( 2 + 3λ )i + ( −1 − 4λ )j + ( 2 + 2λ )
 ( )
k  ⋅ i − j + 
k =5 Equation of plane is :
⇒ ( 2 + 3λ ) − ( −1 + 4λ )j + ( 2 + 2λ ) =5 ( A1x + B1y + C1z − d1 ) + λ ( A2x + B2 y + C2 z − d2 ) =
0
⇒ 2 + 3λ + 1 − 4λ + 2 + 2λ =5 (1x + 1y + 1z − 1) + λ ( −2x − 3y + 1z − 4 ) = 0
⇒ λ +5= 5 (1 − 2λ ) x + (1 − 3λ ) y + (1 + λ ) z + ( −1 − 4λ ) =
0 (i)
⇒ λ=
0 Also, the plane is parallel to x-axis.
Substituting λ = 0 in 
So, normal vector N to the plane is perpendicular
( 2 + 3λ )i + ( −1 − 4λ )j + ( 2 + 2λ )k , to x-axis. [1]

We get r = 2i − j + 2 k As we know that,
Therefore, the coordinates of the points are( 2, −1, 2 ) Two lines with direction ratios a1 , b1 , c1 and
0.
a2 , b2 , c 2 are perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 =
and( −1, −5, −10.)
Finding direction ratio normal and x-axis :
The distance between the two points is given by 
N =(1 − 2λ )i + (1 − 3λ )j + (1 + λ )
k
( 2 + 1) + ( −1 + 5) + ( 2 + 10 )
2 2 2
=
Direction ratios
= 9 + 16 + 144 (1 − 2λ ) , (1 − 3λ ) , (1 + λ )k
=
= 169 ∴ a1 =1 − 2λ , b1 =1 − 3λ , c1 =1 + λ
= 13 units. [6] Now, for
512 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII


OX =1i + 0j + 0
k ∴ a2 =1, b2 =

−1, c 2 =
1

Direction ratios = 1, 0, 0 Since, N is perpendicular to n,
∴ a2= 1, b2= 0, c 2= 0 [2] 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 =
So, 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = (1 + 2λ ) × 1 + (1 + 3λ ) × −1 + (1 + 4λ ) × 1 =
0
(1 − 2λ ) × 1 + (1 − 3λ ) × 0 + (1 + λ ) × 0 =
0 1 + 2λ − 1 − 3λ + 1 + 4λ =0
(1 − 2λ ) + 0 + 0 =0 1 + 3λ = 0
1 = 2λ −1 = 3λ
1 −1
∴ λ= ∴ λ=
2 3
Putting value of λ in equation (i), we get Putting value of 𝛌 in equation (i), we get


1  1  1 
1− 2⋅ x + 1− 3⋅ y + 1+ + −1 − 4 ⋅
1
=0 (1 + 2λ ) x + (1 + 3λ ) y + (1 + 4λ ) z + ( −1 − 5λ ) =
0
 2  
 2  
 2   2 
 −1   −1   −1 
3 1
(1 − 1) x + 1 −  y + 1 +  z + ( −1 − 2 ) =0 1 + 2 × 3  x + 1 + 3 × 3  y + 1 + 4 × 3  z
     
 2  2
1 3  −1 
0x − y + z − 3 = 0 +  −1 − 5 ×  =0
2 2  3 
1 3
0x − y + z = 3  2  4  5
2 2 1 − 3  x + (1 − 1) y + 1 − 3  z +  −1 + 3  =0
− y + 3z = 6      
0 =y − 3z + 6 1 1 2
x + 0y − z + = 0
y − 3z + 6 = 0 3 3 3
Therefore, the equation of the plane is y − 3z + 6 = 0. [2] 1 1 2
x− z+ = 0
Q. 4. Find the equation of the plane through the line of 3 3 3
intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 1
3y + 4z = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane ( x − z + 2 ) =0
3
x – y + z = 0. [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 11, Page 493]
x−z+2= 0
Ans. Equation of a plane passing through the insertion of Therefore, the equation of plane is x − z + 2 = 0. [2½]
planes A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2 Q. 5. Find the equations of the planes that pass through
( A1x + B1y + C1z − d1 ) + λ ( A2x + B2 y + C2 z − d2 ) = 0 three points.
Given that the plane passes through, (a) (1, 1, –1), (6, 4, –5), (–4, –2, 3)
 x + y + z = 1 (b) (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (–2, 2, –1)
1x + 1y + 1z = 1  [NCERT Ex. 11.3, Q. 6, Page 493]
Comparing with Ans. (a) Vectors equation of plane passing through
  
A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 three points with position vectors a , b , c is
     
=A1 1,= B1 1,= C1 1=
For, 2x + 3y + 4 z =
, d1 1
5
( ) ( ) ( )
r − a ⋅  b − a × c − a  =
 
0

Comparing with
Y
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z = d2
P (r)
= A2 2= , B2 3= , C2 4= , d2 5
So, the equation of plane is : N
( A1x + B1y + C1z = d1 ) + λ ( A2x + B2 y + C2 z = d2 ) = 0 A (a)
Putting values
(1x + 1y + 1z − 1) + λ ( 2x + 3y + 4z − 5) = 0 C(c)
x + y + z − 1 + 2λ x + 3λ y + 4λ z − 5λ =0 O X
(1 + 2λ ) x + (1 + 3λ ) y + (1 + 4λ ) z + ( −1 − 5λ ) =
0...(i) B (b)
Also, the plane is perpendicular to the plane Z
x−y+z= 0.  
 Vectors perpendicular to AB and AC
So, the normal vector N to the plane is perpendicular 
 
= AB × AC
to the normal vector of x − y + z = 0.   
As we know that, two lines with direction So,= N AB × AC
 
ratios a1 , b1 , c1and a2 , b2 , c 2 are perpendicular if Also, AP is perpendicular to N ,
aa +bb +cc = 0. [2½]  
1 2 1 2 1 2 So,           AP ⋅ N = 0
  
