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SE Project Report on Biling system

Software Engineering (Tribhuvan Vishwavidalaya)

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A GROUP PROJECT
ON
BILLING SYSTEM

BY
Daya Shankar Thapa (10407/19)
Kiran Khanal (10413/19)
Manjul Tamang (10417/19)
Nishan Neyohang (10424/19)

Under the supervision of

Er. Manoj Giri

A Group Project Report Submitted to

Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course of
Software Engineering

Nepal Commerce Campus

Minbhawan, Kathmandu
September, 2023

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DECLARATION

This is to certify that we have completed the Group Project entitled “Billing System” under
the guidelines of “Manoj Giri” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course of
Software Engineering at Nepal Commerce Campus, Tribhuvan University. This is our
original work and we have not submitted it earlier elsewhere.

Date: 25 September 2023

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CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the Group Project entitled “Billing System” is an academic work done
by “Daya Shankar Thapa, Kiran Khanal, Manjul Tamang and Nishan Neyohang” submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course of Software Engineering at
Nepal Commerce Campus, Tribhuvan University under my guidance and supervision. To
the best of my knowledge, the information presented by them in the group project report has
not been submitted earlier.

………………….

Manoj Giri

Supervisor

25 September 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Manoj Giri for being an exceptional
mentor throughout the course of our project. He was not only a supervisor but also a guide,
providing me with invaluable insights, guidance, and support. His knowledge and expertise
in the field were instrumental in shaping the direction of the project and ensuring that it met
the required standards. We are grateful for the time and effort they took to meet with us
regularly to discuss our progress and provide feedback. Their constructive criticism and
encouragement have been essential in motivating us to put our best efforts forward.

We would also like to thank Nepal Commerce Campus for giving us the opportunity to
develop such a project and heightening our practical knowledge and expertise in the
development field.

Lastly, we also express our deepest appreciation to my friends for their feedback and
suggestions throughout the development of the project.

Finally, we would like to apologize to all the other unnamed people who have helped us in
various ways with the completion of our project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE…………………………..………………………………………………….. i

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... ii

CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR.......................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of Problem .............................................................................................. 2

1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 3

1.4 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................................. 3

1.4.1 Scope ................................................................................................................ 3

1.4.2 Limitations ....................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER II .......................................................................................................................... 4

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 4

2.1 Functional Requirements ......................................................................................... 4

2.2 Non-Functional Requirements ................................................................................ 5

2.3 Feasibility Study ...................................................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Technical Feasibility ........................................................................................ 5

2.3.2 Economic Feasibility........................................................................................ 6

2.3.3 Operational Feasibility ..................................................................................... 6

2.3.4 Economic Feasibility........................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER III ........................................................................................................................ 7

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SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Class Diagram .............................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Use Case Diagram ................................................................................................... 8

3.3 Activity Diagram ................................................................................................... 10

3.4 Sequence Diagram ................................................................................................. 11

3.4.1 Sequence Diagram of Login Process .................................................................. 11

3.4.2 Sequence Diagram for Creating Cashier User ............................................... 12

3.4.3 Sequence Diagram for Creating Sales Bill .................................................... 13

3.4.4 Sequence Diagram for Creating Purchase bill ............................................... 14

3.4.5 Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report............................................ 15

3.4.6 Sequence Diagram for Generating Purchase Report...................................... 16

3.5 State Diagram ............................................................................................................. 17

CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................................... 18

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING............................................................................... 18

4.1 Implementation Methodology ............................................................................... 18

4.1.1 Context Diagram ................................................................................................. 18

4.1.2 Deployment Diagram .......................................................................................... 20

4.2 Tools and Technologies Used .................................................................................... 21

4.2.1 Java for Development ......................................................................................... 21

4.2.2 MySQL for Database: ......................................................................................... 21

4.3 Testing ................................................................................................................... 22

4.3.1 Unit Testing............................................................................................................. 22

4.3.2 Integration Testing .............................................................................................. 23

4.3.3 System Testing ............................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER V........................................................................................................................ 27

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 27

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5.1 Discussions ............................................................................................................ 27

