Cosmetology 10 TH

Textbook of
COSMETOLOGY
Grade - X
National Vocational and Technical Training Commission

H-9, Islamabad
A Textbook of
COSMETOLOGY
Grade – X
National Vocational and Technical Training Commission

H-9, Islamabad
i
Author: Dr. Shumaila Waqas, Dermatologist, Gangaram Hospital, Lahore
Reviewers: 1. Fauzia Masood, Chief Executive Officer, DIOR Salon
2. Gulnaz Hamid, Beauty Educator, Owner of Glamour Institute and Salon
3. Musarat Aftab, Owner of Aqsaz Beauty Salon)
4. Adeela Anwar, Beauty Expert, Herbalist. Chief Executive Officer of
Naila's Beauty Salon and Clinic
5. Asma Aamer, Lady Instructor and National Assessor).
6. Farzana Aziz, Chief Executive Officer, Flora Saloon by Fari
7. Almas Akhtar, Esthetician
8. Saba Sadiq, DACUM Facilitator, NAVTTC
9. Saima Abbas, Education Officer, National Curriculum Council
Designing: Gul Awan Printers, Blue Area, Islamabad.

Edition: Test Edition, 2022
ISBN:
Publishers: National Vocational & Technical Training Commission
H-9, Islamabad.
Website: www.navttc.gov.pk,
All rights are preserved with the National Vocational and Technical Training Commission. No
part of this book can be copied, translated, reproduced or used for guide books, key notes,
helping books etc. without permission of NAVTTC.
ii
PREFACE
This book has been designed to meet the pace of gradual development of scientific concepts of
cosmetology for the 10th Class of Matric Tech. Matric Tech in Cosmetology has been
introduced first time in the history of Pakistan. This textbook is the first national effort to
describe the topics related to Cosmetology.
The main characteristics of the book are as under:
 The subject matter is fully equipped with specific illustrations for strengthening the
concepts.
 Facts and principles are explained succinctly and clearly.
 Tags of interesting information, mini-exercises and the brain teasers under the caption of
“Do you know?” are added to steer students through the concepts.
Skills of practical work in students, scientific activities have been included in each chapter of the
book.
Before printing, this book was thoroughly reviewed by a committee of well-known experts and
then recommendations have been duly incorporated in the book.
We wish that this book proves to be an ideal choice for the students looking for a supplement to
promote their potentials in the field of beauty therapy but as there is always a room for
improvement, we cordially invite the valuable suggestions for betterment of this book.
This book of Cosmetology for Class 10th Matric Tech written by Dr. Shumaila Waqas with the
support of co-authors Miss Fouzia and Miss Almas is the very first drop of rain by NAVTTC in
the field of Beauty Therapy. This book explains all the concerned topics in a soft, pleasant and
convenient manner is understandable to the level of Matric Tech students. It covers the related
domains of Cosmetology regarding concepts, methodology and practical implementation of the
topics. Many new innovations and emerging trends are also explained thoroughly.
The sequence of chapters can be adjusted as per convenience of the tutor. Make
sure you never skip a prerequisite of any chapter. The book should not be crammed. It should be
read conceptually. Perform all the activities and tasks to have hands on experience of
Cosmetology.
Executive Director
National Vocational & Technical Training Commission
(NAVTTC)
iii
CONTENTS
1 Hair Cutting 01
2 Hair Styling 11
3 Party and Bridal Makeup 20
4 Media Makeup 33
5 Manicure and Pedicure 43
6 Nail Art 51
7 Entrepreneurship 60
iv
Chapter - 01 Hair Cutting
01 Chapter
Hair Cutting
The students will be able to:
 know about trolley setting for hair services.
 learn to prepare clients for hair cut services.
 know about hair sections.
 learn straight line haircut techniques following angles & degrees.
 learn blow dry process according to the hair cut.
 know about basic trimming techniques.
 learn to handle tools and equipment according to sops.
 learn different hair cutting techniques and rules.
 know haircut types for women.
 u-shaped cut
 layers’ cut
 feather cut
 wedge cut
 steps cut
 bangs or flick
 short bob
 a-line bob
 graduation bob
 pointed bob
 undercut bob
 emo cut
 diana cut
 comprehend haircut techniques for men.
 army
 layers
 spike
 side cut
Introduction
Hair is one of the important parts of our body that reflect our personality. The way we dress, our
haircut, and our style all reveal the type of person we are. Haircut and style are one of the factors
that can really enhance our physical appearance.
1
Cosmetologists should have a thorough understanding of haircutting because haircutting is a

basic, foundational skill it will build trust and loyalty between a stylist and his/her clients as a
good haircut will make clients happy.
1. Trolley Setting for Hair Services

Arranging all necessary equipment’s, disposals and tools in an orderly
manner before starting a service on a client.
Importance of Trolley Setting
1. It saves time and speeds up the process. Having all tools,
disposals and cosmetics handy in advance.
2. These speeds up the process.
3. It allows the service provider to focus on the job and gives better
quality work and a happier client.
4. It creates a good impression on the client.
Client Preparation for Hair Cutting
1. Prepare hair for shampoo service
2. Clean gown/wrap and towels of suitable size for client are
selected and applied.
3. Hair and scalp condition are observed by visual examination.
4. Client safety and comfort are ensured during process.
5. Water temperature and flow are controlled during process.
6. Hair and all of scalp area are massaged using appropriate products.
7. Hair is brushed or combed through, according to cut.
2. Essential Furniture & Equipment for a Hair Salon

Washing Area
 Shampoo Chairs
 Shampoo Area Cabinetry & Storage
 Trash Bin
Hair Section Practical Activity
Manage and arrange practical
 Cutting Stools activity for recognition and
 Chair Mats handling of all hair cutting
tools and equipment.
2
 Styling Stations
 Mirrors
 Utility Carts & Trolleys
 Utility Trays
Hair Processing Equipment
 Dryer Unit
 Wheel Set for Box Dryer
 Hair Steamer
The Tools Every Hair Stylist Needs
 Scissors (Shears)
 Trimmer
 Blow Dryer
 Flat Iron
 Razor
 Sectioning Clips
 Combs & Brushes
 Water Bottle
 Cap and aprons
 Disinfectant & Jar
 Towels
 Duster Brush
 Hair Products
Blow Dry
 Freshly Shampooed and Conditioned Hair
 A Towel
 A Wide-Tooth Comb
 Hair Serum
 Sectioning Clips
 Blow Dry Round Brush
3
3. Basic Principles of Haircutting

Reference Points
They are the points on the head where the surface of the head changes, such as the ears, jaw line
occipital bone, or apex; helps to find the balance within a design so that both sides of the haircut
turn out the same; used to establish design lines. The reference points are:
 Parietal Ridge - widest area of the head; starts at the temples and ends at the bottom of
the crown; also referred to as crest area; found by placing the comb flat on the side of the
head.
 Occipital bone- bone that protrudes at the base of the skull • Apex- highest point on the
top of the head.
 Four corners- draw two diagonal lines (or cross two combs) across the apex of the head-
where they touch are the four corners; signals change in head shape; for example, front
corners represent widest points in the bang area.
Lines and Angles
 Line - a thin continuous mark used as a guide.
 Angle- space between two lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point; important
element in creating a strong foundation and consistency in haircutting
 Horizontal lines- parallel to the horizon or floor; direct the eye from one side the other;
used to create one-length and low elevation haircuts and to add weight.
 Vertical lines- up and down lines; perpendicular to the floor; remove weight to create
graduated or layered haircuts; used with higher elevations.
 Diagonal lines- slanting or sloping direction; between horizontal and vertical; used to
create fullness in a haircut and to blend longer layers into shorter layers Beveling and
stacking- used with diagonal lines to create angles by cutting the ends of the hair with a
slight increase or decrease in length.
Teacher’s Instruction
Teach and make students practice thoroughly about lines, angles, points.
4
4. Hair Cutting Basic Trimming Technique

When cutting the guide, rather than placing fingers into the section and clamping the ends, use
comb to guide the fingers.
 Comb the hair from the root into natural fall, following the bottom of the comb with
fingers – this prevents graduation.
 Guide fingers using the comb until desired cutting length. Then, cut guide. This will
ensure the ends are in line with natural fall and we can get a clean, straight edge.
4.1 Different Hair Cutting Techniques and Styles

4.1.1. Layer Cut
Layer hair cut gives the illusion of length and volume using long
hair for the illusion of length and short hair for volume, it’s an easy
style to manage.
Hair is arranged into layers, with the top layers (those that grow
nearer the crown) cut shorter than the lower layers. This allows the
tips of the top layers to blend with lower layer.
There can be Different Layer Styles like:
1. Distinct layering (obvious layers)
2. Blended layering (soft layers)
Techniques
The layered hair cut can be done by taking sections of hair vertically across the
head, pulling it perpendicular to the head, and cutting straight across.
4.1.2. Sliding Haircut
For sliding style, hair is sectioned in
4 parts, starting with back section
and cut at 20-degree angle. The
transition over the ear is used as a
guideline for the front sections. This
creates a soft layered end, but
predominantly gives the one-length
5
look. Suitable for medium wavy textures Blended Elevation. The top section (bob section) is cut
at 90 degrees while the side sections are cut 180 degrees to the length of the top section. Back
and nape sections are cut at 90 degrees. In this form of layering there is an "elevated" group of
layers formed due to shorter top section and then it blends with the softer side and back layers
suitable for straight or slightly wavy hair, but not for wavy or curly hair.
4.1.3. Blunt Cut (Straight Line Cut)

Blunt Cut (Straight Line Cut) also known as one-length cut,
zero-elevation cut, or no-elevation cut; all hair comes to
single hanging level, forming a weight line; cutting line can
be horizontal, diagonal, or rounded; cut with a stationary
guide; excellent for fine or thinner hair types (looks thicker).
4.1.5. Long-Layered Hair Cut
Long Layered Hair Cut at 180-
degree angle; gives more volume to
haircuts. It can be combined with
other basic haircuts; shorter layers
on top and increasing longer layers
downwards.
Practical Activity
Teachers are encouraged to

manage students in groups
and batches for scissor grip
and movement.
4.1.6. Graduated Cut- (Bob

Cut)
Graduated bob can be done by using a vertical cutting line and a
45-degree elevation; from a center part, side part, or bang. All hair
is elevated to 90 degrees from the scalp and cut at the same length;
resulting shape will appear soft and rounded.
6
5. Other Cutting Techniques