N =(1 + 2λ ) i + (1 + 3λ ) j + (1 + 4λ ) k   
Direction ratio = 1 + 2λ , 1 + 3λ , 1 + 4λ
( )
            r −
   
a ⋅ N =0

∴ a1 =1 + 2λ , b1 =1 + 3λ , c1 =1 + 4λ
 ( )( )
        r − a ⋅ AB × AC = 0
For, n =1i − 1j + 1      
k
Direction ratio= 1, − 1, 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
r − a ⋅  b − a × c − a  =
 
0
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 513
Vector equation of plane passing through three i j 
   k
   
points with position vectors a , b , c is
      ( ) (
b×a × c − a =0 1 1)
( ) ( ) ( )
r − a ⋅  b − a × c − a  =
 
0 −3 1 −1
Now, plane passes through the points = i (1 × −1) − (1 × 1) − j ( 0 × −1) − ( −3 × 1)
A (1, 1, − 1)
 + k ( 0 × 1) − ( −3 × 1)
a =1i + 1j − 1
k
= i ( −1 − 1) − j ( 0 + 3) + 
 k ( 0 + 3)
B ( 6, 4, − 5 )
 =−2i − 3j + 3
k
b =6i + 4j − 5
k
∴Vector equation of plane is :
C ( −4, − 2, 3) 

c =−4i − 2j + 3k  (
r − 1i + 1j + 0) (
k  ⋅ −2i − 3j + 3

k =0 )
  
( ) (
b − a = 6i + 4j − 5 ) (
k − 1i + 1j − 1
k )  ( ) (
r − i + j  ⋅ −2i − 3j + 3

k =0 )
( 6 − 1)i + ( 4 − 1)j + ( −5 − ( −1) )k 
( ) ( )
=
r − i + j  ⋅ −2i − 3j + 3
k =0
= 5i + 3j − 4
k  
Finding Cartesian equation :
( ) (
( c − a ) = −4i − 2j + 3k − 1i + 1j − 1k ) 
r = xi + yj + zk

= ( −4 − 1)i + ( −2 − 1)j + ( −3 − ( −1) )
k 
=−5i − 3j + 4
k  ( ) (
r − i + j  ⋅ −2i − 3j + 3
 )
k =0
i j 
   
k
(
 xi + yj + zk ) ( ) (
 − i + j  ⋅ −2i − 3j + 3
)
k =0
( ) ( )
b−a × =
c−a 5 3 −4  
−5 −3 4  (
( x − 1)i + ( y − 1)j + zk . −2i − 3j + 3

k =)0

i j  −2 ( x − 1) + ( −3)( y − 1) + 3 ( z ) =
0
k
−2x + 2 − 3y + 3 + 3z =0
− 5 3 −4
=
2x + 3y − 3z = 5
5 3 −4
∴Equation of plane in Cartesian form
is
=0 2x + 3y − 3z = 5. [5]
As we know that if two rows of determinant are Q. 6. Find the shortest distance between the lines
same, the value of determinant is zero. x+1 y+1 z+1 x −3 y−5 z−7
This implies, the three points are collinear. = = and = = .
7 -6 1 1 −2 1
∴Vector equation of plane is :  [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 15, Page 478]
 
 (
r − i + j − 
k  ⋅0 =
 )
0 Ans. Method I : By Cartesian Method
Since, the above equation is satisfied for all values Shortest distance between two lines,
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
of r . l1 : = =
a1 b1 c1
Therefore, there will be infinite planes through the
given three collinear points. [5] x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
l2 : = =
(b) Vectors equation of plane passing through three a2 b2 c2
  
points with position vectors a , b , c is x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
     
( ) ( ) ( )
r − a ⋅  b − a × c − a  =
 
0
a1
a2
b1
b2
c1
c2
Now, the plane passing through the points is 
( a1b2 − a2b1 ) + ( b1c2 − b2c1 ) + ( c1a2 − c2a1 )
2 2 2
A (1, 1, 0 )

a =1i + 1j + 0
k
B (1, 2, 1) [1]
 Now solve for,
b =1i + 2j + 1k x +1 y +1 z +1
C ( −2, 2, − 1) = =
 7 −6 1
c= − 2i + 2j − 1
k x − ( −1) y − ( −1) z − ( −1)
  = =
( ) (
b − a = 1i + 2 j + 1
 
) (
k − 1i + 1j + 0
k ) 7 −6
Comparing with
1

= (1 − 1)i + ( 2 − 1)j + (1 − 0 )
k x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
   l1 : = =
= 0i + 1 j + 1k a1 b1 c1
 
( ) (
c − a = −2i + 2j + 1 ) (
k − 1i + 1j + 0
k ) x1 =−1, y1 =−1, z1 = −1
and a1 = 7 , b1 =
−6, c1 =1
= ( −2 − 1)i + ( 2 − 1)j + ( −1 − 0 )
k
   Now solve for,
=−3i +1 j − 1k
514 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

x −3 y −5 x −7 Ans. Shortest distance between the lines with vector

= = equations
1 −2 1      
Comparing with r= a1 + λ b1 and r= a2 + µ b2 is
   
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
l2 : =
a2
=
b2 c2
(
b1 × b2 ⋅ a2 − a1
 
)( )
= x 2 3=
, y 2 5=
, z2 7, b1 × b2
1, b2 =
and a2 = −2, c 2 = 1 Given that,

x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1 (
r = i + 2j + 3 ) (
k + λ i − 3j + 2
k )
a1 b1 c1   
a2 b2 c2 Comparing with r= a1 + λ b1 ,
d= 
a1 =1i + 2j + 3k and b1 =1i − 3j + 2
k
( a1b2 − a2b1 ) + ( b1c2 − b2c1 ) + ( c1a2 − c2a1 )
2 2 2

