Manajemen dan Bisnis, Volume 23, No 1 (March 2024)

Impact of social comparison and peer pressure on iPhone

consumer happiness and innovativeness
Indah Permata Sari1, Ferry Tema Atmaja1
1Departemen Manajemen, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia

Corresponding author: Indah Permata Sari, [email protected]

Received: January 10th, 2024; Accepted: February 13th, 2024; Published: March
21st, 2024
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jmb.v23i1.768

Abstract

In the era of rapid technological advancement, the conventional use of

smartphones has undergone a transformative paradigm shift. The presence of
Apple's iPhone has become a significant entity surpassing mere communication
functions. This research explores the dynamics linking social comparison, peer
pressure, consumer innovativeness, and user satisfaction in the context of
iPhone usage. Data was collected by engaging 319 iPhone users in Indonesia
through a comprehensive online survey, and 150 respondents met the specified
criteria. The study employs Partial Least Squares analysis using the SmartPLS4
software. Empirical findings reveal a positive correlation between social
comparison and peer pressure, substantially influencing consumer
innovativeness. Interestingly, social comparison also has a positive impact on
consumer happiness. However, the research finds that while peer pressure
significantly contributes to consumer innovativeness, it does not affect consumer
happiness. This investigation underscores the crucial role of social comparison
and peer pressure in shaping consumer innovativeness and happiness. The
study elucidates the complex interaction between psychological and social
factors. By understanding the desire to differentiate oneself and seek social
acceptance, this research enhances our understanding of consumer decision-
making in iPhone usage, facilitating diverse perspectives on technology as a
crucial element in social identity construction.
Keywords: social comparison, peer pressure, consumer innovativeness,
consumer happiness, iPhone.

Introduction
The advancement of technology and information has transformed the usage
patterns of mobile phones. Indonesian citizens spend 5.7 hours daily with their
mobile phones (Dewi, 2023). Mobile phones, particularly smartphones, serve as
communication devices and solutions for accessing information, time
management, and coordination (Mohammadi et al., 2020). With features such as
calling, texting, camera functionality, music playback, internet access, and
gaming applications, smartphones have become versatile devices catering to
various needs. The everyday use of smartphones can assist individuals in

To cite this article: Sari, I.P., Atmaja, F.T. (2024). Impact of social comparison and peer pressure on
iPhone consumer happiness and innovativeness. Manajemen dan Bisnis 23(1), 42-55. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jmb.v23i1.768 42
 Manajemen dan Bisnis, Volume 23, No 1 (March 2024)