5.1. Cutting the Bangs (Fringe)
Bangs and fringe mean the same thing the area that lies between the two front corners. Bangs are
cut using a stationary guide at 90 degrees straight up from the head. Sometimes you may only cut
a few pieces in the bang area. A bang can be blended or not.
5.2 Razor Cutting
Gives a softer appearance than a shear cut; great option for medium or fine textured hair; gives a
feathered effect on the ends Any cut done with shears can be done with a razor. Two methods for
razor cutting: Razor kept parallel to subsection; used to thin the ends; entire blade is used Razor
held at an angle (45 degrees); use 1/3 of blade to make small strokes.
5.3. Scissor-over-Comb
Hold the hair in place with the comb and use the tips of the scissor to remove length, best used
on dry hair.
5.4. Texturizing
1. Process of removing excess bulk without shortening the length; can be used for effect
within a haircut. It may be used to add or reduce volume.
2. Performed on the ends of the hair using the tips or points of the scissor.
3. Done on wet or dry hair, with diagonal angle of the scissor.
4. Free-hand Notching-uses the tip of the scissor, do not slide, simply snip out pieces of hair
at random intervals;
5. Sliding movement; reduces volume and creates movement
6. Slicing- removes bulk and adds movement; performed on the surface or within a
subsection.
7. Texturizing with the Razor Removing weight- thins out the ends of hair; done on damp
hair, also known as thinning of hair.
6. Wedge Hair Cut

The wedge haircut is a voluminous retro-style short layered bob for
women with fine & straight hair that became popular in the 1970's. This
is a popular cut for women with fine and thin hair that needs a bulky
7
twist or simply someone wanting to have a taste of the short hair lifestyle.
7. Steps of Blow Dry

Step 1: Use Shampoo and conditioner according to hair type
and condition.
Step 2: Use an absorbent towel to dry your hair as much as
possible. Hair should be damp, but not dripping.
Step 3: Remove all of the tangles from hair with a wide-tooth
comb. Start from the bottom of the strands and then
go upwards, remembering to be gentle.
Step 4: Apply a small amount of hair serum to help to speed
up the drying process and style hair faster.
Step 5: Dry hair with a hair-dryer set on medium heat to get hair about 80 percent dry. Using a
professional hair-dryer will help to minimize any damage that may be caused by the heat
and will give a smoother finish.
Step 6: Clip away all of partly dried hair except for the section you want to work on.
Step 7: Roll the sectioned hair around a round brush and move hair-dryer back and forth
constantly over the hair section.
Step 8: Unroll hair from the brush and give it a quick run through with your fingers. Repeat steps
6 to 8 until hair is completely straightened.
Step 9: Finish with a light finishing product to keep your hair in place and smooth if necessary.
8
EXERCISE
Choose the correct option.
1 When trying to create more body in fine hair:

(a) Use scissor over comb method (b) Give a blunt cut
(c) Cut using a razor (d) Use graduated layers where possible
2 Which of the following hair cutting tools can be used on wet or dry hair?
(a) Scissors (b) Razors
(c) Clippers (d) All the above
3 These hair cutting lines are used to create a sense of weight and stability.
(a) Diagonal (b) Vertical
(c) Horizontal (d) Concave
4 These hair cutting lines are used to create a illusion of movement

(a) Vertical (b) Diagonal
(c) Horizontal (d) Weight lines
5 A straight line cut is to create lines that are

(a) Feathered and soft (b) Soft and feminine
(c) Hard (d) Easy to roll in a roller set
6 In "scissor over comb", you should work with an area:

(a) No wider than the comb (b) Equal width to the comb
(c) As wide as the comb (d) No wider than the blade of the scissor
7 Thinning scissors are used to?

(a) Remove excess length (b) Remove excess bulk
(c) Create high fashion looks (d) Create feathered layers
9
10 A uniform layer cut (same length throughout) is cut at what angle/degree?

(a) 0 (b) 90
(c) 45 (d) 180
exer
Give short answer to the following questions.
1. What is the shortest haircut in female?

2. What is a zero cut?
3. How long layer gives body or volume to hair?
4. How do you angle your hair?
5. Which is best haircut for long but thin hairs?
Answer the following questions in detail.

1. Describe tool and equipment for hair salon.
2. Describe long layer cut.
3. Explain three different cutting styles and techniques.
10
Chapter - 02 Hair Styling
02 Chapter
Hair Styling
Students will be able to:
Know Basic Hair Styling
 Straightening.
 curling & crimping.
 blow dry.
 Braids.
 back combing.
 60s hair style.
Introduction
 comprehend advance hair styling.
Hair 
care up do’s.
is important for not only our appearance, but also for our overal
 extensions setting.
 bridal bun.
Introduction
Hair care is important not only for our appearance, but also for our overall hygiene.
Having healthy hair allows us to look our best and ensure our hair and scalp is healthy. The look
of hair is important for many reasons and has a significant impact on our self-esteem. For
example good and appropriate hair style according to face shape and personality enhances our
beauty.
1. Hair Straightening
Curly or wavy hair can be straightened with different methods like:
a. Temporary straightening with flat iron.
b. Permanent straightening also called chemical straightening /rebounding.
1.1 Flat iron (Straightener)
It has two hot plates ranging in size from ½ to 3 inches; flat iron with straight edges is used to
create smooth, straight styles even on very curly hair.
Flat iron with a beveled edge can be manipulated to bend or cup the ends; the edge nearest the
stylist is the inner edge and the edge farthest from the stylist is the outer edge.
11
Hair straightener temporarily straightens curly or wavy hair by means of a heated iron generally
lasts until the hair is shampooed.
1.2 Rebounding
Hair rebounding is done by a chemical process that changes
hair’s natural texture and creates a straight and smooth look, also
known as chemical straightening.
It’s a multi-step process which breaks the natural bond of hair
follicle, then rebuilds it in a different shape. This changes the
look of hair from curl to straight.
Process of Rebounding
1. First, washes hair and dry them completely, this removes dirt and oils and evaluate
texture of hair.
2. Section the hair, and apply lotion /cream 1 on every strand of hair avoiding half inch of
roots.
3. Lotion /cream 1should stay on hair for 30 minutes or more. Because the relaxant is
breaking down hair cuticle on a cellular level, this step needs to be closely monitored so
that scalp and hair are not damaged.
4. Once hair strands all over scalp give 3 times length on strength, this process is done.
5. Next, rinses hair again and blow-dries it so it’s ready for the next step of the process.
6. Straight each and every strand of hair thoroughly with rebounding iron.
7. A neutralizer (lotion /cream 2) is then layered on top of hair from roots to ends for next
15-20 minutes to stabilize these newly formed bonds.
8. Hair is rinsed one last time to remove neutralizer.
9. After drying hair, last iron is done to fix the final look.
10. Wait for next 72 hours for first wash after rebounding.
2. Curling
2.1 Types of Curls
1. Spiral – Curling By winding a hair strand around the rod, it creates hanging curls
suitable for medium or long hair.
2. End Curls - can be used to give finished appearance to hair ends.
12
3. Volume curls It provides maximum lift or volume; curl placed very high on the base
section, hold strand at 135-degree angle, slide iron over strand about ½ inch from scalp,
wrap strand over rod with medium tension, hold for 5 seconds, roll curl and place firmly
forward and high on base.
4. Full-base thermal curls Hold hair at 125-degree angle, slide over strand about ½ inch
from scalp, wrap strand over rod with medium tension, hold for 5 seconds, roll curl as
usual and place firmly in center of base.
5. Half-based thermal curls It provides strong curl with medium lift or volume; hold hair
at 90-degree angle, slide iron over hair about ½ inch from scalp, wrap hair over rod with
medium tension, hold for five sections, roll in usual manner and place half off its base.
6. Off-based curl It offers a curl with only slight lift or volume; first section the hair, hold
hair at 70-degree angle, slide iron over the hair about ½ inch from scalp, wrap hair over
rod with medium tension, hold for 5 seconds, roll as usual with curl completely off its
base to finish: brush hair up from the neckline and push waves into place as you progress
over the entire head.
3. Crimping
It is a method of styling for straight and thin hair
so that it becomes wavy and looks heavy, in
which hair artificially waved with crimper.
3.1 Method of Crimping
Once hair is primed and prepared, now it's time to
crimp hair creating the perfect waves and bends.
Begin at the roots. Take a small part of hair
(preferably a 1-inch section), gently clamp the iron
down, get as close as possible to the scalp without burning it. To create flawless crinkle patterns,
hold the tool in place for 3-5 seconds before releasing the clamp.
To build a uniform and consistent look, continue crimping down the length of hair. Slide the
crimper down to crimp the length, similar to the roots, after releasing the roots. To prevent any
gaps between the waves, try to overlap the crimper over the last crimp made.
13
4. Blow Dry
No cuts, no color—just beautiful bouncy blow-
dry give a beautiful and presentable finish to
our hair.
4.1 Preparation for Blow-Dry
1. Start with a good shampoo and
conditioner that clears scalp and hair.
Make sure to scrub the scalp and rinse
well. Using styling products is important for
reducing frizz, adding volume and providing a smooth, shiny finish.
2. Use a powerful blow-dryer with a nozzle that can concentrate and direct airflow.
3. Brushes are important, as it plays vital role in finishing of style.
4.2 Steps for a Blow Dry
1. Apply hair spray or serum and then brush through hair to help distribute and detangle, as
well as add shine to hair.
2. Pad dry hair 80 percent to remove excess moisture.
3. Hair Sectioning is must. Start with bangs because they dry quickly. Sections should be
the size of the brush so hair can be smoothed and styled efficiently. Holding the brush
vertically will create curl and holding it horizontally will create volume. Always blow dry
hair in same direction it grows to smooth the cuticle and avoid frizz.
4. Make sure hair is 100 percent dry and cooled to can lock in the volume and finish.
5. Finish with hair products that maximize hold and add shine like hair serums, spays,
mosses, gels etc.
5. Braids
The Different Types of Braiding Techniques
 Classic 3-Strand Braid. This one is great for beginners and easy enough for even younger
children to execute.
 French/Dutch Braids
 Fishtail Braid
 Rope Braid
14
5.1 The Fishtail Braid

Begin with pulling back all tresses and tie them with a
rubber band to a ponytail. Then divide this ponytail
equally. Now grab a piece of hair from one section and
pull it to the inside of the opposite section. Follow the
same technique for the other part also.
7. Few Important but Easy Styles