Similarly, r = 4i + 5j + 6k + µ 2i + 3j + (
k )
Comparing with
[2]   
r= a2 + µ b2

3 − ( −1) 5 − ( −1) 7 − ( −1) a2 = 4i + 5j + 6
k

7 −6 1  
and b2 = 2i + 3 j + 1k 
 
d=
1
2
−2 1
2 2
(
Now, a − a = 4i + 5j + 6
2 1 ) ( ) (
k − 1i + 2j + 3
k )
7 ( −2 ) − 1( −6 ) +  −6 (1) − ( −2 )1 + 1(1) − 1( 7 ) = ( 4 − 1)i + ( 5 − 2 )j + ( 6 − 3)
k
= 3i + 3j + 3
k
i j 
k
4 6 8  
7 −6 1 ( )
b1 × b2 = 1 −3 2
2 3 1
1 −2 1
d=
= i ( −3 × 1) − ( −3 × 2 ) − j (1 × 1) − ( 2 × 2 )
( −14 + 6 ) + ( −6 + 2 ) + (1 − 7 )
2 2 2

+ k (1 × 3) − ( 2 × −3)
= i [ −3 − 6] − j [1 − 4] + 
k [3 + 6 ]
4 6 8
=i ( −9 ) − j ( −3) + 
k ( −9 )
7 −6 1
 
=−9i + 3 j + 9k 
1 −2 1  
=
(8) + ( −4 ) + ( −6 )
2 2 2
( )
Magnitude of b1 × b2 = ( −9 ) + 32 + 92
2

 
b1 × b2= 81 + 9 + 81
[2½]
= 171 = 9 × 19 = 3 19
4 6 8    
7 −6 1 (
Also, b1 × b2 ⋅ a2 − a1 )( )
=
1 −2 1
( 9i + 3j + 9k ) ⋅(3i + 3j + 3k )
=−
116
( 9 × 3) + (3 × 3) + (9 × 3)
=−
=−27 + 9 + 27
4 ( −6 (1) − ( −2 )1) − 6 ( 7 (1) −1(1) ) + 8 ( 7 ( −2 ) −1( −6 ) ) =9
   

  
=
116
So, shortest distance =
(b × b) ⋅(a − a )
1 2 2 1

b1 × b2
4 ( −6 + 2 ) − 6 ( 7 − 1) + 8 ( −14 + 6 ) −16 − 36 − 64
=
116 116 9 3
   = =
3 19 19
−116
= =− 116 =116 =4 × 29 =
2 29 [2] Therefore, shortest distance between the given two
   116
3
Q. 7. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose lines is . [2½]
 19
vector equations are r = i + 2j + 3
 (
k + λ i − 3j + 2
k) ( ) Q. 8. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose

and r = 4i + 5j + 6 (
k+ µ 2i + 3j + 
k . ) vector equations are r = ( 1 − t )i +( t − 2 ) j + ( 3 − 2t ) 

  
k
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 16, Page 478] and r = ( s+ 1) i + ( 2 s − 1) j − ( 2 s+ 1) k .
 [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 17, Page 478]
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 515
Ans. Shortest distance lines with vector equation l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
     
r= a1 + λ b1 and r= a2 + µ b2 is Line 1 :
   
(  
)(
b1 × b2 ⋅ a2 − a1 ) =l1 =
12
13
−3
, m1 =
13
, n1
−4
13
b1 × b2 Line 2 :
 4 12 3
r = (1 − t )i + ( t − 2 )j + ( 3 − 2t )
k =l2 = , m2 = , n2
13 13 13
    
= 1i − ti + t j − 2 j + 3k − 2 + k  Now find,
= (1i − 2j + 3k ) + t (−1i+ 1j − 2k ) ⇒ l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
 12 4   −3 12   −4 3 
Compare with r= a1 + tb1 , a1 =1i − 2j + 3
k and =  × + × + × 
  13 13   13 13   13 13 
 
b =−1i +1 j − 2k 
 48  −36   −12 
r =( s + 1)i + ( 2s − 1)j − ( 2s + 1)
k = + +
169  169   169 
    
= si + 1i + 2s j −1 j − 2sk − 1k 
48 − 36 − 12 48 − 48
= = = 0
(
= 1i − 1j − 1 ) (
k + s 1i + 2j − 2
  
k ) 169 169 [1]

Comparing with = r a2 + sb2 , 0

l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =
  Hence, two lines are perpendicular.
a2 = 1i −1 j − 1k and b2 =1i + 2j − 2
   k [1] Line 2 :
 
( ) (
Now, a2 − a1 = 1i − 1 j − 1k − 1i − 2j + 3
    k ) ( ) =l2
4
=
12
, m2 = , n2
3
13 13 13
= (1 − 1)i + ( −1 + 2 )j + ( −1 − 3)
k Line 3 :
= 0i + 1j − 4
k 3 −4 12
=l3 = , m3 = , n3
i j  13 13 13
k
 
( ) −1 1 −2
b1 × b2 =
Now,
⇒ l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3
1 2 −2
 4 3   12 −4   3 12 
= i (1 × −2 ) − ( 2 × −2 ) − j ( −1 × −2 )(1 × −2 ) = × + × + × 
 13 13   13 13   13 13 
+ k ( −1 × 2 ) − (1 × 1) 12  −48  36
= + +
169  169  169
= i [ −2 + 4] − j [ 2 + 2] A + k [ −2 − 1]
12 − 48 + 36
= 2i − 4j − 3
k =
  169
Magnitude of b1 × b= 2 ( ) 22 + ( −4 ) + ( −3)
2 2
=
48 − 48
  169
b1 × b2 = 4 + 16 + 9 = 29 =0
   