carrying out their tasks. Numerous benefits are derived from smartphone usage,
including communication tools, text and document creation, reminders, GPS
navigation/maps, data storage, information sharing, video and photo recording,
and much more (Wijaya, 2023). However, when discussing smartphones, one
name that consistently dominates the market and serves as an icon of technology
is the iPhone, produced by Apple Inc. (Agnihotri, 2018). It stands out as a
sophisticated communication tool and symbolizes users' social status and
contemporary trends. Its elegant design, seamless software integration, and
innovative features have positioned the iPhone as a leader in the smartphone
industry (Hiremath & Gupta, 2022).
The iPhone has pioneered innovation within its product line, gradually
enhancing these innovations for newer models (Gabriel, 2021), thereby driving
the popularity of the iPhone (Shetty & Bhat, 2022). The innovative features
offered by the iPhone, such as advanced camera capabilities and productivity-
supporting applications, can generate satisfaction and happiness, encouraging
continued use of the iPhone, even in subsequent purchases (Shetty & Bhat,
2022). This phenomenon is intertwined with consumer behavior, as individuals
seek to distinguish themselves from the majority, continuously innovating to
achieve their goals (Sheth, 2020). Innovative consumers are more inclined to
adopt the latest products and cutting-edge technological features the iPhone
offers. The reliability of the iPhone in delivering innovation and state-of-the-art
technology can create a bond between the iPhone and its consumers. In other
words, the happiness experienced by consumers when using the iPhone may be
influenced by their tendency to innovate to stand out constantly. This aligns with
the research conducted by Yakut (2022).
Brand addiction to the new iPhone, referring to consumer addictive
behavior, is characterized by a strong preference for the iPhone, leading
consumers to purchase the product (Le, 2020) compulsively. This increases
consumer happiness during the shopping experience, suggesting that acquiring
goods contributes to a greater sense of happiness (Kim & Lee, 2019). The desire
for social acceptance often drives users to follow trends to avoid feeling
marginalized (Kross et al., 2021). Social pressures of this nature can trigger
conformity in product choices, not solely based on functional considerations or
technological needs but also as an expression of social identity (Li et al., 2021).
Prior research conducted revealed that the use of specific products, including
smartphones, can be an integral part of individual social identity construction
(Cornelissen et al., 2021; Mao et al., 2020; Ogbanufe & Gerhart, 2020). This
research also highlights that in rapidly changing environments, such as the
technology market, psychological and social factors often play a more significant
role than purely rational considerations (Cornelissen et al., 2021; Mao et al.,
2020; Ogbanufe & Gerhart, 2020). The desire to feel connected, recognized, and
accepted by the surrounding environment can be a primary driver in product
selection (Alamsyah et al., 2020). This phenomenon indicates that the iPhone
fulfills functional needs and successfully creates a strong consumer appeal.
Moreover, as of October 2023, Apple held approximately 12 percent of
Indonesia's mobile phone market share (Statista, 2023). While this figure is
comparatively smaller than Android's, its impact on social comparison and
consumer preferences is noteworthy. The competition between Apple and

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Android in the Indonesian market has led to diverse consumer choices,

influencing trends and shaping the mobile technology landscape. Since
Indonesia is a diverse market with varying consumer preferences, this
competitive landscape contributes to the nuanced dynamics of social comparison
and consumer innovativeness. Apple's 12 percent market share suggests a
sizable presence, indicating a significant consumer interest in its products.
Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of social comparison and peer
pressure on user innovation and satisfaction with the iPhone smartphone. Hence,
the primary objective of this study is to examine the effects of social comparison
and peer pressure on user innovation and satisfaction concerning the iPhone
smartphone. Through comprehensive analysis, the author seeks to understand
how these social factors contribute to users' experiences and perceptions of
innovation and satisfaction with iPhone usage.
Social comparison can motivate consumers to become more innovative
(Iyer & Soberman, 2016). Consumer innovativeness refers to accepting and using
new products or services within society. Consumers are often influenced by their
social groups, such as friends, family, or colleagues, in adopting innovations. If
individuals in their surroundings have already adopted a new product or service,
they will likely be more open to that innovation. This aligns with previous findings
stating that social comparison positively impacts consumer innovativeness. It
indicates that social comparison positively influences consumer innovativeness
by fueling competition, motivating individuals to explore new ideas, and fostering
creativity as they seek to distinguish themselves from others. (Gupta et al., 2021;
Jiang & Ngien, 2020; Wang et al., 2023). Another researcher, Ye and Kankanhalli
(2018), asserted that iPhone users who engage in social comparison are more
inclined to exhibit innovative behavior. This suggests that their exposure to social
comparisons influences a greater acceptance of new technological
advancements within the broader societal context. Therefore, this study
hypothesizes:
H1: Social comparison has a positive impact on consumer innovativeness.

In the social context, peers often serve as role models influencing consumer
behavior. Individuals may feel inclined to follow suit if a peer has adopted or
created a specific innovation. Peer pressure can also manifest through
interpersonal communication, both directly and via social media. Positive
comments or peer expectations can motivate individuals to be more innovative
(Hofstetter et al., 2018). In the context of group norms, individuals tend to strive
to align with various group norms. If there is a positive norm associated with
innovation, an individual may be more inclined to adopt innovative behavior to
meet the group's expectations. Conversely, negative pressure or stigma towards
innovation can limit adoption possibilities, especially if the group is more
conservative in their views on change. This aligns with previous findings by Jiang
and Ngien (2020), who state that peer pressure positively and significantly
impacts consumer innovativeness among smartphone users. Therefore, this
study proposes the following hypothesis:
H2: Peer pressure has a positive impact on consumer innovativeness.