7.1 The Classic Ponytail
This hairstyle has been around for decades and we can
do it easily. First separate hairs in two sections horizontally
from the crown. Tie the back hairs with a Ponytail and
again part the front hair into two sections. Now pull one
section of the front in the backside, wrap it around the hair
tie and secure with 2-3 hairpins to cover the elastic. Repeat
this process for the rest of the front part and enjoy an
effortless classic ponytail.
7.2 Style with Hot Rollers
For this style, section hair tresses into four
parts (top, middle, and 2 middle bottoms) and
put in the relatively big rollers in the top
section If we want more volume and body on
the top set the rest of the rollers by sections
for an uncomplicated styling experience.
8. Backcombing
It is one of the easiest ways to give volume to hair style, done by teasing hair. Every hair style
needs adding volume to hair from updos to braids to bridal styles.
Teasing of hair is done by combing hair backward. The back and forth motion of combing hair
builds volume and creates clusters, or teases, for an overall thicker look. We can backcomb
roots, ends, or virtually anywhere to create extra fullness and lift.
15
Steps of Backcomb
Step 1: Hair Sectioning
To tease the roots, start by taking a section of hair from the front of head that’s about one-inch
thick. Put that section aside, pulling it in front of face, then pick up a section behind it that’s the
same size.
Step2: Use of Hair Spray
Use a hairspray that has moderate holding power. Pull the section of hair up toward the ceiling
and spray roots with the hairspray. Using hairspray ensures teased hair stay.
Step 3: Backcomb Hair
Take a fine-tooth comb, placing it about two to three inches from the root. Gently brush up and
down to create clustered, teased hair.
Step 4: Section and Repeat
Once that section of hair is teased, pull the section forward and allow it to hang in front of the
face, gently moving it aside. Take another section of hair from behind the one just backcombed
and repeat step two and three. Continue to do this until you think hair is voluminous enough.
Step 5: Smooth out Hair
To tease hair without ending up with a frizzy appearance, gently pull all of hair back into place.
Lightly use the fine-tooth comb to smooth out the top of hair, covering any backcombed
sections. While doing this, be careful not to comb through teased hair, as we might start to undo
hard work.
Step 6: Use of Hair Spray
Finish teasing hair with a coat of hairspray that will keep strands exactly where we want them.
9. Hair Extension Settings

Lengths of artificial hair attached to a person's own hair to create a long hairstyle.
Step 1: Hair Sectioning
Start sectioning hair above the tops of ears and divide it in top and bottom parts. Clip the top
section up and out of the way.
Step 2: Tease Roots of hair
Gently tease the roots of the bottom section of hair to give stability.
16
Step 3: Clip in Your First Weft

Grab a weft (a hair extension with multiple clips) with four clips. Open the clips, then comb
them into the roots of the section you just teased, lining them up with your part before clipping
them closed.
Step 4: Let Your Hair Down
Release the top section of hair and then create a new top section, leaving one to two inches
behind to cover your extensions.
Step 5: Backcomb and Clip
Backcomb and spray roots, then reach for a weft with three clips. Clip it along new part.
10. Updos
An updo is a type of hairstyle that involves the hair being up and out of the face. The hair is kept
in place with pins or bands to prevent the hair from falling down. Updos are versatile and can be
created in many different looks like given below:
1. Buns. A bun is probably the easiest updo we can do. On medium length hair which is not
very thick. Backcombing helps to add body and visually enlarge the bun’s size.
2. Knots. Modern knots are rather loose and messy. Tease hair at the roots to provide some
lift around face and make a low or high “imperfect” knot. Once it’s ready and fixed, may
pull at occasional strands to make loops. These days’ messy styles are in trend.
3. Multi-component styles. Sometimes we do not want to keep it plain. The fanciest
hairstyle designs come from multi-component hairstyles, combining, for example, twists
and curls, a braid and a bun, a braid and a knot, etc.
17
EXERCISE

1 Using the fingers, combs, and waving lotion to shape and direct the hair into s-
shaped waves is called?
(a) Thermal curling (b) Thermal waving
(c) Wet setting (d) Finger waving
2. The product used to keep the hair in place during the finger waving procedure is:
(a) Setting Lotion (b) Hair Spray
(c) Foam or Mousse (d) Waving Lotion
3. A good finger waving lotion:

(a) Leaves a mild residue (b) Does not flake when dry
(c) Should be used liberally (d) Dries on contact
4. Applying finger wave lotion to one side of the head at a time:

(a) Dries out hair (b) Is not necessary
(c) Prevents it from drying (d) Is inefficient
5. Using the fingers to pinch or push ridges in a finger wave creates:

(a) Inconsistent waves (b) Over direction of the ridge
(c) Under direction of the ridge (d) Splits
6. Pin curls are made up of three main parts; stem, circle, and
(a) Base (b) Curl
(c) Cuticle (d) Wave
18
7. The pin curl stem position that produces a tight, firm, long-lasting curl is the
(a) No-stem curl (b) Half-stem curl
(c) Full-stem curl (d) Mobile stem curl
8. The full-stem curl produces

(a) Medium movement (b) Minimum mobility
(c) The greatest mobility (d) A tight, firm curl
9. Uniform curls are produced by

(a) Open center pin curls (b) Closed center pin curls
(c) Counterclockwise pin curls (d) Clockwise pin curls
10. To prevent splits along the front or facial hairline in the finished hairstyle use
(a) Arc base pin curls (b) Triangular base pin curls
(c) Rectangular base pin curls (d) Square base pin curls

1. What is back combing?
2. What is crimping for?
4. Name the hair straightening methods.
5. Name any three braids.
6. Write method of hair extensions.

1. Describe different types of hair curls?
2. Describe the difference between hair straightening and rebounding in detail.
19
Chapter - 03 Party and Bridal Makeup
03 Chapter
Party and Bridal Make Up

The Student will be able to:
 understand the concept of natural/no-makeup.
 familiarize the latest trends of makeup.
 know about trolley setting for makeup services.
 prepare the client according to the requirement.
 prepare the skin according to the requirement.
 learn eye makeup according to the requirement.
 know the process of skin work (foundation, blush, highlight, etc.).
 learn lip colors technique according to the requirement.
 understand concept of party makeup.
 prepare the client and trolley according to the requirement.
 learn color correction technique according to the requirement.
 know foundation properties according to skin.
 understand the concept of bridal makeup.
 prepare trolley for makeup according to standards.
 select suitable makeup materials and tools for client. according to the skin.
complexion, dress style and makeup style.
 learn bridal makeup technique as per requirement.
 set jewelry and dupatta as per requirement.
Introduction
Apart from the venue, the décor, ambiance, and bride's dresses, people also pay a lot of attention
to the bride's makeup. It is what gives the bride's outfit a finishing look. Therefore, bridal
makeup needs to be on point – beautiful but in a very subtle and artistic manner.
1. Concept of Natural or No Makeup Look

Makeup is one of the most universally demanding look these days. It means our makeup is
seamlessly blending into the skin that it looks the part of our skin rather than appearing as an
extra layer. Natural makeup should enhance the beauty of our features; as long as it does, the
effect is natural and fresh.
20
Natural / No Makeup Look Includes

 Under eye concealer
 Eye shadow
 Eye liner
 Eye lashes
 Mascara
 Eyebrow
1.1 Concealer Application
 Since under-eye shadows tend to have a bluish or purple cast, a peachy or yellow-toned
concealer helps counteract that, no matter what your skin tone is.
 Blending under eye concealer with the warmth from your fingers helps to melt it into
your skin seamlessly for the most natural look, but if you want more coverage, a makeup
brush or makeup sponge would be more effective.
 Don’t forget to set your under-eye concealer with a bit of powder if you’re wearing
eyeliner or mascara to prevent the rest of your eye makeup from smudging.
1.2 Eye shadow application
When applying eye shadows, use the following general guidelines.
 Lightest Shadow: use all over lid as a base to fix excess oil and even out the tone of
eyelid.
 Mid-Tone Shadow: use on the visible lid below the crease for depth.
 Darkest Shadow: use for extra definition along the lash line or when you’re creating a
smoky eye.
1.3 Eye Liner Application
 “Warm up” an eye pencil by running it over the back of hand a few times. That way it
won’t drag along eyelids in a jerky motion during application.
 For liquid eyeliner, it’s best to store pens tip-side down. Some of them require a good
shake before using them or running the brush-tip on the back of hand to gets the ink
flowing.
 With gel eyeliner in a pot, choose a brush with a fine point (whether it’s angled or
tapered), and don’t pick up too much of the product to avoid clumps.
21
 To apply a line as close to lashes as possible, gently tug eyelid upwards.

 Eyeliner placement can change the effect of eye shape. For natural definition, don’t stay
away from eyelid.
 Cotton swabs are great for softening harsh lines or cleaning up liner mistakes.
 For mature skin, crisp lines tend to be more difficult to create and inevitably end up
looking a bit messy since the skin around the eyes is thinner and loose. A smudgy pencil
or gel liner topped with dark eye shadow can create a nice effect that looks organic and
not super harsh.
1.4 Eye Lashes Application
 Keep clean spoolie brushes on hand to separate lashes that have been stuck together right
after applying mascara.
 Before applying, wipe any excess mascara from the tip of the wand onto the tube’s
opening or on a tissue to prevent clumps.
 Look down when applying so we can get the wand as close to the root of lashes as
possible without smudging the makeup on eyelid.
 Gently lifting lashes upwards with fingers after the mascara is freshly applied will help
set them into a curl while the makeup drying.
 Pressing a small amount of powder on under-eye area with a flat foundation brush or a
fluffy eye shadow brush will help keep mascara on the lower lashes from smudging under
eyes.
1.5 Eye Brow Shaping
 Always work from inner brow towards the ends, lightly brushing upwards and outwards,
following the direction of your natural hair growth.
 Brush a spoolie through your brows to diffuse any harsh lines after filling them in with
powder or pencil.
 If your brows begin looking overly filled or too dark, brush a tiny bit of face powder
through them with a spoolie to diffuse it out.
 Your inner brow should line up with the inner corner of your eye, and the arch should be
three-fourths of the way across your eye. When defining the tail end, follow the natural
direction of your brow.
22
2. Latest Trends in Make Up

New Makeup Trends Includes
1. Bright Blush
2. No-Makeup Look
3. Contouring
4. Highlighter
5. Glossy Lips
6. High-Definition Eyes
7. False Freckles
8. Bold Brows
3. Trolley Set Up for Make Up

Trolley setup can be defined as arranging all necessary cosmetics, disposals and tools in an
orderly manner before starting a makeup service on a client.
3.1 Advantages of Trolley Setup
 It saves time and speeds up the process. Having all tools, disposals and cosmetics handy
in advance implies that one does not waste time in looking around for things once the
service starts. These speeds up the process.
 It allows the service provider to focus on the job.
 It creates a good impression on the client.
 Customer retention becomes easier and helps to gain the confidence of customer.
3.2 Make up Trolley Should Have
 2 Bowls: One bowl should be there for the client to keep her jewelry (nose ring, earring
etc.). The other bowl can be used to keep used cotton or tissue paper for it to be disposed
of later.
 A cylindrical glass container for makeup brushes.
 Hand Sanitizer: A hand sanitizer is a must in any kind of trolley setup. This has become
all the more necessary in aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic.
 Mouth Fresheners
 Tissue Paper
 Disposable Sheets
23
 Disposable Apron
 Cleanser
 Moisturizer
 Sunscreen
 Primer
 Foundation
 Concealer
 Color Corrector
 Eyeliner
 Eye Shadow
 Eye Lashes
 Mascara
 Kajal
 Lipstick
 Lip Liner
 Gloss
4. Skin preparation for make up

1. Cleansing of face with appropriate cleanser according to skin type.
2. Exfoliation. Removal of dead skin cells facilitates long stay of makeup base on face.
3. Toner. After exfoliation of dead cells, apply a toner for pore tightening and wait for a few
seconds for it to dry.
4. Eye Cream
5. Moisturizer
6. Primer
24
Skin Cleansing Before Makeup