(
Also, b1 × b2 ⋅ a2 − a1)( ) ∴ l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0
Hence, two lines are perpendicular. [2]
= ( 2i − 4j − 3k ) ⋅(0i + 1j − 4k ) Line 3 :
3 −4 12
= ( 2 × 0 ) + ( −4 × 1) + ( −3 × −4 ) =l3 =
13
, m3 =
13
, n3
13
=−0 + ( −4 ) + 12 Line 1 :
[2] 12 −3 −4
 =8 =l1 = , m1 = , n1
  
So, shortest distance =
b1 × b2 ⋅ a2 − a1
 
( )( ) Now,
13 13 13

b1 × b2 ⇒ l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3

 3 12   −4 −3   12 −4 
8 8 = × + × + × 
= =  13 13   13 13   13 13 
29 29
36 12  −48 
Therefore, shortest distance between the given two = + +
169 169  169 
8
lines is . [2] 36 + 12 − 48
29 =
Q. 9. Show that the three lines with direction cosines 169
12 −3 −4 4 12 3 3 −4 12 48 − 48
, , ; , , ; , , are mutually =
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 169
=0
perpendicular. [NCERT Ex. 11.2, Q. 1, Page 477]
0
∴ l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 =
Ans. Two lines with directional cosines l1 , m1 , n1
and l2 , m2 , n2 are perpendicular to each other if Hence, two lines are perpendicular.
516 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Therefore, the given three lines are mutually Q. 12. Find the length and the foot of perpendicular from
perpendicular. [2] 3
the point (1, , 2) to the plane 2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0.
Q. 10. Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (2, 2
4− x y 1− z  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 18, Page 236]
3, –8) to the line = = . Also, find the
2 6 3 Ans. Equation of the given plane is 2x − 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0.
perpendicular distance from the given point to the 
Normal to the plane is n = 2i − 2j + 4
k.
line. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 16, Page 236] P (1, 3/2, 2)
4 − x y 1− z
Ans. We have equation of line as = = .
2 6 3
4 − x y 1− z n = (2iˆ – 2jˆ +4k̂ )
⇒ = = =l
−2 6 −3
⇒ x = −2l + 4, y = 6l and z = −3l + 1
P(2, 3, –8)

L (2 +1, –2, 4)

–2i+6j–3k  3 
L(4–2λ, 6λ, 1–3λ) So, the equation of line through P 1, , 2  and
  2 
parallel to n is given by
Let the foot of perpendicular from point P ( 2, 3 − 8 )
3
on the line is L ( 4 − 2l , 6l , 1 − 3l ). x −1
y−
= 2 = z−2 =l
Then the direction ratios of PL are
2 −2 4
proportional to ( 4 − 2l − 2, 6l − 3, 1 − 3l + 8 )or
 3 
( 2 − 2l , 6l − 3, 9 − 3l ). Any point on this line is  2l + 1, −2l + , 4l + 2 .
 2 
Also, direction ratios of line are −2, 6, −3. If this point lies on the given plane (point L), then
Since, PL is perpendicular to the given line.  3
∴ −2 ( 2 − 2l ) + 6 ( 6l − 3) − 3 ( 9 − 3l ) = 0 2 ( 2l + 1) − 2  −2l +  + 4 ( 4l + 2 ) + 5 = 0
 2
⇒ −4 + 4l + 36l − 18 − 27 + 9l = 0 ⇒ 4l + 2 + 4l − 3 + 16l + 8 + 5 = 0
⇒ 49l = 49 ⇒ 24l = −12
⇒ l =1 −1
So, the coordinates of L are ⇒ l=
2
L ( 4 − 2l , 6l , 1 − 3l ) ≡ ( 2, 6, −2 ) . ∴Required foot of perpendicular
 3   5  1
( 2 − 2 ) + ( 6 − 3) + ( −2 + 8)
2 2 2
Also, length of PL =  2l +1, −2l + 2 , 4l + 2  =  0, 2 , 0   Putting l = − 2 
    