Social comparison regarding consumer happiness refers to the impact of

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social interactions and self-comparisons on an individual's level of happiness in

the context of consuming or owning goods and services. Individuals tend to
compare themselves to others to evaluate and measure their worth. In the context
of consumer happiness, social comparison can influence an individual's
perception of their happiness. This aligns with prior research results, indicating
that social comparison has a positive and notable effect on consumer happiness
among smartphone users (Halfmann & Rieger, 2019; Krey et al., 2019). The
findings from earlier studies support the idea that comparing oneself socially in
the context of smartphone usage is associated with increased levels of consumer
happiness. Moreover, Comparing oneself to others is a common practice driven
by social, cultural, and personal standards. While sometimes motivating, this
behavior can also negatively impact mental well-being, as individuals may
experience feelings of inadequacy or stress. Developing self-awareness and
fostering a positive self-image is crucial for maintaining a healthy perspective on
personal growth and achievements. Thus, the research hypothesis is proposed
as follows:
H3: Social comparison has a positive impact on consumer happiness.

The influence of peer pressure on consumer happiness is an intriguing topic

in consumer psychology and social behavior (Gil et al., 2012). Peer pressure can
potentially shape the perception of happiness about particular possessions or
achievements, particularly within the realm of smartphone users (Kumar et al.,
2021). It may foster the belief that acquiring specific items or accomplishments is
integral to experiencing happiness, motivating individuals to pursue these
aspects as influenced by their peers actively. Although peer pressure can impact
consumer happiness, individuals must maintain autonomy and the ability to make
decisions in line with their values and preferences. Excessive attachment to
friends' expectations can detrimentally affect psychological well-being. Excessive
or unhealthy peer pressure can lead to stress (Vinayak & Arora, 2018). Feeling
incapable of meeting friends' expectations can reduce consumer happiness and
well-being. Therefore, it can be argued that peer pressure significantly influences
consumer happiness. This is consistent with the findings of the Winterich and
Nenkov (2015) study, stating that peer pressure has a positive and significant
impact on consumer happiness. Thus, this study hypothesizes:
H4: Peer pressure has a positive impact on consumer happiness.

Technological innovations, such as the development of mobile applications,

social media, and smart devices, can influence how consumers interact with
products and services. Generation gaps in technology adoption can also change
how consumers experience happiness. Younger generations may find happiness
in the latest technological solutions, while older generations may derive
happiness from more traditional sources. Research findings (Arts et al., 2011)
suggest that consumer innovativeness strongly influences happiness. Therefore,
this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H5: Consumer innovativeness has a positive impact on consumer happiness.

Based on the development of hypotheses presented earlier, the research

framework can be elaborated as depicted in Figure 1.

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Social Comparison
H3
H1
Consumer H5 Consumer
Innovativeness Happiness
H2