Application / Procedure of Cleansing the Skin before
Makeup.
Makeup can be bad without cleansing the face,
because if there is extra oil or dust on the face or even
if there is make-up, the result of make-up will not be
correct and net, so always before applying make-up.
Cleanse the face.
Method of Cleansing
 Tie the hair of the head to the back and wear a headband.
 Apply cleanser on wet face and massage round with the help of fingertips. In this way,
the movement of the massage circles brings the
dust out of the pores. The pressure mode of the
finger tips should be rated.
 Now clean the cleanser thoroughly with the help of
tissue or wipe on the face and wash the face with water and dry the skin.
There are different cleansing products in the market because the same type of cleanser cannot be
used on every skin.
1. Cleansing lotion for normal to oily skin
2. Cleansing milk for Dry Skin
3. Cleansing Gel for Sensitive Skin
5. Procedure of Applying Base/

Foundation on Face
Base means foundation, and make-up on the face is
started by applying foundation and it is used to hide the
flaws on the face.
5.1 Types of Base / Foundation
 Oil Based Foundation (Stick and Liquid)
 Matte and Oil Free Liquid Foundation
25
 Cake Foundation
 Mineral Foundation
 Moose Foundation
5.2 How to Apply Foundation?
 To apply the foundation, first clean the
skin by tying or covering the hair and
cleansing the face and prepare the skin
according to the skin type and season.
 If you are using a stick foundation,
apply the foundation on the face and
blend it inside the skin with wet sponge.
 If you are using a liquid foundation, first apply it in the form of dots on the face and
spread it on the neck and face with the help of Dry Puff.
 If you are using Cake Foundation, apply it on the face with wet sponge and absorb it
inside the skin.
 If mature, aged and open pores, use a primer before the base on the skin so that the
foundation is part of the skin.
 For 2 Tone Skin, such as acne scars, shadows or circles around the eyes, etc., first
conceal dark areas and then apply foundation.
Products / Foundation and Techniques of Makeup
Product Detail
 Makeup Stick  Makeup Fixers
 Concealer  Blush
26
 Lipstick  Skin Shiner

 Lip liner  Eyelashes
 Lip gloss  Eye Shadows
 Contouring Kit  Glitter
 Compact Powder  Eye Pencil
 Pan Cake  Mascara
 Loose Powder
6. Contouring and Highlighting
 Makeup Contouring
Contrast every facial feature you want to suppress or show less with a brown matte color.
 Makeup High Light
With makeup, we can highlight any feature we want to show and display with this silver,
gold or white shimmer.
7. Procedure for Evening Makeup

Evening makeup is also called casual makeup. We can do
similar makeup for any general function or gathering.
Makeup Procedure
1. Collect tools, equipment and supplies used in
makeup.
2. Make the client wear a gown and cover the hair with
a headband. Make her sit in a comfortable position
on a make-up chair. Inspect the client's skin and choose colors after consulting them.
3. Hide facial blemishes and 2 tone skin with concealer and smooth the facial skin with a
thin layer of liquid base.
27
4. Apply a small amount of powder on the face and neck and remove the excess powder.
5. Use eye shadow according to the color of the dress.
6. Explain the texture of the eyes with the help of eyeliner.
7. Use a blush brush to apply blush on the cheeks.
8. Use shades contouring to highlight facial features.
9. Choose the lipstick according to the make-up and first fill in the lipstick by lining the
outline of the lips.
10. Choose colors for evening makeup.
11. Darker and brighter colors are chosen for the evening look.
12. For base makeup, choose a color that is close to the skin color.
13. Use eyeliner and mascara well.
14. The use of bright lipstick colors will make the make-up even brighter.
8. Bridal Makeup Method
1. Bridal meeting is very important in bridal make-up so that you can assess the bride's
choice desire and thinking. Secondly, if there is any need for improvement in the bride's
skin or facial / cleansing can be done in a timely manner.
2. Prepare the skin for make-up.
3. Bring close make-up tools, equipment and other necessities.
4. Dress the bride in a gown, catcher and hair band.
5. Cleanse the face and then tonic.
6. Balance the blemishes and circles on the face with concealer before base.
7. Choose a base according to skin color and type and apply the base on the face.
8. Fix the base with liquid fixer or pancake and complete the base with Loose Powder.
9. Apply eye base and eye shadow. Use golden or silver eye shadow to look attractive.
10. The use of artificial lashes after eye shadow increases the attractiveness of the eyes.
28
11. Then apply eyeliner and complete eye makeup with a smile.
12. Use a black or white under eye pencil depending on the size and texture of the under eye.
13. Apply lipstick and make the edges of the lips clearer.
14. Apply blusher depending on the shape of the cheeks.
15. Contour the face and neck.
16. Highlight the Low Points on the face with the help of highlighter.
17. Complete the make-up with a final look after going through all the steps.
9. Procedure of Party Makeup

1. Cleanse the face before makeup and choose
makeup products according to skin type and
color.
2. Use Concealer to cover blemishes and
circles on the face.
3. Apply foundation all over the face and neck
and blend well so that it is absorbed with the skin.
4. Use colors for eye makeup according to the dress, occasion and time. If different colors
are to be used, match the colors well. It is better to use dark colors for party makeup.
5. Use black cake liner to apply eyeliner and apply it evenly on the upper and lower lashes.
6. Apply a smile on the upper and lower lashes. Use only black or brown mascara.
7. Gently apply the blush on the cheeks with the help of the blush brush. Use light colors for
the blush to balance the dark color of the eyes.
8. Choose the color according to the color of the face to apply lipstick on the lips. Apply the
lip liner around the lips first and then apply the lipstick. If you are doing makeup for an
evening party, then using lip gloss on the lips will make the lips glow which will make
the lips look beautiful.
10. Jewelry and Dupatta Setting
29
EXERCISE
Tick () the Correct Option.
1. Make up product include all except

(a) Base (b) Lipstick
(c) Hair Clip (d) Blusher
2. Most Suitable thing used to Blend Stick Foundation in Skin is:

(a) Foundation Brush (b) Sponge
(c) Puff (d) Beauty Blender
3. Process to suppress facial feature in makeup is:

(a) Highlight (b) Contouring
(c) Blush (d) Base
4. Why do you need sanitizers?

(a) Disinfectant (b) For hands
(c) For goods (d) For customer
(e) For all four
5. Shades used to Highlight the Facial Features in Makeup are all except:
(a) Golden (b) Silver
(c) Brown (d) White
6. Massage movement in cleansing

(a) Bottom (b) Bottom to top
(c) Scrub (d) Masked
30
(e) On the eyes
7. Cleansing lotion is good for

(a) Dry skin (b) Oily skin
(c) For normal skin (d) For acne skin
(e) For sensitive skin
8. Dark Smokey eye makeup is suitable for:

(a) Day Makeup (b) Bridal Makeup
(c) Nikkah Makeup (d) Evening Makeup
9. New Makeup Trends includes all except

(a) Thin Lips (b) Contouring
(c) Highlighter (d) Glossy Lips
Give short answers to the following questions.

1. Describe the different types of foundations.
2. What is the function of a Primer?
3. What is the function of Concealer?
4. Why is it important to do cleansing before bridal makeup?
Answer the following question in detail.

1. Give details of bridal make up step by step.
2. Compare difference between party make up and evening make up.
31
32
Chapter - 04 Media Makeup
04 Chapter
Media Make Up
Students will be able to:
 understand the concept of model makeup.
 design makeup plan accurately according to the theme.
 select suitable color cosmetics to perform model make-up according to requirement.
 learn process of model makeup according to the requirement understand the concept of
media makeup.
 select make-up to achieve the desired effect on camera & lights and maintaining continuity
during shoots (where required).
 learn color matching techniques that suit the features of the character’s image.
 highlight the facial profile of the character according to the theme.
 learn to match the color of light with skin for photography and videography.
 learn makeup for indoor and outdoor photography and videography.
 comprehend editorial makeup according to the requirement.
 comprehend character makeup according to the requirement.
 comprehend periodic makeup according to the requirement.
 comprehend fantasy makeup according to the requirement.
Learn Removing Process of Makeup Carefully to Reduce Artists’ Discomfort.
Introduction
A profession in makeup combines techniques from film
and television with the conceptual artistry and
commercial awareness of fashion and beauty makeup.
You'll work with clients by discussing their
requirements and advising them with creative ideas and
solutions.
It covers makeup and hair for film, television, fashion,
editorial and special effects and is the highest
qualification in makeup.
When doing makeup for high definition, the makeup
artist must reevaluate the colors to be used, the shapes
33
to be created, the texture and opacity/transparency of the makeup, as well as the selection of
accent tones and styles for high resolution. What to expect, and how to behave onset
 Refining continuity skills for film and video
 Improving speed of makeup applications, particularly for live television
 Specific Makeup products and techniques for high-definition television, video and film
 Makeup products and techniques for Comp Cards (print)
 Introduction to wardrobe and hairstyling for Comp Cards
1. Model Makeup Concept

Model Makeup
Collect Tools, Equipment and Accessories Used in Makeup
Make the client sit in a comfortable position
on a make-up chair and ask him to wear a
gown and put a hair band on his hair so that
the hair does not become a hindrance during
make-up.
1. Analyze the client's skin and choose
make-up colors after consulting him.
2. Apply concealer on the skin in such a
way that all the spots are hidden.
3. Apply a thick layer of base. Apply face powder on face and shake off excess powder.
4. Apply eye base on the eyes.
5. Apply eye shadow on eyelid.
6. Identify the low points of the face and neck using the Highlighter.
7. Use long, thick eyelashes.
8. Highlight facial and neck features.
9. Highlight the eyes with thick eyeliner and use a smile to give a charming look.
10. Smile on the eyelids.
11. Use a dark colored blush on the cheeks.
12. Color the lips using lipstick.
13. Clean all tools, equipment and supplies and keep them in place.
34
2. Media Makeup Step by Step

 Exfoliate and Moisturize for Glowing Skin
Exfoliation can help slough off dead skin cells from the
surface of your skin, which can in turn help reduce the look
of dullness. Then moisturize face according to skin type.
 Apply Primer
Start by using a primer, this can help minimize pores,
controls extra oil and create an even base for the rest of
makeup application.
 Apply a Highlighting Lotion
It glides on smoothly to deliver hydration and subtle
highlight that’s perfect for media make up. Instead of using
hands to apply it, squeeze some of the product on skin and
spread on skin for lightweight coverage and glow.
 Apply Color Correcting Concealer
If you need some coverage for redness, discoloration, dark
pigmentation or any other imperfections, color correcting
concealer are used to neutralize the appearance of skin
imperfections.
 Use a Radiant Finish Concealer
Swipe some light colored concealer on top of any areas neutralized with color correcting
concealers. From there, draw upside-down triangles beneath eyes and use to gently blend
concealer on skin for a more natural-looking finish.
 Highlight Bone Structure
It’s important to enhance cheekbones, brow bones, and the tip of the nose for media makeup
look. So apply some highlighter on the high points of the face.
 Brush Brows
In media makeup we have to keep brows natural-looking with a few swipes of mascara. The
lightweight mascara glides on smoothly for the appearance of groomed brows.
35
 Eye Shadow application

