1)official language the language that is approved by the government of a country, taught in schools, and

used in legal and official documents

2) consecutive periods of time or events happen one after the other without interruption.

3)work placement a limited period of time, usually forming part of a course of study, during which someone
works for a company or organization in order to get work experience, which may be paid or not paid

5) Field study is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe, interact and
understand people while they are in a natural environment.(collection as natural as)

6) community language language spoken by members of a minority group or community within a majority
language...

7)global village a name for the world, used to emphasize the degree to which everything is connected and
each part depends on the others (a name of the world deprnds on the others

8)

9) neo-native speaker a fluent speaker who acquired the language from infancy from parents who are co-
speakers but not native speakers.(taught)

10) simultaneous as the speaker is talking, providing a continuous translation that parallels the speaker's
speech

11) speech community a group that includes all the speakers of a single language.

12) word-processing means using a computer to manipulate or create text..

13) face-to-face in person

14) interlingua any artificial language used to represent the meaning of natural languages, as for purposes
of machine translation.

1. Капот:

- Англійський: hood (в США), bonnet (в Великобританії)

- Американський варіант: hood

2. Багажник:

- Англійський: trunk (в США), boot (в Великобританії)

- Американський варіант: trunk

3. Місце парковки:

- Англійський: parking space, parking spot, parking place, parking lot

- Американський варіант: parking space

4. Пішохідний перехід:

- Англійський: pedestrian crossing, crosswalk

- Американський варіант: crosswalk

5. Відпустка:

- Англійський: vacation, holiday, leave, time off

- Американський варіант: vacation

- Англійський: queue, line

- Американський варіант: line

7. Тротуар:

- Англійський: sidewalk, pavement

- Американський варіант: sidewalk

8. Вантажівка:

- Англійський: truck, lorry

- Американський варіант: truck

9. Вбиральня:

- Англійський: restroom, bathroom, toilet

- Американський варіант: restroom

10. Бензобак:

- Англійський: gas tank, fuel tank

- Американський варіант: gas tank

11. Траса:

- Англійський: highway, road, route

- Американський варіант: highway

12. Вагон:

- Англійський: carriage, wagon

- Американський варіант: carriage

13. Метро:

- Англійський: subway, metro

- Американський варіант: subway

14. Колготи:

- Англійський: tights, pantyhose

- Американський варіант: tights

15. Ліхтарик:

- Англійський: flashlight, torch

- Американський варіант: flashlight

16. Підгузок:

- Англійський: diaper, nappy

- Американський варіант: **diaper*

aeroplane** → airplane
- chilli → chili

- connexion → connection

- calibre → caliber

- disc → disk (for computer-related contexts)

- doughnut → donut

- draughty → drafty

- encyclopaedia → encyclopedia ɪnˌsaɪ.kləˈpiː.di.ə/

- storey → story (as in floors of a building)

- tyre → tire

- judgement → judgment

- anaemia → anemia

- inflexion → inflection

- jewellery → jewelry

- catalogue → catalog

- pyjamas → pajamas

- smoulder → smolder

- offence → offense

- enquire → inquire

- paediatrician → pediatrician

- anaesthesia → anesthesia /ˌæn.əsˈθiː.zi.ə

- analyse → analyze

- appal → appall. əˈpɔːl

- axe → ax

- callisthenics → calisthenics /ˌkæl.ɪsˈθen.ɪks/

- carat → karat (when referring to gold purity)

- cheque → check (as in bank check)

Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.

Morphology is a branch of linguistics, and refers to the study of the structure of words. The term
morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning 'shape, form', and -ology which means 'the study
of something'.

Rhethorical question is asked without expecting an answer or when the answer is obvious.

Phatic expression is a communication strategy that serves to establish and maintain social relationships.
Greetings, non-verbal gestures, smiling, and cliched phrases (e.g., 'Nice to meet you.; 'How are you?' 'Lovely
day, isn't it.')
Superlative form of adjective the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses that the thing or person
being described has more of the particular quality than anything or anyone else of the same type:

Idiom a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of
each word on its own(normal meaning individual)

Lexicography the writing, editing, or compiling of dictionaries; the principles and procedures involved in
writing, editing, or compiling dictionaries.