5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 27

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 29

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Class Diagram of Billing System ........................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Use Case Diagram of Billing System (Admin) ...................................................... 8
Figure 3: Use case Diagram of Billing System (Cashier) ...................................................... 9
Figure 4: Activity Diagram of the Billing System ............................................................... 10
Figure 5: Sequence Diagram of Login Process .................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Sequence Diagram of User Creation Process ....................................................... 12
Figure 7: Sequence Diagram for Creating Sales Bill ........................................................... 13
Figure 8: Sequence Diagram for Creating Purchase Bill ..................................................... 14
Figure 9: Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report .................................................. 15
Figure 10: Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report ................................................ 16
Figure 11: State Diagram of the Billing System .................................................................. 17
Figure 12: Context Diagram of Sales ................................................................................... 18
Figure 13: Context Diagram of Purchase ............................................................................. 19
Figure 14: Deployment Diagram ......................................................................................... 20

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The billing system is a pivotal component in modern business operations, facilitating

streamlined and accurate invoicing processes. This abstract presents a comprehensive view
of a billing system, showcasing its primary objective of automating invoicing, payment
processing, and record-keeping. Key functionalities include customer management, product
or service cataloging, invoice generation, and payment tracking. The system enhances
efficiency by reducing manual errors, enabling prompt payments, and providing real-time
insights into financial transactions. With a user-friendly interface and secure authentication
mechanisms, it ensures accessibility and data privacy. Overall, the billing system optimizes
financial operations, supporting businesses in achieving enhanced productivity, improved
accuracy, and strengthened customer relationships.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

In the dynamic landscape of modern business operations, the significance of a robust billing
system cannot be overstated. It serves as the backbone of financial transactions, offering a
seamless and efficient mechanism for generating sales and purchase bills. This pivotal tool
has been meticulously developed to not only simplify the often-intricate task of billing but
also to catalyze enhanced efficiency across various facets of business operations. With a
keen focus on the needs and challenges faced by businesses, this billing system represents a
transformative leap towards automating and optimizing financial processes.

At its core, this billing system is designed to expedite the billing process, making it more
streamlined and user-friendly. By harnessing cutting-edge technology, it eliminates the
traditional complexities associated with creating bills, reducing the chances of errors and
ensuring precision in financial documentation. The system's intuitive interface empowers
businesses of all scales to generate bills with remarkable ease, regardless of their industry or
sector.

Moreover, this billing system goes beyond the simple generation of bills. It acts as a
comprehensive repository, diligently recording sales and purchase transactions. This
archival feature not only ensures compliance with auditing requirements but also provides
invaluable insights into the financial health of the business. Through meticulous record-
keeping, businesses can track their cash flows, monitor expenses, and make informed
decisions to steer their growth trajectory.

In a rapidly evolving business environment, efficiency is the key to success, and this billing
system serves as a catalyst for achieving just that. By automating repetitive tasks and
minimizing the margin for human error, it frees up valuable time and resources that can be
redirected towards strategic initiatives. Businesses can optimize their processes, reduce
overhead costs, and ultimately improve their bottom line.

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As businesses navigate the challenges of today's competitive landscape, this billing system
stands as a valuable ally, driving efficiency and empowering smarter decision-making for
sustained growth and success.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Currently, many businesses still rely on manual methods of invoicing, payment recording,
and customer account management, which can be time-consuming, prone to errors, and
difficult to keep track of. This can result in delayed payments, missed invoices, and poor
cash flow management. Therefore, there is a need for a centralized, automated platform to
manage billing information for businesses.

To address this problem, we propose the development of a Billing System using Java. The
system will provide users with a centralized, automated platform to manage their billing
information, including invoicing, payment recording, and customer account management.

The system will be designed to be easy to use and navigate, with a user-friendly interface. It
will also be secure and reliable, with user authentication and authorization.

The Billing System will provide the following features:

1. Create Invoices: Users will be able to create invoices for their customers with automated
calculations.

2. Manage Customers: Users will be able to manage their customer's information, including
contact details, billing addresses.

3. Record Payments: The system will be able to record payments made by customers,
including the payment method used.

4. View Invoices: Users will be able to view a list of their invoices, including payment status
and due dates.

5. Reports: The system will be able to generate reports, such as a list of unpaid invoices,
sales reports, and customer statements.