= 0 + 9 + 36 = 3 5 units [5] ∴Required length of perpendicular
Q. 11. Find the distance of a point (2, 4, –1) from the line 2
3 5
(1 − 0 ) +  −  + ( 2 − 0)
2 2
x +5 y +3 z − 6 =
= = . 2 2
1 4 −9
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 17, Page 236] = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 units [5]
x+5 y+3 z−6 Q. 13. Find the equations of the line passing through the
Ans. We have, equation of line as = = =l point (3, 0, 1) and parallel to the planes x + 2y = 0
1 4 −9 and 3y – z = 0.
x = l − 5, y = 4l − 3, z = 6 − 9l  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 19, Page 236]
Let the coordinates of L are ( l − 5, 4l − 3, 6 − 9l ) . Ans. Equation of two planes are x + 2 y = 0 and 3y − z = 0.
Then, direction ratios of PL are  
Normal to the planes are n1 =i + 2j and n2 = 3j − 
k,
( l − 5 − 2, 4l − 3 − 4, 6 − 9l + 1) or respectively.
( l − 7, 4l − 7, 7 − 9l ). Since, required line is parallel
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 1, 4, −9 .  to the
 given two
planes, it is perpendicular to n1 and n2 .
Since, PL is perpendicular to the given line. Therefore,
   line is parallel to the vector
∴ ( l − 7 ) ⋅ 1 + ( 4l − 7 ) ⋅ 4 + ( 7 − 9l ) ⋅ ( −9 ) = 0 b = n1 × n2
⇒ l − 7 + 16l − 28 + 81l − 63 = 0 i j k
⇒ 98l = 98
=1 2 0
⇒ l =1
0 3 −1
So, the coordinates of L are ( l − 5, 4l − 3, 6 − 9l )
≡ ( −4,1, −3). = −2i + j + 3
k
So, the equation line passes through the point
∴Also PL = ( −4 − 2 ) + (1 − 4 ) + ( −3 + 1)
2 2 2
( 3, 0,1)and is also parallel to the point. The parallel
x − 3 y z −1
= 36 + 9 + 4 = 7 units [5] to the given two plane is = = . [5]
−2 1 3
 =
( 24i + 36jTHREE-DIMENSIONAL
k ) ⋅ ( 7i + 38j − 5
+ 72 k)
GEOMETRY | 517
84
Q. 14. Find the equation of the plane through the points
(2, 1, –1) and (–1, 3, 4), and perpendicular to the
=
(
2i + 3j + 6 )(
k ⋅ 7i + 38j − 5 )
k
plane x – 2y + 4z = 10. 7
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 20, Page 237]
Ans. The equation of the plane passing through the 14 + 144 − 30
= = 14 [5]
points ( 2,1, −1) is 7
a ( x − 2 ) + b ( y − 1) + c ( z + 1) = 0 …(i) Q. 16. Find the equation of the plane which is
perpendicular to the plane 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0
Since, this plane passes through the points ( −1, 3, 4 ) .
and which contains the line of intersection of the
∴ a ( −1 − 2 ) + b ( 3 − 1) + c ( 4 + 1) =0 planes x + 2y + 3z – 4 = 0 and 2x + y – z + 5 = 0.
⇒ −3a + 2b + 5c =0 …(ii)  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 22, Page 237]
Since, the plane in equation (i) is perpendicular to Ans. The equation of a plane passing through the lines of
the plane x − 2 y + 4 z = 10 . intersection of planes x + 2y + 3z – 4 = 0 and 2x +
∴1 ⋅ a − 2 ⋅ b + 4 ⋅ c =0 y – z + 5 = 0 is ( x + 2 y + 3z − 4 ) + λ ( 2x + y − z + 5 ) = 0.
⇒ a − 2b + 4c = 0 …(iii) ⇒ x ( 1 + 2 λ ) (
+ y 2 + λ ) (
+ z − λ + 3 ) − 4 + 5λ = 0…(i)
On solving equations (ii) and (iii) by cross- Also, this is perpendicular to the plane
multiplication method, we get 5x + 3 y + 6 z + 8 = 0.
a −b c ∴ 5 + 10 λ + 6 + 3 λ + 18 − 6λ = 0
= = = λ
8 + 10 −17 4 −29
⇒= a 18λ= , b 17λ= , c 4λ ⇒ λ=
From equation (i), we have 7
Putting this value of λ in equation (i), we get
18λ ( x − 2 ) + 17λ ( y − 1) + 4λ ( z + 1) = 0
equation of plane as :
⇒ 18x − 36 + 17 y − 17 + 4 z + 4 = 0 51x + 15 y − 50 z + 173 = 0 [5]
∴ 18x + 17 y + 4 z = 49 [5] Q. 17. The plane ax + by = 0 is rotated about its line of
Q. 15. Find the shortest distance between the lines given intersection with the plane z = 0 through an angle

by r= ( 8 + 3λ )i − ( 9 + 16λ ) j + ( 10 + 7 λ )  k and α. Prove that the equation of the plane in its new

   
r = 15i + 29 j + 5k + µ 3i + 8 j − 5k . (  
) (
position is ax + by ± a + b tanα z = 0.
2 2
)
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 21, Page 237]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 23, Page 237]
Ans. We have, Ans. Given that,
 Plans are ax + by = 0 …(i)
r =(8 + 3λ )i − ( 9 + 16λ )j + (10 + 7λ ) k
and z = 0 ...(ii)
= 8i − 9j + 10 (
k + λ 3i − 16j + 7 k ) ∴Equation of any plane passing through the line of
 
⇒ a1 =8i − 9j + 10

(
k and b1 = 3i − 16j + 7 k …(i) ) intersection of planes in equations (i) and (ii) may
be taken as,
   
Also, r = 15i + 29 j + 5k + µ 3i + 8 j − 5k ( 
) ax + by + kz = 0
 
    
a2 = 15i + 29 j + 5k and b2 = 3i + 8 j − 5k ...(ii)( 
) The directional
equation (iii) are :
cosines of a normal to the plane in

Now, shortest distance between two lines is given by a b k

    , ,
=
( )(
b1 × b2 . a2 − a1
 
) a2 + b2 + k 2 a2 + b2 + k 2 a2 + b2 + k 2
The directional cosines of a normal to the plane in
b1 × b2
a b
equation (i) are , ,0
i j k 2
a +b 2
a + b2
2
 
∴ b1 × b2 = 3 −16 7 Since the angle between the planes in equation (i)
and (ii) is α,
3 8 −5
a⋅a + b⋅b + k ⋅0 a2 + b2
= i (80 − 56 ) − j ( −15 − 21) +  k ( 24 + 48 ) = ∴ cosα =
a2 + b2 + k 2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 + k 2
= 24i + 36j + 72 k (
⇒ k cos α = a 1 − cos α + b 1 − cos2 α
2 2 2 2
) (
2
)
 
( )
2 2 2
⇒ b1 × b2 = 24 + 36 + 72 a 2 + b 2 sin 2 α
⇒ k2 =
= 12 22 + 32 + 62 cos2 α
= 84 ⇒ k= ± a 2 + b 2 tan α
 
( )
Now, a2 − a1 = (15 − 8 )i + ( 29 + 9 )j + ( 5 − 10 )
k
Putting the value of k in equation (iii), we get
equation of plane as ax + by ± z a 2 + b 2 tan α =
0. [5]
=7i + 38j − 5
k Q. 18. Find the equation of the plane through the
∴Shortest distance 
(
line of intersection of r ⋅ 2i − 3j + 4 k = 1 and )
=
( 24i + 36j + 72k ) ⋅(7i + 38j − 5k ) 
( )
r ⋅ i − j + 4 = 0 and perpendicular to the plane