Peer Pressure
H4

Figure 1. Research Conceptual

Methods
Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires utilizing the
Google Form feature. The sampling approach employed in this study is
considered probability sampling. The criteria set for respondents in this study
were individuals aged 17 years and above with experience in using the iPhone
and using the iPhone for more than a year. Apple's ability to facilitate iPhone
users with innovations has been one of the prominent vital points. User innovation
in this context includes the development of an intuitive interface, the introduction
of new features that meet user needs, and regular software updates to enhance
functionality and performance (Ford, 2023). Furthermore, the selection of
products from the Apple brand was made considering that five out of the top ten
best-selling smartphones are attributed to this brand (Zhang, 2022). This success
reflects remarkable attractiveness, with the number of users reaching its peak at
1.334 billion in 2022 (Mustajab, 2023).
The items in this study were adapted from previous research, with the
assessment of each indicator using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Specifically, five indicators of social comparison
(Cronbach's α = 0.940) were adapted from Le (2020), and six indicators of peer
pressure (Cronbach's α = 0.962) were modified from Dotson and Hyatt (2005).
Meanwhile, five indicators of consumer innovativeness (Cronbach's α = 0.953)
were adapted from Kim and Cha (2021), and four indicators of consumer
happiness (Cronbach's α = 0.937) were modified from Kim and Lee (2019).
The SmartPLS4 software was employed to analyze the data. The Partial
Least Squares (PLS) method was chosen because it focuses on variance-based
structural equation analysis and utilizes bootstrapping methods. The integration
of these two methods allows for simultaneous testing of the structural and
measurement models, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the model's
success. Additionally, bootstrapping methods were used to determine the
significance levels of the estimation results generated by the model. This
enhances confidence in the findings obtained from the collected data sample.

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Result and Discussions

The questionnaire was distributed to respondents through social media
platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and TikTok, considering a strategic
approach to achieving broad coverage and respondent diversification. The
questionnaire link was shared randomly with 319 respondents on social media,
with a high response rate of 209 individuals. Subsequently, a screening process
was conducted, wherein only 172 respondents met the predefined criteria for this
study. This meticulous and selective sampling process ensures that the data to
be processed is more focused and relevant. Of the 172 respondents meeting the
criteria, only 150 were selected for further analysis, as 22 tended to provide
identical responses to each question. Respondents had the following
characteristics: the majority were female (59.33%), aged 22-26 years (44.67%),
with a Bachelor's degree or diploma (54%), and students (34.67%). Respondent
characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Respondents' Demographic

Demographics of Respondents Total Percentage (%)
Gender Male 62 41
Female 89 59
Age 17-21 years old 45 30
22-26 years old 67 44
27-31 years old 31 21
32-36 years old 7 5
Educational SLTA/Sederajat (High-School or
42 28
Background Equivalent)
D-I/ D-II/ D-III (Diploma) 12 8
S-1/ DV (Undergraduate) 81 54
S2 (Master) dan S3 (Doctoral) 15 10
Occupation Student 52 35
Private Employee 23 15
PNS (Civil Servant) 26 17
Entrepreneur 41 28
Others 8 5
Salary < Rp1.500.000 34 23
Rp1.500.000 - Rp3.000.000 27 18
Rp 3.000.000 –Rp. 4.500.000 41 27
Rp.4.500.000 – Rp. 6000.000 25 17
˃ 6.000.000 23 15

Confirmatory Factor Analysis assessed each construct's convergent

validity, composite reliability, and discriminant validity. Table 2 displays the factor
loadings and extracted Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values for each
construct, which are parameters of convergent validity. The strategy to enhance
construct validity involved eliminating items with factor loadings below 0.5, as
recommended by Hair et al. (2019). After removing items with factor loadings

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below 0.5, a reanalysis of the data showed a significant improvement in overall

construct validity. All current factor loading values were above 0.5. Furthermore,
the AVE values for all constructs exceeded 0.5, indicating satisfactory convergent
validity for each construct.
Furthermore, each construct demonstrates high internal consistency, with
construct reliability coefficients exceeding 0.7 (see Table 2). These results reflect
strong construct reliability (Hair et al., 2019). Additionally, measurement items
exhibit stronger or higher correlations with the measured variables and lower
correlations with other variables (cross-loadings), indicating good discriminant
validity (see Table 3).
Data analysis indicates that social comparison positively and significantly
influences consumer innovativeness, with a value of b=0.249 (ρ<0.001),
confirming that H1 is accepted. Similarly, peer pressure positively influences
consumer innovativeness, with a value of b=0.404 (ρ<0.01), confirming that H2
is accepted. Furthermore, social comparison positively and significantly
influences consumer happiness, with a value of b=0.737 (ρ<0.001), confirming
that H3 is accepted. However, peer pressure does not significantly impact
consumer happiness, with a value of b=0.403 (ρ>0.05), meaning H4 is rejected.
Likewise, peer pressure does not significantly influence consumer happiness,
with a value of b=0.124 (ρ>0.05), meaning H5 is also rejected. More detailed
results regarding the relationships between constructs can be found in Table 4.

