Groups 1: Novri Marbun Krysnyawati Purba Agustina Sumbayak

Groups 1
Novri marbun
Krysnyawati purba
Agustina sumbayak
According Keraf in Smarapradhipa, giving two language understanding.

Understanding language as a first declare a communication tool between
members of the community in the form of a symbol of the sound produced
by human vocal organs. Second, language is a communication system that
uses symbols vocal (speech sound) that is arbitrary.
"We can define language as a system of communication
using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our
feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences."
(E. Bruce Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind,
Research, and Everyday Experience, 2nd ed. Thomson,
2008)
Language is a communication system taht uses vocal symbol.
Characteristic of Language
1. Language is verbal
Language is verbal is the basic of
communication is one way for people
to communicate face to face.
Ex : -Talking to a person or groups
- Speech in front of people
2. Language is social phenomenon

Language is social phenomenon is human
beings communicate with their respective
speech communities using the languages they
speak.
Ex: the same speaker may use more or less
formal speech depending on the situation and
the perceived relationship with his listener.
a lawyer talking to a doctor will adopt different
modes of speaking depending on which one is
consulting the other
3. Language is means of
communication
Means of communication is actually a
medium or a way by which a person can
communicate. Now, "English is a means of
communication" means that English is a
medium through which one can communicate
Ex:i.e., english is a language through which
people talk or communicate. So, by means of
communication we mean a language (or
medium), or method or way of
communication.
4.Language is Conventional
When we say language is conventional, we mean that language is
in accordance with the conventions that deal with language.
"A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of
individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to
discuss or engage in some common interest. The most common
conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom
(Wikipedia)."
So, for example, slang (wut up, dawg) is not conventional
because it does not follow the rules that the convention has come
up with. The language that you speak and write are most likely
conventional, that is, in accordance with the language convention of
your country. Certainly, the language that public schools teach are
conventional.
5. Language is arbitrary
Languages are arbitrary because there is no necessary or natural
relationship between the words and the concepts they represent.
For example, there is nothing in the word "tree" that connects it to
the concept of a tree. Also, languages are arbitrary because the
rules for the combination of signs in order to produce complete
thoughts are different from one language to the other, and no set of
rules can claim to be correct.
For example, in the English word "table", there's no reason that the
particular combination of a /t/ sound with an "ey" syllable followed
by a "bull" sound should mean "an item of furniture with a flat top
and legs"; it simply does because that is the pre-determined
meaning. The word "table", of course, has an origin (etymology),
but it's arbitrary in the sense that the word's meaning cannot be
discerned by looking at or hearing the word alone.
6. Language is symbolic
Symbolic is the practice or art of using
an object or a word to represent an
abstract idea. An action, person,
place, word, or object can all have a
symbolic meaning. When an author
wants to suggest a certain mood or
emotion, he can also use symbolism
to hint at it, rather than just blatantly
saying it.
Examples of symbolism that take the form of metaphors

-Time is money: This is symbolic because it warns you that when
you spend your time, you are giving up the opportunity to be
doing something else with that time (just as when you spend
your money, you give up your chance to do something else
with the money). Further, like money, time is not infinite.
Symbolism is found in colors:
-Blue represents peacefulness and calm.
Objects are often used to symbolize something else:
-A mirror can denote the sun but when it is broken, it can
represent an unhappy union or a separation.
Even flowers can have a symbolism:
-Roses stand for romance.
7. Language is systematic
Language is systematic because overall, language is
systematic. There are patterns that it usually follows, and
if you look back through the history of the language, you
can usually see the reasons for why it is like it is.
However, there are occasionally some exceptions that do
not appear systematic at all. For example, whether to use
gerunds (the -ing form of a verb) or infinitives ("to" plus
the base form of a verb) after certain expressions. Eg, why
do you say "I enjoy reading" vs "I want to read" vs either "I
like to read" or "I like reading"? It is something that just
needs to be memorized - no system to it.
Human language is unique in comparison to other forms of

communication, such as those used by non-human animals.
Human language is also unique in having the property of recursivity;
this is the way in which, for example, a noun phrase to contain
another noun phrase (as in "the chimpanzee's lips") or a clause to
contain a clause
human language is also unique in being able to refer to abstract
concepts and to imagined or hypothetical events, as well as events
that took place in the past or may happen in the future. This ability to
refer to events that are not at the same time or place as the speech
event is called "displacement", and while some animal communication
systems can use displacement the degree to which it is used in
human language is also considered unique.
for example spoken language uses the auditive modality, whereas sign
languages and writing use the visual modality and braille writing uses
the tactile modality.
8. Language is linear
A langauge generated by a linear
grammar is called a linear language.
By definition, any linear language is
context-free. However, not all
context-free languages are linear. A
Dyck language is an example of a
non-linear context-free language.
9. Language is creative
A language can be create
automatically by the time. Time up to
time, there are so many changes in
language. It can be happen because
human has the talent to create
something new
10. Language is universal

Universal language may refer to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things,
beings, and objects a like.
In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question.
For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims.
The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat
differently by readers in different areas of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan; for centuries it was a de
facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in
India and Nepal, and Pali in Sri Lanka and in Theravada countries of South-East Asia (Burma,
Thailand, Cambodia), were literary languages for many for whom they were not their mother tongue
Comparably, the Latin language (qua Medieval Latin was in effect a universal language of literati in the
Middle Ages, and the language of the Vulgate Bible in the area of Catholicism, which covered most of
Western Europe and parts of Northern and Central Europe also.
In a more practical fashion, trade languages, as ancient Koine Greek, may be seen as a kind of real
universal language, that was used for commerce.

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Groups 1

According Keraf in Smarapradhipa, giving two language understanding.

2. Language is social phenomenon

Examples of symbolism that take the form of metaphors

Human language is unique in comparison to other forms of

10. Language is universal

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