By implementing the Billing System, businesses will be able to save time and reduce errors
in their billing processes. This will improve their cash flow management and ensure that they
are able to keep track of their invoicing and payment activities more effectively. Overall, the

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proposed solution will enable businesses to manage their billing information in a more
efficient, automated, and centralized manner.

1.3 Objectives

The specific objectives of the project are:

• To develop a user-friendly interface that simplifies and accelerates the creation of

sales and purchase bill by automating calculations and invoice generation to reduce
manual errors and processing time.
• To create a centralized repository for storing and organizing sales and purchase
records.
• To provide reporting and analytics features to offer valuable insights into financial
performance by enabling vendors to track key metrics such as revenue, expenses, and
profit margins.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

1.4.1 Scope

i. Billing process automation

ii. User-Friendly Interface
iii. Record Storage and Retrieval
iv. Reporting and Analytics
v. Tax Compliance

1.4.2 Limitations

i. Only the developer has the capability to customize the entire system.
ii. Integrating the billing system with existing software and systems is complex and
time-consuming.
iii. Migrating existing sales and purchase data into the new system is challenging,
especially if the data is disorganized or incompatible with the system's format.

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CHAPTER II

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
The requirement analysis process ensures a clear understanding of all aspects of the billing
system, guiding the development and implementation phases to meet the organization's
specific needs and objectives. The requirements analysis is broken down into two sections
namely functional requirements and non-functional requirements and they are described
below:
2.1 Functional Requirements

i. Generate Sales and Purchase Bill: The billing system has the capability to generate
sales and purchase bill. This bill will provide a detailed overview of the business's
purchase and sales transactions.

ii. Sales Report: The billing system has the ability to generate both sales and purchase
reports efficiently. Authorized users will have access to these features, allowing them
to select custom or predefined date ranges (such as daily or monthly). The generated
sales reports will include details like total revenue, transaction count, product-level
sales data, historical comparisons, sales trends, and tax information. Similarly,
purchase reports comprise total expenditure, transaction count, product-level
purchase information, historical comparisons, purchase trends, and tax data.

iii. Record Sales and Purchase Transactions: The billing system is also tasked with
efficiently recording both sales and purchase transactions. Authorized users will have
the capability to input and manage these transactions, including essential details such
as product/service information, quantity, unit price, customer/vendor information,
and payment methods.

iv. User authentication and authorization: User authentication and authorization are
fundamental aspects of the billing system's security and user access control.
Authorized users will undergo a secure authentication process, typically involving
usernames and strong, encrypted passwords. Once authenticated, users will be

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subject to role-based authorization, ensuring that they can only access and perform
actions within the system that align with their designated roles and responsibilities.

2.2 Non-Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements define the characteristics and qualities that a system should
possess, aside from its specific functionality. Unlike functional requirements that focus on
what the system does, non-functional requirements focus on how the system performs and
behaves. Some non-functional requirements for food order system are listed below:
i. The system should have a user-friendly interface, intuitive navigation, and clear
instructions to ensure ease of use for all system users.
ii. The system should be compatible with various devices, operating systems, and web
browsers.
iii. The system should be highly reliable and available, minimizing downtime and
ensuring that data is consistently accessible.
iv. The system should ensure the accuracy, consistency, and integrity of customer and
staff data.
v. The system should be able to handle an increasing number of users, customer records,
and transactions as the restaurant grows without degrading performance.

2.3 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is a process of evaluating the practicality and viability of a proposed

project. It has various dimensions such as technical feasibility, economic feasibility and
operational feasibility.

2.3.1 Technical Feasibility

Technical feasibility for a billing system involves evaluating whether the proposed system
can be developed, implemented, and integrated effectively within the existing technological
environment. It requires a thorough assessment of the technical aspects, including the
required hardware, software, and infrastructure. The first step is to ensure that the technology
stack chosen for development is compatible with the organization's current IT architecture
and aligns with its long-term technology strategy. Assessing scalability is crucial to
determine if the system can handle an increasing volume of transactions and data as the

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business grows. Additionally, analyzing the performance and response time of the system
under varying loads is essential to guarantee optimal user experience.