Table 2. Measurement Model Analysis

Loading Composite Cronbach's
Variable Construct AVE
Factor Reliability α
Social PS1 0.926 0.807 0.954 0.940
Comparison PS2 0.910
(PS) PS3 0.915
PS5 0.925
PS6 0.809
Peer Pressure TTS1 0.925 0.840 0.969 0.962
(TTS) TTS2 0.930
TTS3 0.941
TTS4 0.898
TTS5 0.878
TTS6 0.924
IK2 0.907 0.834 0.964 0.953
Consumer IK3 0.933
Innovativeness IK4 0.926
(IK) IK5 0.902
IK6 0.922
Consumer KK1 0.903 0.841 0.955 0.937
Happiness KK2 0.917
(KK) KK3 0.934
KK4 0.914

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Table 3. Cross Loading

Social Peer Pressure Consumer Consumer
Comparison (TTS) Innovativeness Happiness (KK)
(PS) (IK)
PS1 0.926 0.848 0.856 0.784
PS2 0.910 0.836 0.855 0.770
PS3 0.915 0.832 0.833 0.841
PS5 0.925 0.869 0.876 0.836
PS6 0.808 0.641 0.661 0.715
TTS1 0.859 0.925 0.898 0.809
TTS2 0.835 0.930 0.877 0.843
TTS3 0.826 0.941 0.817 0.786
TTS4 0.807 0.898 0.865 0.820
TTS5 0.817 0.878 0.824 0.828
TTS6 0.808 0.924 0.901 0.728
IK2 0.783 0.859 0.907 0.748
IK3 0.894 0.916 0.933 0.863
IK4 0.818 0.890 0.926 0.818
IK5 0.888 0.864 0.902 0.823
IK6 0.850 0.881 0.922 0.779
KK1 0.812 0.781 0.789 0.903
KK2 0.796 0.820 0.815 0.917
KK3 0.813 0.845 0.841 0.934
KK4 0.807 0.802 0.780 0.914

Table 4. Analysis and Structural Result

Path Coefficient P Value Hypothesis Result
PS→IK 0.249 0.000 H1 Accepted
TTS→IK 0.404 0.005 H2 Accepted
PS→KK 0.737 0.000 H3 Accepted
TTS→KK 0.403 0.074 H4 Rejected
IK→KK 0.124 0.474 H5 Rejected

Table 5. Model Fit

Saturated Model Estimated Model
SRMR 0.046 0.046
d_ULS 0.527 0.527
d_G 0.798 0.798
Chi-Square 631.164 631.164
NFI 0.868 0.868

Table 5 showcases the crucial indicator for evaluating the model fit. This
factor is fundamental in assessing the model's quality, especially its capability to
accurately depict the connections among the studied variables. Table 6
represents the R-square values. The variable' Consumer Happiness' influenced
by Social Comparison and Peer Pressure resulted in 0.826. Furthermore,
Consumer Innovativeness influenced by Social Comparison, Peer Pressure, and
Consumer Happiness resulted in 0.944. These findings indicated that Consumer
Happiness influenced by those variables constituted 82,6% and Consumer
Happiness constituted 94.4%.