84
(
r ⋅ 2i − j + )
k + 8 = 0 . Hence find whether

=
( 2i + 3j + 6 )(
k ⋅ 7i + 38j − 5
k )
7
518 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

the plane thus obtained contains the line Ans. Equation of the plane passing through the
x − 1 = 2 y − 4 = 3 z − 12 . intersecting of planes is :
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017] ( x + y + z − 1) + λ ( 2x + 3y + 4z − 5) =0
Ans. Equation of family of planes, ⇒ (1 + 2λ ) x + (1 + 3λ ) y + (1 + 4λ ) z − (1 + 5λ ) =0...(i)

(
    ) ( )  
      r ⋅  2i − 3 j + 4k + λ i − j  =1 − 4λ This plane is perpendicular to x − y + z = 0.
 ∴1(1 + 2λ ) − 1(1 + 3λ ) + 1(1 + 4λ ) = 0
⇒ r ⋅ ( 2 + λ )i + ( −3 − λ )j + 4
k  = 1 − 4λ ...(i)
  −1
Plane in equation (i) is perpendicular to ⇒λ =
 3
      (
r ⋅ 2i − j + 
k +8= ) 0. ∴Equation of plane is :
2 ( 2 + λ ) − 1( −3 − λ ) + 1( 4 ) =0 1
( x + y + z − 1) − ( 2x + 3y + 4z − 5) =0
11 3
⇒ λ=
− ⇒x−z+2= 0 
Substituting λ = −
11
3
in equation (i), we get
( )
Vector form of plane as r ⋅ i −  k +2= 0.
3 Yes, lies line on plane as ( −2, 3, 0 ) satisfies

  5 2
r ⋅ − i + j + 4
 47
k =
( )
r ⋅ i − 
k +2= 0 and normal to plane is perpendicular
       3 3  3 to the given line is 1( 5 ) + 0 ( 4 ) − 1( 5 ) =
0. [6]

  ⇒ r(⋅ −5i + 2j + 12
k) =47 [Vector equation] Q. 21. Find the image P’ of the point P having position

     −5x + 2 y + 12 z − 47 = 0 [Cartesian equation] (ii) (
k in the plane r ⋅ 2i − j + 
vector i + 3j + 4 k +3 =)
0.
Hence find the length of PP’.
x −1 y − 2 z − 2
Line = = lies on the plane in  [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2017]
1 1 1
Ans. Let PT is perpendicular to the given plane.
2 3
P
equation (i) at point P (1, 2, 4 ) satisfies the
equation (ii) and a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 =−5 + 1 + 4 =0.
⇒ Line is perpendicular to normal plane. T
∴Plane contains the given line. [6]
Q. 19. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of a line P

passing through (1, 2, −4) and perpendicular Let position vector of T is b1 =ai + bj + ck .
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10 
to the lines = = and   
∴PT = ( a − 1) i + ( b − 3) j + ( c − 4 ) k
3 −16 7  
x − 15 y − 29 z − 5 PT  n ( normal )
= = . a −1 b − 3 c − 4
3 8 −5 ∴ = = = λ
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017] −2 1 −1
Ans. Equation of L1 passing through the points (1, 2, −4) is ⇒ a =−2λ + 1, b =λ + 3 and c =−λ + 4

x −1 y − 2 z + 4
L1 : = = ∴ b1 =( −2λ + 1) i + ( λ + 3) j + ( −λ + 4 ) k

a b c b1 lies on plane.
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10
L2 := =
3 −16 7 ∴ ( −2λ + 1)i + ( λ + 3)j + ( −λ + 4 )
  (
k  ⋅ −2i + j − )3
k =
x − 15 y − 29 z − 5 ⇒ λ=
1
L3 : = =
3 8 −5 ∴ b1 =−i + 4j + 3
k
 L1 ⊥ L2 ⇒ 3a − 16b + 7 c = 0 
Let position vector of P’ is c =xi + yj + zk
1
.
L1 ⊥ L3 ⇒ 3a + 8b − 5c = 0 Using Section Formula, we have
Solving we get, 
− 3i + 5j + 2
c1 = k
a b c
= = Also, PP ' = 24 or 2 6 . [6]
24 36 72
a b c Q. 22. Find the equation of the plane through the

⇒ = =
2 3 6 (
intersection of the planes r ⋅ i + 3j − 6 =

0 and )
∴Required Cartesian equation of line is
x −1 y − 2 z + 4
(
r ⋅ 3i − j − 4
k =)
0 whose perpendicular distance
= = . from origin is unity.
2 3 6
(
Vector equation r = i + 2j − 4 ) (
k + λ 2i + 3j + 6)
k . [6]

Ans. Given that,
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 24, Page 237]

Q. 20. Find the vector equation of the plane through the  

line of intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1 and ( )
Planes are r ⋅ i + 3j − 6 = (
0 and r ⋅ 3i − j − 4 )
k =0.
2x + 3y + 4z = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane Equation of family of planes passing through the
x – y + z = 0. Hence find whether the plane thus intersection of these planes is
 
x+2 y−3 z
obtained contains the line = = or not. ( )  (
r ⋅ i + 3j − 6 + λ r ⋅ 3i − j − 4)
k =

0
5 4 5 
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2017] ⇒ r ⋅ (1 + 3λ )i + ( 3 − λ )j + 
k ( −4λ ) =6 ...(i)
 
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 519
 Thus proved. [3]
r ⋅ (1 + 3λ )i + ( 3 − λ )j + 
k ( −4λ )
⇒  
Q. 24. Show that the points (ˆi − ˆj + 3kˆ) and 3(ˆi + ˆj + kˆ) are

(1 + 3λ ) + (3 − λ ) + ( −4λ )
2 2 2
equidistant from the plane r ⋅(5iˆ + 2 jˆ − 7 kˆ) + 9 = 0
6 and lies on opposite side of it.
⇒
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 25, Page 237]
(1 + 3λ ) + (3 − λ ) + ( −4λ )
2 2 2

Since, the perpendicular distance from the origin Ans. To show that these given points (ˆi − ˆj + 3kˆ)
is unity. and 3(ˆi + ˆj + kˆ) are equidistant from the plane.