Paradigm A set of theories that explain the way a particular subject is understood at a particular time
(Cambridge dictionary)A world view underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific
subject (Oxford dictionary) (conception, work in particular)

Prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used.
for what is considered the best or most

Target language the language which a person is learning, in contrast to a first language or mother tongue.
The language into which a translation is made (eg in a bilingual dictionary), see also source language

Ellipsis the leaving out of words or phrases from sentences where they are unnecessary because they have
already been referred to or mentioned. For example, when the subject of the verb in two co-ordinated
clauses is the same, it may be omitted to avoid repetition( con..one w)

Machine translation is the process of using artificial intelligence to automatically translate text from one
language to another without human involvement/the use of a translation program to translate text without
human input in the translation process

Comparative degree as the name suggests, can be used to compare the qualities of two nouns or pronouns
to indicate which has the greater or lesser degree of the mentioned quality.

Accent a particular way of speaking which tells the listener something about the speaker's background.

Psycholinguistics the study of (a) the mental processes that a person uses in producing and understanding
language, and (b) how humans learn language (mental activity)

Received pronunciation the type of British standard English pronunciation which has been traditionally
considered the prestige variety and which shows little or no regional variation. It has often been popularly
referred to as "BBC English" because it was until recently the standard pronunciation used by most British
Broadcasting Corporation newsreaders(REFUND IB BBC)

Sociolinguistics is a branch of study in the broader field of linguistics that is concerned with how language
functions in society.(branch .. to society)

Dialect a form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country, containing some different
words and grammar (spoken in one particular)

Interjection a word such as ugh!, gosh!, wow!, which indicates an emotional state or attitude such as
delight, surprise, shock, and disgust, but which has no referential meaning (gosh)

Complex sentence a sentence which contains one or more dependent clauses, in addition to its
independent, or main, clause. For example:When it rained, we went inside.

Prefix

"micro" small

"ist" person

"pro" in place of
"homo" same

"inter" between

"mono" one

"bi" two

"ment" use for noun

"ion" noun

"ize" verb

"ify" verb

"re" back agai

#
 Mk4

Articulatory phonetics aspects of phonetics which looks at how the sounds of speech are made with the organs of the vocal tract”
Syllable a segment of speech that consists of a vowel, with or without one or more accompanying consonant sounds immediately
preceding or following—for example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check.
common core those basic aspects of a language which a learner needs to know whatever his or her purpose
is in learning the language.
minimal pair two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also
differ in meaning. For example, the English words bear and pear are a minimal pair as they differ in meaning
and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.

Allophone any of the different variants of a phoneme. aspirated, unaspirated, and unreleased sounds are all heard and identified as
the phoneme /p/ and not as /b/; they are all allophones of /p/.
Aspiration a puff of air after the release of an articulation. For example, in English the stop consonants /p, t, k/ are
aspirated pie, tie, kite.
Assimilation a phonological process in which a speech sound changes and becomes more like or identical to another sound that
precedes or follows it.
consonant cluster is a group of consonants with no vowels between them#a sequence of two or more consonants at the beginning of
a syllable or the end of a syllable.
Descriptive grammar r a grammar which describes how a language is actually spoken and /or written (real use
Prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used.

Acoustic phonetics the branch of phonetics dealing with the transmission of sounds to the ear and the reception of them by
the ear prior to neurological processing.
Pun a humorous use of a word or phrase that has several meanings or that sounds like another word
Personification the act of giving a human quality or characteristic to something which is not human, or an example of this
idiom a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own

Auditory phonetics deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.

Phonotactics is the study of the ways in which phonemes are allowed to combine in a particular language

International Phonetic Alphabet a system of symbols designed by the International Phonetic Association to be used to represent the
sounds of all human languages in accordance with a set of common principles.
Phoneme one of the smallest units of speech that make one word different from another word

Vowel a speech sound produced by humans when the breath flows out through the mouth without being blocked by the teeth,
tongue, or lips
bilabial a sound articulated by bringing together the upper and lower lips m, p and b