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Table 6. R-Square
R Square R Square Adjusted
Consumer Happiness 0.826 0.822
Consumer Innovativeness 0.944 0.943

This study aimed to investigate the effects of divergent factors, including

social comparison and peer pressure, on consumer innovativeness, which, in
turn, can collectively shape consumer happiness. The findings of this research
can be summarized as follows. The analysis results indicate that social
comparison and peer pressure positively and significantly impact consumer
innovativeness. Peer pressure is identified as the most vital factor in driving
consumer innovativeness. This finding aligns with research conducted by Wang
et al. (2023), revealing that peer pressure plays a crucial role in enhancing the
level of consumer innovativeness, acting as a strong influence on consumers'
creative behavior. This understanding contributes significantly to the dynamics of
consumer behavior when adopting innovations. Additionally, social comparison
also has a significant impact on consumer innovativeness. This is consistent with
the findings of Gupta et al. (2021), stating that social comparison can be a primary
driver in increasing consumer innovativeness. The social comparison factor
allows consumers to respond to innovation by seeking achievements or
consumption levels equivalent to or even better than others in their social
environment (Gupta et al., 2021). These findings provide additional insights into
the crucial role of social comparison in driving consumer innovative behavior.
Furthermore, social comparison has a positive and significant impact on
consumer happiness. This result aligns with the research conducted by Jiang and
Ngien (2020), which found that social comparison positively influences consumer
happiness. The social comparison factor opens opportunities for consumers to
experience happiness by achieving or surpassing the achievement or
consumption others possess in their social environment (Jiang & Ngien, 2020).
This study provides a further understanding of the crucial role of social
comparison in enhancing consumer happiness.
The contrasting result reveals that peer pressure does not influence
consumer happiness. This is in line with the research by Halfmann and Rieger
(2019), stating that peer pressure cannot affect consumer happiness. Individual
autonomy and personal values may mitigate the impact of peer pressure on
consumer happiness (Halfmann & Rieger, 2019). The study indicates that some
consumers are resilient to external pressures, and if influenced behaviors conflict
with personal values, they may not contribute positively to overall happiness. This
challenges the conventional belief that peer pressure universally affects
consumer happiness, emphasizing the importance of understanding individual
differences and contextual factors in the relationship between social influence
and well-being. It can be concluded that other factors are more dominant in
influencing consumer happiness, which were not examined in the framework of
this study.
Furthermore, consumer innovativeness does not have an impact on
consumer happiness. This result is supported by the research conducted by Krey
et al. (2019), stating that there is no significant relationship between the level of

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consumer innovativeness and consumer happiness. The connection between

consumer innovativeness and happiness is intricate, influenced by factors such
as risk-taking behavior and the temporal nature of novelty. Krey et al. (2019)
argue that adopting new and innovative products may bring uncertainties and that
the initial excitement diminishes as innovations become commonplace, thus not
significantly impacting overall consumer happiness. In the context of iPhone
users, the relationship between consumer innovativeness and happiness is
complex. While iPhone enthusiasts eagerly adopt new technological features, the
initial excitement may wane as innovations become commonplace, aligning with
Krey et al.'s (2019) argument. The continuous cycle of innovation and potential
uncertainties related to performance may influence the long-term impact on
overall happiness among iPhone users. Understanding this dynamic sheds light
on the interplay between consumer preferences and technological advancements
in consumer electronics. Thus, this finding is consistent with previous research
results indicating that consumer innovativeness does not have a significant
impact on the level of consumer happiness.
This study reinforces the perspective that social factors like social
comparison and peer pressure can drive consumer innovativeness. Theoretically,
these findings support the research results presented by Purtik and Arenas
(2019), emphasizing the crucial role of the social environment in shaping
consumer behavior, especially in the context of innovation. On the other hand,
the findings demonstrate that social comparison has the most significant
influence on consumer innovativeness, indicating that consumers' perceptions of
social comparison can be a crucial driver of their innovativeness. This can
contribute significantly to the theoretical understanding of the factors influencing
consumer innovativeness, mainly through social comparison mechanisms, as
explained. The study proves that the influence of social pressure from peers can
be a crucial driver in shaping consumer innovative attitudes. This adds a new
dimension to the theoretical understanding of external factors that motivate
consumers to adopt innovation. Overall, the theoretical implications of these
findings contribute to understanding the dynamics between social factors and
consumer innovativeness. These implications can serve as a basis for further
theory development in understanding how social interactions influence consumer
behavior related to innovation.
The practical implications of these findings are noteworthy for both
researchers and Apple Inc. Firstly, the revelation that consumer innovativeness
does not significantly impact consumer happiness among iPhone users implies
that, despite a high level of innovation in smartphone usage, enhancing
happiness is not solely dependent on this factor. Therefore, in designing
marketing strategies or product features, Apple Inc. may need to recognize that
fostering consumer happiness requires attention to dimensions beyond
innovativeness alone.
Furthermore, observing that peer pressure does not significantly influence
consumer happiness provides a unique insight. It suggests that, in the context of
iPhone users in Indonesia, the impact of peer pressure may not be as
pronounced in shaping their happiness related to smartphone usage. This insight
prompts a call for a deeper exploration of the social and contextual dynamics
among local smartphone users. Understanding these dynamics can assist Apple