In media makeup, creamy, luminous eye shadow can play wonders. We can create a more bright-
eyed appearance without the use of any bold colors.
 Mascara to define lashes
Apply a single coat of the black mascara for just enough definition of lashes.
 Perk up Pout with Lipstick
Apply a quick swipe of rosy pink to nude lip color for media make up look.
3. Lighting during application of Makeup for Photography

The camera never captures makeup and color in quite as much vibrancy as is visible in real life.
Therefore, we have to apply more makeup for photo shoots than in real life. Even if you want a
subtle makeup look in photos, it still needs to really exaggerate the makeup we are applying,
because it will not show up as strong through the camera. Light bouncing off of makeup changes
the way it looks, and makes it look less dramatic than it really is, and we are always lighting our
subjects during a photo shoot, whether it be natural or artificial light.
Be sure to apply, or at least keep checking, the makeup on the model under the same type of light
we plan to use to light the photos, or the makeup may look much darker or lighter in images than
it did during application. The best light to apply makeup under for photography is natural light,
because it if the makeup looks good in natural light, it will look nice in almost any other light.
Most electronic flash/strobe light is close in color temperature to the color temperature of
average natural daylight. Therefore, if you will be shooting with electronic flash in a studio setup
outdoor, best option is to use natural light to apply the makeup for the photo shoot.
3.1 Lighting During Photo Shoot
Keep in mind that the quality of lighting during
the photo shoot will also affect the look of the
makeup. Very soft light will help smooth out
details and texture, while hard or directional light
will bring out any details and texture in an
image. This means that if we plan to use more
directional lighting (such as side light), we need
to make sure the foundation and concealer cover well enough to keep the subject's skin looking
36
smooth, even with the lighting working to bring out any texture from imperfections or wrinkles
in the skin.
We have to emphasize texture on the lips or eyes, in order to draw more attention to those areas
in image. In this case, we would want to use some directional lighting to bring out the texture of
the eye shadow or lip color. If we choose to keep these areas looking smooth, we have to use
softer light and keep the lighting more to the front of the subject.
4. Make up Application for Photo Shoot

Always start with a base of both moisturizer and primer, so that
all of the other makeup will go on as smooth as possible, to
reduce the editing to hide wrinkles or imperfections.
If the subject has red skin, use a green tinted primer or
concealer to counteract the red and save more time editing skin
flaws.
All products used should be matte to avoid adding any shine to
the face. The possible exception is lip color, since a bit of shine
on the lips can make lips look fuller and more attractive in a photograph.
Blending is key – Use Darker than Everyday Shades

 The eyes are the focal point in most portraits, so we need to make sure the makeup really
exaggerates the eyes, so they stand out very well.
 The bolder the color, the more defined the eyes will be. Even if model normally wears
brown or gray mascara and eyeliner, bold black will look much better when
photographed. We have to use two or three coats of mascara to make sure that the eye
lashes will be visible in a photo.
 Additionally, use an eyebrow pencil to fill in the eyebrows. Fuller brows look much
better in a photo than very thin ones. Particularly for models with blond and light-colored
hair, the eyebrows will not show up very well at all in a photo unless define them with
the eyebrow pencil.
 For eye shadow, use three shades, even if the color your model chooses is neutral. Sweep
the middle shade all over the lid and lower brow bone, dab the lighter color at the inner
37
corner of the eye and apply the darker color just in the crease between the lid and the
brow bone. This method creates depth and will make the eyes really stand out in images.
 Blending is the key to a great look in photographs. Use a brush to apply each color and
then another brush to blend the edges of each color, so that there are no abrupt lines of
any shadow color.
 False eyelashes are another option for great eye definition. Choose a full set for a perfect
image.
 Choose individual lashes if you want a more natural look in your image.
Powder or Cream base
With cream products, which typically are a bit longer wearing, but they take a lot of work to get
the color blended into the skin.
Touch ups during the Shoot
At minimum, make sure we keep the concealer, powder, lips
color and lip gloss handy during the photo shoot for
touchups. If we are working with flash and studio lighting,
we will need to touch up the makeup more often, because the
lights will be warm and can make the makeup start to melt or
slip slightly. We will definitely need to reapply powder to
ensure models face does not appear shiny at any time.
Editorial Makeup
By definition, the word “editorial” refers to
anything relating to print. Newspapers,
magazines, even websites, and some social
media can be considered editorials. Editorial
makeup is makeup looks we would see in
print.
We see a lot of editorial makeup in Fashion
Photography, CD Covers, Magazines, Beauty
Articles, and Billboards.
38
Concepts behind Editorial Makeup

The complete image tells a story, and every element inside that image works together., for
example, imagine a musician wanting to create an image of a 1950’s makeup, that includes hair,
clothing, background, the way the model is posing, every single element is intentional. The pose
of the fingers, the hat’s position, the model’s expression, they’re all that way on purpose.
Character Makeup
Character Makeup, as the name shows, is used to
create a character to the extent of changing a
subject's physical configuration to suit the
requirements of a script.
Indoor and Outdoor Makeup

Outdoor Makeup Tips
 Put your makeup on in natural light —
not indoor lighting. Sit in front of a window and make sure you are facing natural light
when putting on your makeup. Remember, natural light is unflattering, you can look
absolutely fabulous under indoor lighting but can look like a hot mess under natural
lighting! So make sure you see how everything looks under natural lighting.
 Prepare your skin for the outdoor elements. For outside shoot for the whole day,
chances are that skin is going to get a bit oily and sweaty. Make sure to have blotting
paper in hand to absorb oil. Many good oil absorbing sheets are available.
 Use a Skin Primer that Absorbs Excess Moisture. The primer will control extra oil on
skin and also allow foundation to stay on smoothly.
 Keep your Makeup looking as natural, soft and neutral as possible. Apply thin layer
of liquid matt foundation and use only soft shades of blush.
 Use concealer with a bit of highlighter under your eyes. The sun overhead can cause
shadows under eyes but remember, to keep it light.
 For the eyes, use gel eyeliners and gel or cream eye shadows. These will blend easier
and are more flattering in natural light than a sharp set line from a pencil or liquid
eyeliner. It is also best to use lighter colors to look more open and awake.
39
Indoor Makeup Tips

We can apply foundation all over the face and neck (to avoid mask-lines). Since dim lighting can
flush out colors of the skin and make neutral colors look dull, feel free to use brighter shades for
cheeks, lips and eyes. Contouring will work here as well. For the eyes, we can wear deeper
shades of eyeliner and eye shadow like charcoal, navy and black eyeliner.
Fantasy Makeup
Fantasy makeup is any look designed to help create an experience. It's not about blending in; it's
about standing out. Fantasy makeup can help wearers pretend to be anything, e.g. an insect,
musical instrument or animal or a mermaid. Instead of using makeup to enhance your look, use it
to transform yourself into anything you can think up. Some fantasy makeup creations one might
consider:
 Fairy
 Vampire
 Tiger
 Kitty cat
 Butterfly
 Ice queen
 Peacock
One can embellish face even more with accessories like adhesive rhinestones, temporary tattoos,
appliqués, metallic accents and even feathers.
EXERCISE
1. Many modern cosmetics make use of an unusual substance to add shimmer to

lipsticks and eye shadows. Do you know what this shiny material is?
(a) Diamond Powder (b) Fish Scales
(c) Gold Dust (d) Whale Blubber
2. Which tool is used to create a natural curl in your eyelashes?

(a) Mascara Wand (b) Eye lash curler
40
(c) Mascara (d) A pencil
3. What type of makeup can be seen in this photo? Pick two categories
(a) Every day make-up (b) Creative Editorial
(c) High Fashion (d) Red Carpet
4. What 2 products can be used to achieve these looks? Tears, illusion of sweat, dripping
lipstick and a high gloss look?
(a) Water (b) Glycerin
(c) Clear gloss (d) Gel
5. What piece of equipment would be best used to create this curly style?
(a) Straighteners (b) Rollers
(c) Perm Rods
6. The ancient Roman recipe for black hair dye involved mixing vinegar with another
substance and letting it ferment for 2 months before use. What was this other
substance?
(a) Maggots (b) Leeches
1. What is significance of contouring in media make up?

2. What is the benefit of using primer in media make up?
3. What is the importance of concealing in model make up?
4. What do u mean by editorial make up?
5. What is the purpose of high lightening in media make up?

1. Discuss importance and methods of proper lighting in media make up.
2. Describe media make up step by step.
41
Chapter - 05 Manicure and Pedicure
05 Chapter
Manicure and Pedicure

 define manicure.
 understand purpose of manicure.
 recognize the types of manicure.
 learn about types of tools and equipment for manicure.
 know about trolley setting for manicure.
 prepare the nail for manicure.
 learn application of cuticle cream on nail edges.
 soak the hands by using related product.
 remove cuticle and clean the nails.
 select cleanser for hands and exfoliate.
 comprehend massage technique on hands following reflexology/pressure points.
 learn application of mask on hands define pedicure.
 understand purpose of pedicure.
 recognize the types of pedicure.
 learn about types of tools and equipment for pedicure.
 know about trolley setting for pedicure.
 prepare the feet for pedicure.
 select cuticle cream on nail edges.
 understand soaking procedure.
 learn to remove cuticle and clean the nails.
 select appropriate product for cleansing and scrubbing
 massage the feet following reflexology/pressure points
Learn Application of Mask on Feet.
Introduction
A manicure involves cutting, shaping and often painting the nails, conditioning of the cuticles
and softening the skin. In which we provide hand and nail services to clients. Pedicure is a
similar treatment of the feet and the toenails. It is a cosmetic treatment of hands and feet
involving different step.
42
1. Definition of Manicure and Pedicure

1.1 Manicure
“It’s a cosmetic treatment in which hands and arms cleansing,

Do you know?
exfoliation and massage is done through the product which makes
hands soft and delicate is called manicure.” Manicure treatment is to
improve the appearance
In this treatment, all the work related to the hands and its and condition of the skin
and nails of the hands.
precautions and methods of cleaning and care are followed by the
process of manicure.
1.2 Definition of Pedicure
“Pedicure is the cosmetic treatment that involves cleansing,
exfoliation and massage of feet and legs to make the feet and
legs soft and delicate.”
2. Purpose of Manicure and Pedicure

 Primary purpose of a manicure/pedicure is to maintain
the hand's /feet overall health. As such, it includes
some basic steps that result to clean and healthy hands
and feet.
 Proper blood circulation is important for good health and
flexibility of the bones and joints. A Mani/Pedi involves cuticle treatment, hand and foot
massage, and moisturizing. These treatments improve blood flow to the hands and feet.
 Smoother Skin! The first and most evident benefit of getting your nails done is the
rejuvenation of your skin.
43
 Enhanced Weight Distribution.

