Week 3: Biology Paper 1

Starch is digested to form sugar molecules in the digestive system.

1.
(a) What is the name of the enzyme that digests starch?

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(b) Where are most food molecules absorbed?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Large intestine

Liver

Small intestine

Stomach

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Figure 1 shows two villi.

Figure 1 also shows one cell on the surface of a villus as seen using an electron microscope.

Figure 1

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(c) Give one advantage of using an electron microscope compared with using a light
microscope.

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(d) What type of blood vessel is labelled X?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Artery

Capillary

Vein

(1)

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(e) The real length of one villus is 0.8 mm

Calculate the image length if the villus is viewed at a magnification of ×20

Use the equation:

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Image length = _______________ mm

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Figure 2 shows two cells from the surface of a villus.

There are sugar molecules inside and next to each cell.

Figure 2

(f) Name the process by which sugar moves into cell A.

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(g) Name the process by which sugar moves into cell B.

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(h) Give one use of sugar in the body.

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(i) Figure 1 is repeated below.

Figure 1

Explain how villi are adapted for efficient absorption of sugar molecules.

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(4)
(Total 14 marks)

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 Water is lost from the leaves of plants through pores called stomata.
2.
(a) What is the loss of water from a leaf called?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Osmosis

Respiration

Transpiration

(1)

(b) Which cells control the size of stomata?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Guard cells

Phloem cells

Xylem cells

(1)

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A student investigated the water loss when different surfaces of leaves were covered in grease.

The grease blocks the stomata.

This is the method used.

1. Remove four similar leaves from one plant.
2. Put grease on different surfaces of the leaves as shown in the diagram below.
3. Record the mass of each leaf and attach the four leaves to a string.
4. After 24 hours record the mass of each leaf again.

The table below shows the results.

Surfaces Mass of leaf Loss in mass

Mass of leaf at
Leaf covered with after 24 hours in after 24 hours in
start in grams
grease grams grams

A Upper and lower 2.01 1.97 X

B Only upper 2.00 1.87 0.13

C Only lower 2.01 1.96 0.05

D None 1.98 1.83 0.15

(c) Calculate value X in the table above.

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Value X = _______________ g
(1)

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(d) The loss in mass of water was measured after 24 hours.

Calculate the mass of water lost in grams per hour for leaf D.

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Mass of water lost per hour = _______________ g

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The student concluded:

‘More water is lost from the lower surface of a leaf than from the upper surface.’

(e) What evidence is there in the table above to support the student’s conclusion?

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(f) What do the results in the table above show about the number of stomata on the surfaces
of a leaf?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

There are more stomata on the lower surface.

There are more stomata on the upper surface.

There are the same number of stomata on both

surfaces.

(1)

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 (g) The investigation was done at 20 °C

How would the mass of water lost be different if the investigation was done at 25 °C?

Give a reason for your answer.

Difference _________________________________________________________

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Reason _____________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Cells are the basic units of all forms of life.

3.
(a) Describe four differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________________________

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4. _________________________________________________________________

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(b) Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease.

A new vaccine is being developed against gonorrhoea.

Describe how a vaccine would work to prevent gonorrhoea.

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Another disease caused by bacteria is salmonella food poisoning.

In the UK, chickens are vaccinated against Salmonella bacteria to reduce the number of cases of
food poisoning in humans.

(c) Explain how vaccinating chickens reduces the number of cases of salmonella food
poisoning.

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(2)

(d) Give one way that the spread of salmonella food poisoning from one human to another is
controlled.

Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

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 (e) The number of cases of salmonella food poisoning is usually higher in summer than in
winter.

Suggest one reason why.

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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

This question is about photosynthesis and food production.

4.
(a) How can oxygen production be used to show the rate of photosynthesis?

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Scientists investigated factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in tomato plants.

The tomato plants were growing in a commercial greenhouse in the UK during winter.

The graph below shows the results.

The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.04%

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(b) Name the factor that is limiting the rate of photosynthesis at point X.

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Farmers growing tomatoes commercially try to control the rate of photosynthesis and make
maximum profit.

A farmer can control the temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in a greenhouse.

(c) What is the minimum light intensity a farmer should use to get the maximum rate of
photosynthesis shown in above graph?

Light intensity = _______________ lux

(1)

(d) The light intensity you gave in part (c) may not give the farmer maximum profit.

Explain why.

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(e) Explain the results when the light intensity was 0 lux.

Use the diagram above.

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(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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 New drugs are tested and trialled before they can be licensed to treat patients.
5.
The graph below shows how much time the different stages of testing took for one new drug.

(a) How much more time did the clinical trials take compared with the preclinical testing?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

3 years

3.5 years

5 years

6.5 years

(1)

During Phase 1 clinical trials low doses of the drug are tested on healthy volunteers.

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(b) Suggest one reason why low doses of the drug are used in Phase 1 clinical trials.

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(c) Suggest two reasons why healthy volunteers are used in Phase 1 clinical trials.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(d) The results of clinical trials can only be published after peer review by other scientists.

Suggest one reason why the results must be reviewed by other scientists.

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(e) A drug is only licensed for the medical conditions it was tested to treat in the clinical trials.

Drug regulations:
• control what drugs a doctor can prescribe
• ensure doctors can prescribe a drug with confidence
• protect patients.

AMD is an eye condition that can result in very poor vision.

Doctors treat approximately 40 000 new cases of AMD each year.

Two drugs licensed to treat AMD in the UK are drug A and drug B.

In many other countries drug C is used to treat AMD. Drug C is only licensed in the UK to
treat cancer.

The cost per injection for each drug is:

• drug A £561
• drug B £800
• drug C £28

The number of injections required to treat AMD is the same for each drug.

In 2018 the High Court in the UK gave permission for drug C to be used to treat AMD.

Evaluate the decision to allow the use of drug C to treat AMD in the UK.

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(6)
(Total 11 marks)

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