∴
6
1
= r ⋅(5ˆi + 2ˆj − 7 kˆ) + 9 = 0.
(1 + 3λ ) + (3 − λ ) + ( −4λ ) We have to prove that mid-points of these points
2 2 2

lie on the plane. Now mid-point of the given plane

(1 + 3λ ) + ( 3 − λ ) + ( −4λ ) =36
2 2 2
⇒ is 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ.

⇒ 1 + 9λ 2 + 6λ + 9 + λ 2 − 6λ + 16λ 2 = 36 On substituting r by the mid-point in a plane, we
⇒ λ2 = 1 get
∴ λ= ±1 LHS= ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ) ⋅ (5ˆi + 2ˆj − 7 kˆ) + 9
∴Using equation (i), the required plane is : = 10 + 2 − 21 + 9

r ⋅ (1 ± 3) i + ( 3  1) j + ( 4 ) =
6 =0
 
(
⇒ r ⋅ 4i + 2j − 4= )
(
k 6 and r ⋅ −2i + 4j + 4= 
k 6 ) = RHS
Or, 4x + 2 y − 4 z= − 6 0 and − 2x + 4 y + 4 z= − 6 0 [5] So that, these two points lie on opposite sides of the
Q. 23. Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is plane are equidistant from the plane. [5]
 
at a distance of p units from the origin, then Q. 25. AB = 3ˆi − ˆj + kˆ and CD = −3ˆi + 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ are two
1 1 1 1 vectors. The position vectors of the points A
+ + = .
a 2 b2 c 2 p 2 and C are 6ˆi + 7 ˆj + 4 kˆ and −9 ˆj + 2 kˆ, respectively.
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 21, Page 499] Find the position vector of a point P on the line

Ans. Distance of the points (x1, y1, z1) from the plane Ax AB and a point Q on the line CD such that PQ is
 
+ By + Cz = D is perpendicular to AB and CD both.
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 26, Page 237]
A 2 + B2 + C 2 Ans. We have,
 
The equation of a plane having intercepts, a, b, c on AB = 3ˆi − ˆj + kˆ and CD = − 3ˆi + 2ˆj + 4 kˆ
the x, y and z-axis, respectively is :
x y z Also, the position vectors of A and C are 6ˆi + 7 ˆj + 4kˆ
+ + = 1
a b c and −9 ĵ + 2kˆ, respectively.
  
Comparing with Ax + By + Cz = D, Since, PQ is perpendicular to both AB and CD .
1 1 1 So, P and Q will be foot of perpendicular to both
=
A = ,B = ,C =,D 1 [2]
a b c the lines that pass through A and C.
Given that, the plane is at a distance of ‘p’ units Now, equation of the line through A and parallel to
from the origin. 
the vector AB is,
So, the points are O(0, 0, 0). 
So, x1 = 0, y1 = 0, and z1 = 0 r = ( 6ˆi + 7 ˆj + 4kˆ) + λ (3ˆi − ˆj + kˆ)  …(i)
Now, And the line passing through C and parallel to the

Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D vector CD is given by
Distance = 
A 2 + B2 + C 2 r= −9ˆj + 2kˆ + µ ( −3ˆi + 2ˆj + 4kˆ)...(ii)
Putting values, we have Let P (6 + 3𝜆, 7 – 𝜆, 4 + 𝜆) is any point on the first
line and Q be any point on second line is given by
1 1 1 ( −3µ , −9 + 2 µ , 2 + 4 µ ) .
× 0 + × 0 + × 0 −1 
a= b c 0 + 0 + 0 −1
=p ∴ PQ = ( −3µ , −6 − 3λ )ˆi + ( 2 µ + λ − 16)ˆj + ( 4 µ − λ − 2)kˆ
2
1 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 
+ +
a +b +c a2 b2 c 2 If PQ is perpendicular to the first line, then
      3( −3µ − 6 − 3λ ) − ( 2 µ + λ − 16) + ( 4 µ − λ − 2) = 0
⇒ −7 µ − 11λ − 4 = 0…(iii)
−1 1 
=p = If PQ is perpendicular to the second line, then
1 1 1 1 1 1 −3( −3µ − 6 − 3λ ) + 2( 2 µ + λ −16) + 4( 4 µ − λ − 2) =0
+ + + +
a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2 ⇒ 29 µ + 7λ − 22 = 0…(iv)
1 1 1 1 On solving equations (iii) and (iv), we get
= + +
p a2 b2 c 2 µ = 1 and λ = −1

Squaring both sides, we have ∴ OP = 3ˆi + 8ˆj + 3kˆ [From (i)]
1 1 1 1 
2
= 2+ 2+ 2 and OQ = ˆ ˆ
−3i − 7 j + 6k ˆ [From (ii)] [5]
p a b c
520 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 26. Show that the straight lines whose direction Hence write the vector equation of a plane passing
cosines are given by 2l + 2m – n = 0 and mn + nl through the point (2, 3, –1) and parallel to the
+ lm = 0 are at right angles. plane obtained above.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 27, Page 237]  [CBSE Board, Foreign Region, 2016]
Ans. We have, Ans. Equation of family of planes passing through two
2l + 2m – n = 0 …(i) given planes :
And mn + nl + lm = 0 …(ii) (x + 2y +3z – 4) + k (2x + y – z + 5) = 0
Eliminating m from the both equations, we get ⇒ (1 + 2k) x + (2 + k) y + (3 – k) z = 4 – 5k …(i)
 n − 2l   n − 2l  x y z
⇒ 0 ⇒ + + = 1
2  n + nl + l  2  = 4 − 5k 4 − 5k 4 − 5k
   