 Increased Blood Circulation.
 Prevents Infections.
 Stress Relief.
3. Process of Manicure Step by Step

Manicures help to keep hands and nails clean and healthy. Pampering hands and nails help to
reduce stress. Hydrating hands and nails help to prevent nail fungus and painful hangnails.
Steps
1. Remove any old nail polish, dirt, and oils with a nail polish remover.
2. Apply a cuticle remover on the cuticles and let it soak for 5, 6 minutes.
3. To correctly file nails it is important to file in one direction. Be gentle with the strokes.
Make sure the nail is smooth and even.
4. Push the cuticles back by using a wooden cuticle stick named orange stick.
5. Use a gentle exfoliates on the hands to remove any dead and dry skin and then rinse.
6. Massage moisturizer on the hands. While the moisturizer is moist, wrap a warm towel
around the hands and let them soak for at least 5 minutes.
7. Buff the nails and swipe nail polish remover over each to remove any of the moisturizer’s
oils.
8. Apply a clear base coat that is specific for the nails, for instance a hardener or one that
prevents splitting. When base coat dries, apply the nail polish and allow the varnish to dry
completely.
9. In between manicures, moisturize the hands and cuticles often.
4. Types of Manicure/Pedicures
Common Different Types of Manicures
1. Basic Manicure
2. French Manicure
3. Paraffin Manicure
4. Gel Manicure
5. Acrylic Manicure
44
5. Manicure and Pedicure Tools
Nail Scissor Cuticle Pusher Nail Brush
Nail Polish Pumice Stone,

Remover Cotton Ball
Foot Stone
Orange Stick Scrub Exfoliator Cleanser
Massage Cream /
Top Coat Base Coat
Lotion
45
Pedicure, Manicure
Wet Wipe Foot Spa
6. Pedicure Step by Step
1. Remove Nail Polish

Remove current nail polish before starting pedicure, but many people overlook this first step.
Use a cotton ball and acetone polish remover to clear all of the nail polish.
2. Soak Feet
Fill up a basin, bowl, or foot spa with warm water. Add soothing fragrances of your choice.
Bubble bath mix and Epsom salts or commercial foot soaks specifically made for pedicures.
Now dip feet in and relax for the next 10 minutes or so. By soaking feet, softens the cuticles and
makes them easier to remove.
3. Take Care of Cuticles
This next step requires either a cuticle stick or an orange wood
Do you know?
stick. Remove one foot from water and dry it. Gently apply and
Cuticle is the
massage cuticle oil into bed of nails. Take cuticle stick and use it overlapping skin
carefully to push back the dead skin. Rub a little more cuticle oil in surrounding the nails.
and then repeat the process with the next foot.
46
4. Exfoliate
Exfoliation helps to get rid of the dead skin on the surface of feet so that fresher, healthier skin
can be achieved. Massage feet one by one for 2-3 minutes with scrub. Rinse off all of the excess
foot scrub before moving on the next step.
5. Treat Calluses
Callus is collection of dead skin cells in form of thick layer on sole of foot. Calluses can be
treated using callus stones or foot files. Scrub or file the bottom of your feet where the skin is the
thickest. It is important to note that these tools should be used in an effort to smooth out the skin
and not necessarily remove the callus.
6. Trim and File Nails
When you clip your nails, clip straight across and use filer to achieve the desired shape. Don’t
cut too close to avoid ingrown nail. When you file nails, try to go for a square shape with
rounded edges as opposed to an oval appearance which can also lead to ingrown nails.
7. Massage Feet/Moisturize
During a pedicure, we receive a massage of feet and lower legs. The massaging helps promote
the circulation of blood, which can prevent things like pain, arthritis, and varicose veins. Healthy
blood flow also helps evenly distribute heat throughout body. Clients who are exposed to water
and harsh chemicals should be advised to wear gloves and moisturize hands and nails regularly.
8. Apply Polish/Let Feet Dry with Nail Buff
Buffing gives smooth shiny nails for those who don’t want nail polish at the end of the treatment.
But keeping in mind that overuse of buff can cause dry, thin nails and cracked cuticles.
Manicure Step by Step

7. Hand Reflexology / Pressure Points / Massage
There are many pressure points in the hands, many of which are a part of a much larger chain of
points that run up the arms which can help heal other parts of the body as well, by applying firm
pressure to the pressure point can reduce stress, stop migraines, and stop pain in the:
 Shoulders
 Teeth
 Neck
 Relieves pain
47
 Soothes and relaxes client
8. Massage
Massage is the manipulation of the soft tissues of the body. It is an ancient therapeutic treatment
to promote circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of the muscles, and relief from pain,
along with many other benefits. A hand and arm massage, a manicuring specialty, is a service
that can be offered with all types of manicures. Massage is one of the client’s highest priorities
during the manicure. The massage manipulations should be executed with rhythmic, long, and
smooth movements, never leaving the client’s arm or hand untouched during the procedure.
EXERCISE
Choose the Correct Option.
1. Manicures
(a) Hand treatment (b) Ear Cleaning
(c) Hair Cleaning (d) Cleaning the Feet
2. Pedicures
(a) Foot cleaning (b) Ear cleaning
(c) Hand cleaning (d) Nose cleaning
(e) Hair cleaning
3. Exfoliation works with
(a) Massage (b) Cream
(c) Toner (d) Scrub
(e) Cleaners
4. Nail buffing work as
(a) Hair Shine (b) Nail Shine
(c) Foot Shine (d) Scrubbing
(e) Exfoliation
48
5. Overuse of a buffer can cause which of the following?

(a) Thickened nail plate (b) Blue nail
(c) Overgrown cuticles (d) Thin nails and dry and cracked cuticles
5. Which of the following are true of a callus?

(a) Non-infectious (b) Yellowish, hard patches of skin
(c) Can be spread in damp conditions (d) Would prevent a pedicure treatment
(e) Can be filed with a foot file to prevent discomfort
6. Overuse of a buffer can cause which of the following?

(a) Thickened nail plate (b) Blue nail
(c) Overgrown cuticles (d) Thin nails and dry and cracked cuticles
1. What is the definition of pedicure?

2. What is the definition of manicure?
3. What is the easiest way to pedicure?
4. What are the features of Manicure?
5. What is the method of pedicure, name the steps?
1. Write manicure step by step.

2. Write pedicure step by step.
49
Chapter - 06 Nail Art
06 Chapter
Nail Art
 learn nail art.
 comprehend the purpose of nail art.
 learn different techniques of nail art.
 understand the different nail shapes.
 learn about nail art tools and equipment.
 understand the products for nail art.
 know about trolley setting for nail art.
 analyze the nail condition before services.
 prepare the client and environment for nail art.
 know about application of different techniques.
 marble nail art.
 flower, beads nail art.
 3d gel nail art.
 uv gel nail art.
 shellac gel nail art.
 learn about pattern for nail art.
Introduction
Our nails are there to protect our hands,
providing a strong shield as we work with
them each day, as well as a barrier the
cuticle which keeps out environmental
pollutants. Regular nail care ensures that our
nails stay strong, healthy and beautiful.
We use our hands every day, and they are
also one of the first things that others notice
about us. Having great looking nails can give extra boost of confidence throughout day.
1. Purpose of Nail Art

Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish nails. It is a type of artwork
that can be done on fingernails and toenails, usually after manicures or pedicures. Manicures and
pedicures are beauty treatments that trim, shape, and polish the nails.
50
2. Types of Nail Art Techniques

Nail art is associated with the art of drawing or painting different types of patterns on the nails.
There are different techniques for nails with exclusive nail art decor. Nail art can be categorized
on the basis of these techniques. Nail art techniques include sponging, taping, painting or
drawing with brushes, digital nail art, etc. Below you can find these and more explained
coherently.
2.1 Painting with a Brush
This technique is like any other painting where one can use a
variety of brushes, which are most suitable. Usually, ones
with the synthetic bristles are recommended. One can draw
any template of choice by taking the help of these brushes.
However, it needs some minimum practice and skill for
achieving the perfection in giving perfect strokes. There are
multiple types of brushes, for instance, angled, flat, line,
detail, dotting, etc. which can be used for constituting the
different type of beautiful patterns on nails.
2.2 Sponge Bobbing
We can use any kind of sponge like, art, paint or makeup, or
any other depending upon the effect required and design
expected. Usually, the base coat is applied, and it is left to
dry, and then sponge with nail polish is used and applied on
the nails. We can position sponge as per the design we want
to make. A chemical product called acetone can be used to
remove extra edges.
2.3 Stamping for Nail Art
As far as nail stamping technique is concerned, first the
image which is printed on the nail needs to be covered by
the layer of special nail paints in the image plate. Later we
can use scraper rigidly across so that only nail polish is seen
51
as a residual in the pattern. A stamper is used by rolling to image and then this image is
systemized upon the nails.
2.4 Taping Method of Nail Art
First of all, base color is applied on the nails, and then
the tape is cut into small pieces and applied on the
nails. The tiny pieces of tapes are applied to those
areas of nails which are to be left in the base color
itself. Then, we can apply the next coat of the color
we want to apply on the nail at the end we can remove
the tape gently.
2.5 Airbrush Nail Art Technique
Airbrush machines are used for drizzling paint on
nails. They can be combined with stencils or stickers
to get the desired look. First, a base coat is applied,
then the stencil is allowed to be placed on the nail and
the airbrush machine is made in use for the purpose of
painting the wishful design. Later the stencil is
slightly removed, and acetone is used for taking out
the paint if got split in certain cases.
2.6 Nail Art Stickers
As it is a creative ground, it varies from person to
person, depending upon the imagination and
creativeness of the artist to draw some amazing
patterns on the nails. Many types of accessories like
tattoos, jewels, and glitters are also used as add-ons to
add a style statement to the nail art. The most
significant thing that lies is to take good care of the
nails so that they give a healthy and tidy look and
appear more gracious with the nail art done on them.
52
2.7 Water Marble Nail Art Technique

Water marble nails are a nail art technique involving
dropping nail veneers into crystal clear water and constructing a
pattern on the water surface, the pattern is then deported to
the nails. This technique is very common these days as we can
make multiple designs from it.
2.8 Sharpie Nail Art
Sharpie nails have the resemblance to watercolor paintings, and
they actually look lovely. One can also use this sharpies’
technique to make smart and precise designs. Even, if you don’t
possess a dampen dish, you can just write erratically on some waxed
paper or maybe a plastic sandwich bag sounds
a good option too. But, do make sure that
the designs you are wishing for getting fully
dry before you add on the final top coat, or
else you’ll smudge everything here and
there, ruining all your time and energy.
3. Basic Nail Shapes

There are 4 basic nail shapes
 Square
 Round
 Oval
 Pointed
Many other blended combinations of these
shapes exist but these four are the most
common. Use this guide to help in proper
shape for each client and to learn some
techniques for filing it just right. Oval nail
shape is suited to most hands.
53
4. Nail Art Tools and Equipment