2.3.2 Economic Feasibility

The economic feasibility of implementing a billing system is highly favorable, considering

the potential for substantial cost savings and revenue enhancement. By automating billing
processes and streamlining operations, the system significantly reduces labor costs
associated with manual invoicing and record-keeping. It optimizes resource utilization and
enhances productivity, enabling employees to focus on more value-added tasks. Moreover,
accurate and efficient billing improves cash flow and accelerates payment cycles, positively
impacting the organization's financial health. The initial investment in developing and
deploying the billing system is outweighed by the long-term benefits of cost reduction,
improved accuracy, and enhanced customer satisfaction.

2.3.3 Operational Feasibility

The operational feasibility of implementing a billing system is highly promising within a

restaurant's operational landscape. The system's ability to seamlessly integrate into the
existing workflow, align with the staff's current processes, and accommodate the restaurant's
unique billing requirements makes it operationally viable. With features that facilitate
efficient order handling, accurate pricing, various payment methods, and customizable
invoice formats, the system streamlines billing operations and enhances overall efficiency.

2.3.4 Economic Feasibility

The economic feasibility of implementing a billing system is highly favorable, presenting a

compelling case for its adoption. The initial investment in developing, integrating, and
deploying the system is outweighed by the long-term benefits and cost savings it offers. The
system significantly reduces operational costs associated with manual billing processes, such
as printing, postage, and administrative labor.

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CHAPTER III

SYSTEM DESIGN
System design is the phase in the software development or engineering process where
detailed specifications and plans are created for how a system or software application will
be constructed and implemented.

3.1 Class Diagram

Figure 1: Class Diagram of Billing System

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The class diagram for the billing system consists of four main classes: Vendor, User,
Customer, and Billing System. The Vendor class represents the system provider, while the
User class embodies individuals who interact with the system to generate bills for Customers.
Customers are represented in the Customer class, indicating the entities with whom business
transactions occur. Finally, the Billing System class encapsulates the core functionalities for
creating, storing, and managing bills. Associations between these classes illustrate how the
Vendor owns the system, Users utilize it to generate bills for Customers, and the link between
Users and Customers in the billing process, providing a visual overview of their relationships
within the system.

3.2 Use Case Diagram

Figure 2: Use Case Diagram of Billing System (Admin)

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Figure 3: Use case Diagram of Billing System (Cashier)

In the use case diagram for the billing system, the primary actor, the Admin User, holds key
responsibilities within the system. They can log in securely, create new users, initiate the
creation of both purchase and sales bills, and access detailed purchase and sales reports, as
well as historical transaction data. These functionalities empower the Admin User to
efficiently manage and monitor financial transactions within the organization. Regular
Users, an additional actor, can log in and extend the "Create Purchase Bill" and "Create Sales
Bill" use cases, allowing them to actively participate in the billing process under the guidance
of the Admin User. The "Print Bill" use case extends the "Create Bill" functionalities,
enabling Users to generate physical copies of bills. Overall, this use case diagram effectively
captures the interactions and responsibilities of the system's actors and illustrates the flow of
actions within the billing system.

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3.3 Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is a type of UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagram used to model
and visually represent the flow of activities, actions, and behaviors within a system, process,
or workflow. Activity diagrams are versatile tools that help describe both high-level
processes and detailed procedural workflows in a clear and intuitive manner. Activity
diagrams are versatile tools that help describe both high-level processes and detailed
procedural workflows in a clear and intuitive manner. They are particularly useful for
business process modeling, software system design, and understanding complex workflows

Figure 4: Activity Diagram of the Billing System

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3.4 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram in UML (Unified Modeling Language)

that visually represents the interactions and sequences of messages or events between objects
or components within a system or software application. It provides a dynamic view of the
system, illustrating how various parts of the system collaborate and communicate.

3.4.1 Sequence Diagram of Login Process

Figure 5: Sequence Diagram of Login Process

• The "User" actor provides their credentials to the "User Interface" module.
• The "User Interface" module sends the provided credentials to the "Database"
module for verification.
• The "Database" module verifies the credentials.
• If the credentials are valid, the "Database" sends a verification successful message to
the "User Interface," which in turn notifies the "User" that the login is successful.
• If the credentials are invalid, the "Database" sends a verification failed message to
the "User Interface," which then notifies the "User" that the login has failed.