1 + 2k 2+k 3−k
n 2 − 2nl + 2nl + nl − 2l 2 As per condition,
⇒ 0
=
2 4 − 5k 2( 4 − 5k )
⇒ n 2 + nl − 2l 2 = 0 =
1 + 2k (3 − k )
⇒ ( n + 2l )( n − l ) =
0 4 1
⇒ k = or
⇒ n= −2l and n = l 5 5
−v 1
∴ m= −2l , m = [From Eq. (i)] For k = , equation of plane is 7x + 11y + 14z = 15.
2 5
Thus, the direction ratios of two are proportional to 4
For k = , equation of plane is 13x + 14y + 11z = 0.
−l 5
l, –2l, –2l and l, , l Equation of plane passing through the points (2, 3,
2
Or directional ratios are 1, –2, –2 and 2, –1, 2 –1) and parallel to the plane is :
Therefore, angle between vectors is given by 7(x – 2) + 11(y – 3) + 14(z + 1) = 0
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ⇒ 7x + 11y + 14z = 33
(i − 2 j − 2k ) ⋅ ( 2i − j + 2k ) 2 + 2 − 4 
= cosθ = = 0 Vector form : r ⋅( 7ˆi + 11ˆj + 14kˆ) = 33 [6]
ˆi − 2ˆj − 2kˆ 2ˆi − ˆj + 2kˆ 3⋅3
Q. 29. Find the position vector of the foot of perpendicular
π and the perpendicular distance from the point
∴ θ=
2  [5] P with position vector 2ˆi + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ to the plane
Q. 27. If l1, m1, n1; l2, m2, n2; l3, m3, n3 are the direction
cosines of three mutually perpendicular lines,

(
r ⋅ 2iˆ + jˆ + 3kˆ − 26 = ) 0. Also find image of P in
prove that the line whose direction cosines are the plane. [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016]
proportional to l1 + l2 + l3, m1 + m2 + m3, n1 + n2 Ans. Line passing through ‘P’ and perpendicular to
+ n3 makes equal angles with them. plane is :

 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 11.3, Q. 28, Page 237] r = ( 2ˆi + 3ˆj + 4kˆ) + λ ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ)
Ans. Let , General point on line is :

 ˆ ˆ
a =l1i + m1 j + n1k ˆ r = ( 2 + 2λ )ˆi + (3 + λ )ˆj + ( 4 + 3λ )kˆ

 For some 𝜆 ∈ R, r is the foot of perpendicular, say
ˆ ˆ
b =l2i + m2 j + n2 k ˆ
Q, from P to the plane, since it lies on plane.

c =l3ˆi + m3ˆj + n3kˆ ∴ [( 2 + 2λ )ˆi + (3 + λ )ˆj + ( 4 + 3λ )kˆ] ⋅ ( 2ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ) − 26 =0

d = (l1 + l2 + l3 )ˆi + ( m1 + m2 + m3 )ˆj + ( n1 + n2 + n3 )kˆ 4 + 4λ + 3 + λ + 12 + 9λ − 26 = 0
  1
Also, let α, β and γ are the angles between a and d , λ=
    2
b and d , c and d :
 ˆ 7 ˆ 11 ˆ 
∴ cos α = l1(l1 + l2 + l3 ) + m1( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ∴Foot of perpendicular= Q  3i + j + k .
 2 2 
+ n1( n1 + n2 + n3 ) Let P ' ( aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ) be the image of P in the plane,
=l12 + l1l2 + l1l3 + m12 + m1m2 + m1m3 + n12 then Q is the mid-point of PP’.
+ n1n2 + n1n3  a + 2 ˆ b + 3 ˆ c + 4 ˆ
∴Q  i+ j+ k
2 2 2
= (l + m + n ) + (l l + l l + m m + m m  2 2 2 
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3

+ n1n2 + n1n3 )  7 11 
= Q  3ˆi + ˆj + kˆ 
=1 + 0 =1  2 2 
Similarly, cos β = 1 and cos γ = 1 a+2 b + 3 7 c + 4 11
⇒ = 3, = , =
⇒ cos α = cos β = cos γ 2 2 2 2 2
⇒α=β=γ ⇒ a =4, b =4 and c =7
Thus proved [5] ∴ P'( 4ˆi + 4ˆj + 7 kˆ)
Q. 28. Find the equation of the plane which contains the Perpendicular distance of P from plane
line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z – 4 = 2 2
0 and 2x + 0 – z + 5 = 0 and whose x-intercept is  7  11  7
= PQ ( 2 − 3)2 +  3 −  +  4 − = . [6]
twice its z-intercept.  2  2  2
 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY | 521

Some Commonly Made Errors

 The dot product gives us a scalar, not another vector. The products are added together, not put into vector
components.
 Note that there is very little difference between the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) formulae
above. To get from the 3D formula to the 2D formula all we did is to take out the third component/coordinate.
Because of this, most of the formulae here are given only in their 3D version. If we need them in their 2D form we
can easily modify the 3D form.
 When two lines are perpendicular, the angle between the lines is 90° which gives the condition of perpendicular as :
• l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
• Or this implies,
• a1a2 + 71b2 + c1c2 = 0.
 Similarly, when two lines are parallel, the angle between them, i.e. θ = 0°.
• This gives l1/l2 = m1/m2 = n1/n2
• This also gives a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
• So don’t confuse with the applied conditions on both case.

EXPERT ADVICE
☞ Practice questions from previous year’s question papers, sample papers and model papers within the time-frame
you will have at the final exam.
☞ Try the given problems with the conventional methods first, and then look into the short-cut methods given. This
makes it evident for you, the lesser labour involved, in comparison to the conventional methods.
☞ Don’t be in a rush to solve problems. In Board Question Papers, both speed and strike-rate matter. You need to be
quick as well as accurate to achieve high scores. High speed with low accuracy can actually ruin your results.
☞ More from rigid reliance on rules without understanding (rule-oriented study) to an understanding of mathemat-
ical concepts and flexibility in problem solving (concept-oriented study).
☞ Focus on solving as many problems as you can, rather than just reading theories, formulae and solutions.

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