Nail Art Stickers
Nail art stickers come with strong adhesive backing. Apply
them on dry nail polish and seal them with a fast dry topcoat.
They come in a variety of designs from flowers to cartoons etc.
Dotting Tools
Dotting tools are very important in nail art kit. They help in
creating dots. They usually come in sets of five with different
sizes of 10 heads. They also help in creating many other easy
nail designs.
Rhinestones
Acrylic, crystal, or glitter, rhinestones have a charm of their own. Having different colors and
sizes or shapes of rhinestones add extra bling and style to nails. Use them to get uniquely
designed nails of different designs.
Striping Tapes
These tapes are very thin and help in adding metallic lines in manicure. These tapes also come in
many textures and colors.
Bullion Beads/Sprinkle Beads / Cavier Beads
They are small metal beads or glass beads. These help in creating accent and give 3D effect to
nails.
Loose Glitter
We can use loose nail art glitter powder on nails for a chic look. We can create flitter French tips
by applying topcoat on nails, then dipping them in glitter pots, removing the excess using a fan
brush, and sealing it by applying another layer of topcoat.
Nail Polishes
You should have at least some good shades of nail enamels. Don’t forget to add black and white
shades as they are the most used ones. Also you can add some textured nail enamels or glitter
ones. The most trending nail enamel nowadays is magnetic nail enamel.
54
Nail Stamping Kit

A regular nail stamping kit includes a stamper, a scraper, and a stamping template, stainless steel
image plates, clear jelly, and rolls of nail striping tape, the image plates have a plastic backing,
making them safe for use, and protecting your nails from the sharp edges.
Topcoat and Basecoat
Topcoats and Basecoats are a must-have in your nail art kit. Good top coats not only extend the
life of your manicure but also protects your nails and add shine to them, On the other hand, a
base coat protects your nail polish from chipping and yellowing. You can also opt for nail
hardening, calcium-based base coats that strengthen your nails.
Orangewood Stick/Toothpick
These are used to pick rhinestones and also help in creating dots. They are also very helpful in
water marbling.
Nail Grooming Kit
A nail grooming kit is a must-have in your vanity. It is a multipurpose kit that can be used for
manicure, pedicure, facial grooming, etc. This set of 16 tools contains many essentials such as
scissors, nail clippers, dead skin pliers, scraping knives, scraping cutters, etc. that are useful in
creating perfect nail art.
Nail Polish Remover
To remove nail polish, you can try nail polish remover wipes. Kara Nail Polish Remover Wipes
are a good option. They are the one-stop solution for pretty nails. The wipes are easy to use and
do not contain acetone, toluene, alcohol and paraben. They can easily remove dark shades of nail
polishes. They contain natural olive oil and vitamin E. These wipes moisturize your skin as well
as prevent peeling of cuticles and chipping of nails, making your nails healthy looking and shiny.
Lint-Free Cotton Swabs/Q-tips
These are needed to clean and remove polish from your nails. Lint-free cotton swabs are
important because ordinary cotton may leave cotton fibers on your nails thus ruining your
manicure. Q-tip dipped in acetone free remover helps in removing extra polish from cuticles and
your manicure looks neater.
Acrylic Colors
They help in creating beautiful nail art designs.
55
Nail Art Brushes

If you are an ardent nail art lover, having a set of nail art brushes is a must. These brushes help
you design your nail art as you desire effortlessly. Each brush has its purpose and designs
uniquely like no other. Grab one set and be amazed at its benefits.
5. Nail Art Products

There could be long list of products used in nail art but there are mentioned most commonly
used.
 Manicure Tweezers
 Nail Art Tape
 Dotting Tool
 Thin Tip Brush
 Glitter Nail Polish Remover Pads
 Matte Topcoat
 Nail Polish Correcting Pen
6. Client Preparation and Trolley Setting for Nail Art

Analyze the Nail Condition before Services
Evaluate the client’s nail condition before any nail service. See if she has come with her nails
fully polished and in good condition or with her polish chipped and peeling. During the nail
analysis, we can sanitize client’s hands and nails and remove all traces of nail polish.
As with any manicure, the first step is preparation. Remove any polish that’s already on nails,
file the edges to create the nail shape of choice, and push cuticles back. “For perfect cuticles,
regularly push cuticles back after a shower or bath and keep them hydrated—like with
our cuticle serum,.” Consistent cuticle maintenance will ensure they always look their best.
56
EXERCISE
1. Basic nail shapes include all except

(a) Square (b) Round
(c) Oval (d) Rectangle
2. What do we use to secure nail polish in manicure /pedicure?

(a) Base coat (b) Buffer
(c) Top coat (d) Varnish
3. In water marble nail art technique, basic product used is.

(a) Nail polish (b) Gellish
(c) Nail Veneers (d) Acrylic nails
4. If we apply gel nail polish what will be required to dry it properly.

(a) Fan (b) UV lamp
(c) Air (d) Hair dryer
5. What tool is used to shape our nails?

(a) Buffer (b) Nail clipper
(c) Scraper (d) Nail foiler
6. If we are unable to nail art design on short nails, so we can use ……with nail polish
(a) Stickers (b) Veneers
(c) Gellish (d) Stones
57
7. The nails made from gel are

(a) Acrylic nails (b) Plastic nails
(c) Gellish nails (d) Nail polish
8. Artificial nail extensions are also known as.

(a) Gellish (b) Acrylics
(c) French nails (d) Veneers
1. What is purpose of nail art?

2. What are basic nail art shapes?
3. Define marble nail art.
4. Name any 5 nail art tools?
5. What is acrylic nail art?
Answer the Long following questions in detail.
1. Describe different nail art techniques.

2. What is importance of trolley preparation and client consultation for nail art?
58
Chapter - 07 Entrepreneurship
07 Chapter
Entrepreneurship
 define entrepreneurship.
 know the key concepts of entrepreneurship.
 understand main component of entrepreneurship.
 learn types of entrepreneurship.
 know how to identify business opportunity.
 know how to develop feasibility and business plan.
 prepare a business plan.
 learn about concept of marketing and marketing mix.
 understand 6 p’s of marketing .
 calculate costing and pricing
Introduction
The original entrepreneurs were
traders and merchants. The first
known instance of humans trading
comes from New Guinea around
17,000 BCE, where locals exchanged
one set of goods for another.
But now-a-days, Entrepreneurship is the
art of starting a business, basically a startup company offering creative product, process or
service. It is an activity full of creativity. An entrepreneur perceives everything as a chance and
displays bias in taking decision to exploit the chance. It’s a process of creating a new
enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with the view of making the profit.
1. Concept of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run
a business enterprise along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a
profit. The most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of
59
new businesses.
In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labor, natural resources and capital can
generate a profit. The entrepreneurial vision is defined by discovery and risk-taking and is an
indispensable part of a nation’s capacity to succeed in an ever-changing and more competitive
global marketplace.
2. Main Components of entrepreneurship

 Motivation. Entrepreneurs are by nature motivated. ...
 Passion. Passion is another characteristic of entrepreneurs. ...
 Vision. ...
 Confidence. ...
 Decision Making.
3. Types of Entrepreneurship
It is classified into the following types:
Small Business Entrepreneurship
These businesses are a hairdresser, grocery store, travel agent, consultant, carpenter, plumber,
electrician, etc. These people run or have their own business and hire family members or local
employee. For them, the profit would be able to feed their family and not making extraordinary
business or taking over an industry. They fund their business by taking small business loans or
loans from friends and family.
Large Company Entrepreneurship
These huge companies have defined life-cycle. Most of these companies grow and sustain by
offering new and innovative products that revolve around their main products. The change in
technology, customer preferences, new competition, etc., builds pressure for large companies to
create an innovative product and sell it to the new set of customers in the new market. To cope
with the rapid technological changes, the existing organizations either buy innovation enterprises
or attempt to construct the product internally.
4. Characteristics of Entrepreneurship
All entrepreneurs are not successful. There are definite characteristics that make
entrepreneurship successful. A few of them are mentioned here.
60
 Ability to take a risk- Starting any new venture involves a considerable amount of
failure risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur needs to be courageous and able to evaluate and
take risks, which is an essential part of being an entrepreneur.
 Innovation- It should be highly innovative to generate new ideas, start a company and
earn profits out of it. Change can be the launching of a new product that is new to the
market or a process that does the same thing but in a more efficient and economical way.
 Visionary and Leadership quality- To be successful, the entrepreneur should have a
clear vision of his new venture. However, to turn the idea into reality, a lot of resources
and employees are required. Here, leadership quality is paramount because leaders impart
and guide their employees towards the right path of success.
 Open-Minded- In a business, every circumstance can be an opportunity and used for the
benefit of a company. For example, Paytm recognized the gravity of demonetization and
acknowledged the need for online transactions would be more, so it utilized the situation
and expanded massively during this time.
 Flexible- An entrepreneur should be flexible and open to change according to the
situation. To be on the top, a businessperson should be equipped to embrace change in a
product and service, as and when needed.
 Know your Product-A company owner should know the product offerings and also be
aware of the latest trend in the market. It is essential to know if the available product or
service meets the demands of the current market, or whether it is time to tweak it a little.
Being able to be accountable and then alter as needed is a vital part of entrepreneurship.
5. Importance of Entrepreneurship
 Creation of Employment: Entrepreneurship
generates employment. It provides an entry-level
job, required for gaining experience and training for
unskilled workers.
 Innovation- It is the hub of innovation that provides
new product ventures, market, technology and
quality of goods, etc., and increase the standard of
living of people.
61
 Impact on Society and Community Development- A society becomes greater if the