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3.4.2 Sequence Diagram for Creating Cashier User

Figure 6: Sequence Diagram of User Creation Process

• The Admin creates a cashier user through the "User Module."

• The "User Module" communicates with the Database to add the user.
• The Database confirms the creation of the user and sends a response to the "User
Module."
• The "User Module" informs the Admin that the cashier user has been created.
• The Admin can then proceed to edit, update, or delete the cashier user, with
appropriate communication between the modules and the Admin for each
operation.

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3.4.3 Sequence Diagram for Creating Sales Bill

Figure 7: Sequence Diagram for Creating Sales Bill

• The User requests the creation of a sales bill through the "User Interface" by
providing customer details, particulars, quantity, price, and payment mode.
• The "Billing System" calculates the total price, including VAT, based on the
provided information.
• The sales bill is stored in the Database.
• The "Billing System" acknowledges the creation of the sales bill and proceeds to
print it.
• The Printer prints the sales bill.
• The "Billing System" informs the "User Interface" that the sales bill has been printed.
• The "User Interface" notifies the User that the sales bill is ready.

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3.4.4 Sequence Diagram for Creating Purchase bill

Figure 8: Sequence Diagram for Creating Purchase Bill

• The User requests the creation of a purchase bill through the "User Interface" by
providing party details, particulars, quantity, price, and payment mode.
• The "Billing System" calculates the total price, including VAT, based on the
provided information.
• The purchase bill is stored in the Database.
• The "Billing System" acknowledges the creation of the purchase bill and proceeds to
print it.
• The Printer prints the purchase bill.
• The "Billing System" informs the "User Interface" that the purchase bill has been
printed.
• The "User Interface" notifies the User that the purchase bill is ready.

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3.4.5 Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report

Figure 9: Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report

• The Admin requests a sales report through the "Admin Interface."

• The admin selects the desired time period.
• The "Admin Interface" sends a request for the sales report to the "Sales Report
Generator."
• The "Sales Report Generator" queries the Database for sales data within the selected
time period.
• The Database retrieves the sales data and sends it back to the "Sales Report
Generator."
• The "Sales Report Generator" generates the sales report, including the total products
sold, their quantity, price, and the total amount of sales made.
• The "Sales Report Generator" returns the sales report to the "Admin Interface."
• The "Admin Interface" displays the sales report to the Admin.

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3.4.6 Sequence Diagram for Generating Purchase Report

Figure 10: Sequence Diagram for Generating Sales Report

• The Admin requests a purchase report through the "Admin Interface."

• The admin selects the desired time period.
• The "Admin Interface" sends a request for the purchase report to the "Purchase
Report Generator."
• The "Purchase Report Generator" queries the Database for purchase data within the
selected time period.
• The Database retrieves the purchase data and sends it back to the "Purchase Report
Generator."
• The "Purchase Report Generator" generates the purchase report, including the total
products sold, their quantity, price, and the total amount of purchase made.
• The "Purchase Report Generator" returns the sales report to the "Admin Interface."
• The "Admin Interface" displays the purchase report to the Admin.

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3.5 State Diagram

A state diagram, also known as a state machine diagram, is a type of UML (Unified Modeling
Language) diagram used to model and visually represent the various states and transitions
that an object, component, or system can undergo during its lifecycle or in response to
external events.

Figure 11: State Diagram of the Billing System

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CHAPTER IV

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 Implementation Methodology

4.1.1 Context Diagram

Context diagrams show the interactions between a system and other actors (external factors)
with which the system is designed to interface. System context diagrams can be helpful in
understanding the context which the system will be part of.

Figure 12: Context Diagram of Sales

The Customer initiates the process by making a payment for a purchase. This payment
transaction is external to the billing system but triggers a series of actions within it. The User,
who interacts with the billing system, receives the payment from the Customer and adds
essential details such as customer information and product details to the system. This data
entry step is crucial for generating accurate bills and maintaining records.

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Next, the billing system takes over, performing calculations to determine the total quantity
and price for the items purchased. Simultaneously, it stores a record of this transaction in its
database, ensuring that a comprehensive history of sales is maintained for future reference
and reporting purposes.

As the final step, the billing system generates the bill, incorporating the calculated details
and transaction specifics. This bill is sent to the Printer, an external component. The User
retrieves the printed bill from the Printer and provides it to the Customer. This physical copy
of the bill serves as a formal record of the transaction, offering transparency and
documentation for both the business and the Customer.

Figure 13: Context Diagram of Purchase

The Supplier initiates the purchase process by supplying goods to the Vendor. This external
action is essential to maintaining inventory and facilitating sales. The Vendor, acting as an
intermediary, receives the goods from the Supplier.

Once the goods are received, the User, who interacts with the billing system, plays a pivotal
role. They add detailed information about the received products, including product

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descriptions and prices, into the system. This step is crucial for accurate inventory
management and later billing.

With the product information entered, the billing system calculates the total amount due to
the Supplier for the goods received. Simultaneously, it generates a purchase bill, reflecting
the details of the transaction.

4.1.2 Deployment Diagram

A deployment diagram in the Unified Modeling Language models the physical deployment
of artifacts on nodes. To describe a web site, for example, a deployment diagram would show
what hardware components exist, what software components run on each node, and how the
different pieces are connected.

Figure 14: Deployment Diagram

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The deployment diagram for the billing system delineates a three-tier architecture
comprising the Client Tier, Application Tier, and Data Tier. In the Client Tier, the billing
software interface resides, facilitating user interactions. Communication with the
Application Tier is established through local function calls and shared memory, ensuring
rapid and efficient data exchange. The Application Tier consists of a Business Logic Layer,
responsible for processing and managing billing operations, and a Data Access Layer, which
facilitates interaction with the Data Tier. Local socket communication links the Application
Tier with the Data Tier, where SQL Server stored procedures are hosted. This separation of
tiers and well-defined communication channels allows for scalability, maintainability, and
robustness in the billing system's architecture, ensuring smooth operation and effective
management of billing processes.

4.2 Tools and Technologies Used

4.2.1 Java for Development

• Backend Logic: Java is employed to develop the backend logic of the billing system.
This includes implementing the business rules, calculations, and data processing
functions required for creating bills, handling transactions, and managing user
interactions.
• User Interfaces: Java allows for the creation of user-friendly interfaces for
administrative users. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) of the billing system is
designed using Java's Swing or JavaFX libraries, providing a seamless and intuitive
experience for users during bill creation and management.

4.2.2 MySQL for Database:

• Data Storage: MySQL serves as the relational database management system

(RDBMS) for storing and managing critical data within the billing system. It stores
customer details, product information, transaction records, and other relevant data.
• Structured Queries: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to create, retrieve,
update, and delete data in the MySQL database. SQL queries are an integral part of
the billing system for accessing and manipulating data, such as generating reports or
calculating totals for bills.
• Stored Procedures: MySQL allows for the creation of stored procedures, which can
be utilized in the database to perform complex calculations or repetitive tasks
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efficiently. These stored procedures are especially valuable for generating bills,
performing financial calculations, and aggregating data for reports.

4.3 Testing

Testing in software engineering is a crucial phase of the software development life cycle
(SDLC) that involves systematically evaluating a software application or system to ensure
that it meets its specified requirements, functions correctly, and behaves as expected. Testing
plays a pivotal role in delivering high-quality software that is reliable, secure, and free from
defects

4.3.1 Unit Testing

Unit Testing is a fundamental and essential practice in software development where

individual units or components of a software application are tested in isolation to verify their
correctness.

Test Case
Test Scenario ID TS001 ID TC001
To verify that the user can
Test Case successfully login to the Test
High
Description system using valid Priority
credentials.
Only authenticated
No credentials are Post-
Pre-Requisite users are allowed to
currently logged in Requisite
access the system

Test execution steps:

Expected
S.No Action Inputs Actual Output
Output
Launch
1 Login Page
system

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Enter Email:
invalid user@gma
email and il.com
password Password:
Incorrect
and press Admin123
2 username
login button
and password

Enter valid Email:

email and Admin System
password Password: Dashboard
3
and press Admin123 Loading
login button @# Screen

4.3.2 Integration Testing

Integration testing is a phase of software testing in which individual components, modules,

or subsystems of a software application are combined and tested together as a group to assess
how they interact and function as a whole.

Test Case
Test Scenario ID TS001 ID TC002

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Test Case To add system user Test

High
Description information to the database. Priority

The user
An input from to enter the Post- information is
Pre-Requisite
user details Requisite stored in the
database.

Test execution steps:

Expected
S.No Action Inputs Actual Output
Output
Name:
Testing
Username:
Enter user test123 Create User
1
details Password: Page
******
User Role:
Cashier

Hit the Information

2 Add user Saved
Button Successfully

4.3.3 System Testing

System Testing is a crucial phase in the software testing process that focuses on evaluating
a complete and fully integrated software system. It is conducted to ensure that the entire
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software application, encompassing all its components, functions, and interfaces, meets its
specified requirements and performs as expected within its intended environment.

Test Case
Test Scenario ID TS001 ID TC003

Test Case To store sales information Test

High
Description in the database. Priority

An input from to enter the Post- The sales information is

Pre-Requisite
sales information. Requisite stored in the database.

Test execution steps:

Expected
S.No Action Inputs Actual Output
Output
Party Name:
ABC Traders
Party PAN:
123456
Address:
Kathmandu
Create
Enter sales Payment
1 User
information Mode: Cash
Page
Transaction
Date: 2023-09-
24
Product
Details

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Hit the Save Informati

Button on Saved
2
Successf
ully

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussions

A well-structured discussion on a billing system encompasses the critical aspects of

designing, implementing, and managing an effective system to handle financial transactions
within a business. It involves considerations such as defining billing processes, selecting
appropriate software or platforms, integrating with other systems, ensuring data accuracy
and security, automating where possible to enhance efficiency, and addressing customer
needs and concerns. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion explores the importance of
compliance with regulatory requirements, adaptability to evolving business needs, the role
of analytics in optimizing billing strategies, and the potential for improving customer
experiences through transparent and user-friendly billing interfaces. Overall, an insightful
discussion on a billing system delves into its multifaceted nature, addressing the technical,
operational, and customer-centric dimensions crucial for a successful implementation and
seamless functioning in any business environment.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the billing system project has successfully achieved its core objectives,
demonstrating its effectiveness in streamlining and enhancing various aspects of financial
management within the organization. First and foremost, the development of a user-friendly
interface has significantly improved the efficiency of creating sales and purchase bills.
Automation of calculations and invoice generation has not only reduced the risk of manual
errors but has also considerably reduced processing time, ultimately boosting productivity
and accuracy.

Furthermore, the establishment of a centralized repository for sales and purchase records has
provided a structured and organized approach to data management. This repository serves as
a valuable resource for maintaining transaction history, facilitating audits, and ensuring data
consistency across the organization.

Lastly, the inclusion of reporting and analytics features has added a layer of intelligence to
the billing system. Vendors can now access key financial metrics such as revenue, expenses,
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and profit margins, enabling them to make informed decisions and gain valuable insights
into their financial performance. This empowers vendors to optimize their business
strategies, identify areas for improvement, and ultimately drive growth and profitability.

In essence, the billing system project has not only simplified and accelerated billing
processes but has also transformed financial management into a more data-driven and
insightful endeavor. It stands as a testament to the power of technology in enhancing business
operations and decision-making, ultimately contributing to the success and efficiency of the
organization.

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REFERENCES

TeleManagement Forum. (2016). Best Practices for Billing Systems.

https://www.tmforum.org/resources/best-practices-for-billing-systems/

Smith, A., & Brown, C. (2019). Design and Implementation of an Efficient Billing System. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), 123-134.

Sommerville, I. (2018). Software Engineering. (10th ed.). India: Pearson

Zhang, M., & Lin, S. (2018). An Improved Billing System for Cloud Computing. IEEE
Transactions on Cloud Computing, 6(3), 678-691.

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