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Inc. and other stakeholders in tailoring their strategies to better align with the
factors influencing consumer satisfaction and happiness in the Indonesian
market.
In light of these findings, Apple Inc. may find it valuable to identify other
predominant factors influencing consumer preferences and happiness
concerning iPhone technology. This can aid in developing targeted approaches
to enhance user experiences, satisfaction, and overall happiness with
smartphones in the Indonesian market.

Conclusion
This study profoundly explains the complex interaction among social
comparison, peer pressure, consumer innovativeness, and consumer happiness.
The main findings of this research indicate that social comparison and peer
pressure have a positive and significant impact on consumer innovativeness, with
peer pressure being the most influential factor in fostering consumer creativity.
Additionally, social comparison has proven to substantially influence consumer
happiness, allowing consumers to achieve or surpass the achievements of others
in their social environment. These results provide a comprehensive insight into
the intricate dynamics of the relationship between social interaction, innovation,
and consumer happiness.
In industrial contexts, the insights from this study offer valuable guidance for
marketers and product developers, emphasizing the influential roles of social
comparison, peer pressure, consumer innovativeness, and consumer happiness.
Recognizing the positive impact of social comparison and peer pressure on
consumer innovativeness, businesses can strategically leverage these factors to
enhance creativity and product adoption.
For academic contexts, the study contributes to understanding consumer
behavior in the smartphone industry, particularly in the context of social
interaction, innovation, and happiness. The findings encourage scholars to
explore similar dynamics in different geographical regions, smartphone brands,
and diverse populations to validate and expand upon the current research.
Furthermore, despite providing valuable insights, several limitations need to
be considered in interpreting the results and generalizing the findings. First, the
geographical scope of this study is limited to iPhone smartphone users in
Indonesia. Therefore, the conclusions may need to be compared with other
studies examining smartphone users from different brands and geographic
regions. Additionally, generalizing these findings should be done cautiously, and
further research should consider a more diverse population of smartphone users.
Moreover, this research focused on specific variables, namely social
comparison, peer pressure, consumer innovativeness, and consumer happiness.
Other factors that were not included in this study might also contribute to
smartphone user behavior. Future research could incorporate additional
variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding.
Acknowledging these limitations, the findings of this study can serve as a
foundation for more in-depth and contextual research to gain a more holistic
understanding of smartphone user behavior in Indonesia. Further research could
explore additional factors to obtain a more comprehensive insight into the
elements that shape consumer happiness related to smartphone use. These

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findings also highlight the need to consider cultural context in developing

marketing strategies and user experiences that can enhance consumer
happiness. Developing consumer models that consider Indonesia's specific
cultural and social dynamics would be more effective in designing products and
services that align with local consumer expectations and values.

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