employment base is large and diversified. It brings about changes in society and promotes
facilities like higher expenditure on education, better sanitation, fewer slums, a higher
level of homeownership. Therefore, entrepreneurship assists the organisation towards a
more stable and high quality of community life.
 Increase Standard of Living- Entrepreneurship helps to improve the standard of living
of a person by increasing the income. The standard of living means, increase in the
consumption of various goods and services by a household for a particular period.
 Supports Research and Development- New products and services need to be
researched and tested before launching in the market. Therefore, an entrepreneur also
dispenses finance for research and development with research institutions and
universities. This promotes research, general construction, and development in the
economy.
6. Business Plan
It is a written document that describes in
detail how a business starts, defines its
objectives and about achieving its goals. A
business plan lays out a written roadmap for
the firm from marketing, financial, and
operational standpoints.
A business plan can make or break a small
business. A strong, detailed plan provides a
clear road map for the future, forces you to think through the validity of a business idea, and can
give you much greater understanding of your business’s financials and the competition.
A business plan typically looks out over three to five years, detailing all of your goals and how
you plan to achieve them. If you're applying for a loan or looking for investors, a business plan
shows you’re prepared and have fully vetted your business idea. Following are the component of
a business plan.
“If you have no financial forecast, which is part of the business plan, it’s very difficult to show
the bank how you are going to repay the loan,” (Allen).
62
Executive Summary
This is the first page of your business plan. It should include a mission statement, which explains
the main focus of your business, as well as a brief description of the products or services offered,
basic information such as ownership structure, and a summary of your plans.
Company Description
This section provides a snapshot of business. It contains important information including its
registered name, address of any physical locations, names of key people in the business, history
of the company, nature of the business and more details about products or services that it offers
or will offer.
Objective Statement or Business Goals
An objective statement should clearly define company’s goals and contain a business strategy
that details how to plan to achieve them. It spells out exactly what is to be accomplished, both in
the near term and over the long term.
If you’re looking for outside funding, you can use this section to explain why you have a clear
need for the funds, how the financing will help your business grow, and how you plan to achieve
your growth targets. The key is to provide a clear explanation of the opportunity presented and
how the loan or investment will grow your company.
Business and Management Structure
It reflects business’s legal structure — such as a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation
— as well as key employees, managers or other owners of the business. It should also include the
percent ownership that each owner has and the extent of each owner’s involvement in the
company.
Products and Services
It should include the following:
 An explanation of how your product or service works
 The pricing model for your product or service
 The typical customers you serve
 Your sales and distribution strategy
 Why your product or service is better than what the competition is offering
 How you plan to fill orders
63
 You can also discuss current or pending trademarks and patents associated with your
product or service.
Marketing and Sales Plan
This is simply an explanation of what your marketing strategy is and how it will be executed.
Here, you can address how you plan to persuade customers to buy your products or services, or
how you will develop customer loyalty that will lead to repeat business. This section can also
highlight the strengths of your business and focus on what sets your business apart from your
competition.
Business Financial Analysis
If you’re a startup, you may not have much information on your business financials yet.
However, if you’re an existing business seeking you’ll want to include income or profit-and-loss
statements, a balance sheet that lists your assets and debts, and a cash flow statement that shows
how cash comes into and goes out of the company.
You may also include ratios that highlight the financial health of your business, such as:
 Net profit margin: the percentage of revenue you keep as net income
 Current ratio: the measurement of your liquidity and ability to repay debts
 Accounts receivable turnover ratio: a measurement of how frequently you collect on
receivables per year
Financial Projections
This is a critical part of your business plan if you’re seeking financing or investors. It outlines
how your business will generate enough profit to repay the loan or how you will earn a decent
return for investors.
Here, you’ll provide your business’s monthly or quarterly sales, expenses and profit estimates
over at least a three-year period — with the future numbers assuming you’ve obtained a new
loan. Accuracy is a key so carefully analyze your past financial statements before giving
projections.
Your goals may be aggressive, but they should also be realistic. “It’s OK to be optimistic if you
can justify it,” Allen says. “In general, you don’t want to stand out in a negative way by being
too optimistic.”
64
You want to show that your business can generate strong enough cash flow to cover the regular
debt payments on a loan. But you should also address the various risk factors of the business,
Allen says.
“The loan officer is definitely going to want to know that you’ve thought through all of the
potential risks and that you’ve mitigated those risks in some way,” he says.
Appendix
List any supporting information or other additional information that you couldn’t fit in
elsewhere, such as resumes of key employees, licenses, equipment leases, permits, patents,
receipts, bank statements, contracts, and personal and business credit history. If the appendix is
long, you may want to consider adding a table of contents at the beginning of this section.
7. Marketing
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging
offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
The building blocks of an effective marketing strategy include the 6 P's of marketing: product, price, place,
promotion, people, and presentation.
Six Ps of Marketing
Here’s how the six Ps work together at 6P Marketing:
Passion
Passion matters because passion attracts attention and sparks conversations. Passion is caring
about your brand, finding relevant brand news and sharing it with the brand’s social community.
Communicate passionately with your clients and prospects and you’ll increase the odds that they
will take notice of your brand and want to learn more.
People
The more you know about your customers and your products or services, the better, because at
the root of all great advertising is a unique insight regarding the relationship
your customers have with your products or services.
Product
Because people buy benefits, not products, we focus on what your
customers think of your brand, how they use your products and services,
and who or what they see as the logical alternative to what you have to
65
offer.
Place
Place can make or break a new or established brand and can be used to differentiate your brand
from the competition. Province, city, neighborhood, street, store design, in-store product
position, display type and product size are just a few of the variables that affect sales. While
we’ve used a terrestrial example here, place is equally important online.
Promotion
Promotion lays out what and where you tell the world about your products or services to
encourage more customers to buy more of what you have to offer more often. We like benefit-
driven promotions that support a superior value proposition.
Price
Price is an integral piece of a good value equation. In a crowded marketplace, most organizations
lower their prices to compete for the available business but a smart pricing strategy ensures that
you remain competitive without diminishing your brand’s value. Remember – “cheaper” isn’t
“better.
8. Cost and Pricing

What is Cost?
Cost is the expenditure required to create and sell
products and services, or acquire assets. Examples of
costs are the cost of goods sold, the cost of
advertising, and the cost of employee compensation.
What is Price?
Price is the amount of money expected in exchange for goods or services. A company sets prices
for its goods and services. When customers pay these
prices, a sale transaction occurs, which is recorded as
revenue in the seller’s accounting records? Prices are
usually set by the forces of supply and demand, though
they can also be set by the government in a regulated
environment.
66
Comparing Cost and Price

The cost of a product can influence its price.
For example, if a widget costs Rs. 100 to
build, then its price must be higher than Rs.
100, or else the business cannot earn a profit
on its sale. Another interaction between price
and cost is that costs are subtracted from prices to arrive at a firm’s profit, either for individual
products or in aggregate for the entire firm. For example, if a company generates Rs1 million of sales
from its established product prices, and it incur Rs. 800,000 of costs, and then its profit is Rs.
200,000.
EXERCISE
1. People who work for someone else:
(a) Aptitude (b) Employee

(c) Entrepreneurs (d) Entrepreneurship
2. All are the typical structure for a business plan except:
(a) Executive summary (b) Financial Plan

(c) Operational Plan (d) Borrowing Plan
3. Which of the following is not a legitimate way of bringing a new business idea to market?
(a) A start-up (b) A business plan

(c) A franchise (d) A buy-out
(e) Buy-in
4. The easiest part of launching a business is coming up with an idea for a new business.
(a) True (b) False
5. All are the typical structure for a business plan except
67
(a) Executive summary (b) Financial Plan

(c) Operational Plan (d) Borrowing Plan
6. The process of designing, launching and running a new business, which typically begins as a small
business is?
(a) Entrepreneurship (b) Creativity

(c) Marketing (d) job
7. One of the most significant economic developments in recent business history relates to the _________
(a) Growth of blue-chip corporations (b) Development of Pacific Rim countries

(c) Entrepreneurial spirit (d) Additional employment opportunities offered
by government institutions
8. The ability to develop new ideas and to discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities is
called
(a) Entrepreneurship (b) Innovation

(c) Creativity (d) Creative thinking
10. Small business is the foundation for all businesses.
(a) True (b) False
1.GiveWhat
shortis answer
concept oftoentrepreneurship?
the following questions.
2. What are the 3 types of entrepreneurships?
3. What is market survey?
4. What is project?
5. Define entrepreneurship?

1. Write down branches of entrepreneurship?
2. Write down 6P’s of marketing?
68
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Shumaila Waqas is a Doctor (Dermatologist) by profession. She did MBBS from University
of Health & Sciences Lahore, followed by MCPS Dermatology from (CPSP) Gangaram Hospital
Lahore. She is B.Sc from Punjab University. She has done her Aesthetic Graduation from UK.
She served in Mayo Hospital, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Surgimed
Hospital, District Headquarter Hospital and many private renowned setups. She is working as
Consultant Dermatologist at ACME Medical Center Lahore. She is the Chief Executive Officer
of Acme Esthetic Clinic.
She is working with well reputable NAVTTC, Giz, and TEVTA for past 8years in developing
different curriculums and TLMs. she is the author of 1-year skin care beauty therapy diploma by
TEVTA. Last but not the least working as Instructor and Educator in ACME Institute of Beauty
Therapy for past 7 years.
Apart from all qualification, she is serving as internal and external verifier in university of health
sciences for past 6 years. She has 10 years teaching experience in medical colleges. She served
as senior lecturer in anatomy in Lahore Medical and Dental College Lahore. She is working as
assistant professor of anatomy in PSRD College of rehabilitation sciences from 2015.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to Madam Qurrat-ul-Ain and Sir Waqas Ashraf for guiding me to write this
book.
Book Dedicated to my inspiration (Father) Abdul Rauf
69
National Vocational & Technical Training Commission (NAVTTC)
Plot No.38, Sector H-9/4, Kirthar Road, Islamabad.
Tel: +92-51-9207518
Website: www.navttc.gov.pk

Cosmetology 10 TH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cosmetology 10 TH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cosmetology 10 TH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Textbook of

National Vocational and Technical Training Commission

National Vocational and Technical Training Commission

Designing: Gul Awan Printers, Blue Area, Islamabad.

3 Party and Bridal Makeup 20

5 Manicure and Pedicure 43

Cosmetologists should have a thorough understanding of haircutting because haircutting is a

1. Trolley Setting for Hair Services

2. Essential Furniture & Equipment for a Hair Salon

3. Basic Principles of Haircutting

4. Hair Cutting Basic Trimming Technique

4.1 Different Hair Cutting Techniques and Styles

4.1.3. Blunt Cut (Straight Line Cut)

Teachers are encouraged to

4.1.6. Graduated Cut- (Bob

5. Other Cutting Techniques

6. Wedge Hair Cut

7. Steps of Blow Dry

Choose the correct option.

1 When trying to create more body in fine hair:

4 These hair cutting lines are used to create a illusion of movement

5 A straight line cut is to create lines that are

6 In "scissor over comb", you should work with an area:

7 Thinning scissors are used to?

10 A uniform layer cut (same length throughout) is cut at what angle/degree?

1. What is the shortest haircut in female?

Answer the following questions in detail.

5.1 The Fishtail Braid

7. Few Important but Easy Styles

9. Hair Extension Settings

Step 3: Clip in Your First Weft

Choose the correct option.

3. A good finger waving lotion:

4. Applying finger wave lotion to one side of the head at a time:

5. Using the fingers to pinch or push ridges in a finger wave creates:

8. The full-stem curl produces

9. Uniform curls are produced by

Give short answer to the following questions.

Answer the following questions in detail.

Party and Bridal Make Up

1. Concept of Natural or No Makeup Look

Natural / No Makeup Look Includes

 To apply a line as close to lashes as possible, gently tug eyelid upwards.

2. Latest Trends in Make Up

3. Trolley Set Up for Make Up

4. Skin preparation for make up

Skin Cleansing Before Makeup

5. Procedure of Applying Base/

Products / Foundation and Techniques of Makeup

 Lipstick  Skin Shiner

6. Contouring and Highlighting

7. Procedure for Evening Makeup

8. Bridal Makeup Method

9. Procedure of Party Makeup

10. Jewelry and Dupatta Setting

Tick () the Correct Option.

1. Make up product include all except

2. Most Suitable thing used to Blend Stick Foundation in Skin is:

3. Process to suppress facial feature in makeup is: