1 a) Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

b) Classification of matter :-
Early Indian philosophers classified in the form of five
basic elements as air, earth, fire, sky and water called
Panch Tatva.
On the basis of the physical state matter is classified as
solids, liquids and gases.
On the basis of chemical composition matter is
classified as pure substances and mixtures.
Pure substances may be elements or compounds.
Mixtures may be homogeneous mixtures or
heterogeneous mixtures.
Plasma is a form of matter in which many of
the electrons wander around freely among the nuclei of
the atoms. Plasma has been called the fourth state of matter,
the other three being solid, liquid, and gas. Normally, the
electrons in a solid, liquid, or gaseous sample of matter stay
with the same atomic nucleus.
Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter. The other
fundamental states of matter are liquids, solids, and gases.
Here are some examples of forms of plasma:
1. Lightning
2. Aurorae
3. The excited low-pressure gas inside neon signs and
fluorescent lights
4. Solarwind
5. Welding arcs
6. The Earth's ionosphere
7. Stars (including the Sun)
8. The tail of a comet
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite
Shape and volume
volume has volume shape nor volume
Energy Lowest Medium Highest
Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy
Arrangement of Regular and closely Random and little Random and more
molecules arranged sparsely arranged sparsely arranged
Flows from higher to Flows in all
Fluidity Cannot flow
lower level directions
Depends on
Free, constant and
Movement Negligible interparticle
random
attraction
Interparticle space Very less More Large
Interparticle
Maximum Medium Minimum
attraction
Density Maximum Medium Minimum
It depends on
Rate of diffusion Negligible interparticle Maximum
attraction.
 Mixing of two gases:
•Fragrance of an incense stick (agarbatti) lightened in one
corner of a room, spreads in the whole room quickly.
•The particles of gases (or vapours) produced by burning the
incense stick move rapidly in all directions and mix with the
moving particles of air in the room
•This also shows that the particles of matter are constantly
moving.
Brownian motion of particles (By Robert Brown):
•The random or zig-zag movement of microscopic particles
in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from
molecules of the surrounding medium, is known as
Brownian motion.
•For example, dust moves randomly because the random
moving particles of air collide with dust particles.
Try the following questions:

Q1. What are the conditions for something to be called

matter?

Q2. Why do gases neither have fixed volume nor fixed

shape?

Q3. How does the smell of food being cooked in the

kitchen reaches us even from a considerable distance?

Q4. Explain why does diffusion occurs more quickly in

gases than in liquids?
Food cooks faster in a pressure cooker.
It’s because the pressure increases inside the
cooker, which also increases the boiling point of
water. So, more heat is required to reach the
boiling point and is sufficient to cook food in a
reduced time.
What happens to the boiling point of water at high
altitudes?
At a higher altitude, atmospheric pressure is
lower, it takes less energy to bring water to the
boiling point. Less energy means less heat, which
means water will boil at a lower temperature at a
higher altitude.
The boiling point increases with an increase in
pressure
1. The boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. What is this temperature in Kelvin scale

2. At higher altitudes:
(a)Boiling point of a liquid decreases
(b)Boiling point of a liquid increases
(c)No change in boiling point
(d)Melting point of solid increases
3. The boiling point of water on Celsius and Kelvin scale respectively is:
(a)373, 273 (b)0, 273
(c)273, 373 (d)100, 373

4. Which of the following describes the liquid phase?

(a)It has a definite shape and a definite volume
(b)It has a definite shape but not a definite volume
(c)It has a definite volume but not a definite shape
(d)It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

5. Write the corresponding temperature scale.

(a) 90 0C (b) 147 0C (c) 473 K (d) 300 K
Q5. What is the common name of solid carbon dioxide?

Q6. What is meant by saying that the latent heat of ice is 3.34
× 105 J/kg?

Q7. State two conditions necessary to liquefy a gas.

Q8. Why does temperature remain constant during the

boiling of water even though heat is being supplied
continuously?

Q9. Why does desert cooler cool better on a hot, dry day?

Q10. Why does the naphthalene balls kept in stored clothes

in our home disappear over a period of time?
 NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 3

Question 1. Which of the following are matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of
perfume.
Answer: Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink.
Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to
get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as
the particles of hot food have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of
diffusion is more than the particles of cold food.

Question 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool.

Which property of matter does this observation show?
Answer: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. This
shows that the particles of water have intermolecular space and has
less force of attraction.
Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of
matter?
Answer. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.
Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 6
Question 1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is
called density.
(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air,
exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and
iron.
Answer: Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk
< iron.
Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas
container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.
(b) Comment on:

(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape

when subjected to outside force.

(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external

force applied on the matter can bring these particles closer. This property
is called compressibility. Gases and liquids are compressible.
(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and
gases flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate
randomly in all the directions. The gas can fill the container.
(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.
Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion
is called kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have
maximum kinetic energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest
density.
Question 3. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.

(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same
through a solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Answer: (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which
they keep moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in
which they are kept.

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the
molecules of the gas are in constant random motion due to high kinetic
energy. These molecules constantly vibrate, move and hit the walls of the
container thereby exerting pressure on it.

(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot
flow, all these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called
a solid. ‘

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid
block of wood we need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air
has less force of attraction between them and a very small external force
can separate them and pass through it. But in case of solids, the molecules
have maximum force of attraction, the particles are tightly bound due to
this force. Hence large amount of external force is required to pass through
solid.
Question 4. Liquids generally have lower density as
compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice
floats on water. Find out why.
Answer: Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to
its structure. The molecules in ice make a cage-like structure
with lot of vacant spaces, this makes ice float on water.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 9

Question 1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius

scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Answer. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C
Question.2. What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
Answer: (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas
Question 3. For any substance, why does the temperature
remain constant during the change of state?
Answer: During the change of state of any matter heat is
supplied to the substance. The molecules of this matter
use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles, at this period of time, temperature remains
constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in
the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change from
one state of matter to the other state.
Question 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric
gases?
Answer: The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with
piston fitted on it. By cooling and applying pressure on
them, the gases can be liquefied.
NCERT Textbook Questions – Page 10
Question 1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer: The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water
constantly. This water evaporates due to hot dry weather. Evaporation
causes cooling of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent in the room
by the fan.

Question 2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become
cool during summer?
Answer: The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water
oozes out through these pores and the water gets evaporated at the
surface of the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This makes the pot
cold and the water inside the pot cools by this process.

Question 3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or
petrol or perfume on it?
Answer: Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into
contact with air. The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands,
as it takes the heat from the surroundings during evaporation.
Question 4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster
from a saucer rather than a cup?
Answer: Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a
cup. The rate of evaporation is faster with increased surface
area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place sooner than in
a cup. Hence we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a
saucer rather than a cup.

Question 5. What type of clothes should we wear in

summer?
Answe: We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in
summer. Light colour because it reflects heat. Cotton
clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs sweat and
allows the sweat to evaporate faster thereby giving cooling
effect.
Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the
Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
Answer: (a) 293 K into °C
293 – 273 = 20°C

(b) 470 K into °C 470 – 273 = 197°C

Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the

Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer: (a) 25°C into K
25 + 273 = 298 K

(b) 373°C into K 4 373 + 273 = 646 K

Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving
any solid.

(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres

away.
Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without
leaving any solid, because naphthalene balls sublime and
directly changes into vapour state without leaving any solid.

(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres

away because perfume contain volatile solvent and diffuse
faster and can reach people sitting several metres away.
Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of
forces of attraction between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.

Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (bj 0°C (cj 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas

Question 6. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing
point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C. Intermolecular forces between the
water molecules are less. Intermolecular spaces and kinetic energy
among the water molecules are more.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because its melting and
boiling point is above room temperature. As per the properties of a solid, it
has a definite shape and volume at room temperature. In addition, it is
rigid like a solid at room temperature.
Question 7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling
than water at the same temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat
from the medium to overcome the fusion to become water.
Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at the
same temperature because water does not absorb this extra
heat from the medium.

Question 8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water

or steam?
Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as
extra heat is hidden in it called latent heat whereas boiling
water does not have this hidden heat.
Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram
showing change in its state

Answer: A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion B

—> Vapourisation/evaporation C—>Condensation
D—> Solidification E —> Sublimation F —> Sublimation
Thank You