Lesson 1 Exercises

Lesson : 1
Matter in our Surroundings
Exercise-1.2 ( Page: 3)
1. Which of the following are matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, lemon water, smell of
perfume.
Solution:
The following substances are matter:
Chair
Air
Almonds
Lemon water
Smell of perfume (Smell is considered as a matter due to the presence of some
volatile substances in air that occupy space & have mass.)
2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get
the smell from coldfood you have to go close.
Solution:
Particles in the air, if fueled with higher temperatures, acquire high kinetic energy
which aids them to move fast over a stretch. Hence the smell of hot sizzling food
reaches a person even at a distance of several meters.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property
of matter does this observation show?
Solution:
The diver is able to easily cut through the water in the swimming pool because of
the weak forces of attraction between water molecules. It is this property of water
that attributes to easy diving.
4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Solution:
The characteristics of particles of matter are:
(a) Presence of intermolecular spaces between particles
(b) Particles are in constant motion
(c) They attract each other
Exercise-1.3 (Page: 6)
1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density=mass/volume). Arrange the following in the order of increasing
density – air, exhaust from the chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and
iron.
Solution:
The following substances are arranged in the increasing density:
Air
Exhaust from chimney
Cotton
Water
Honey
Chalk
Iron
2. Answer the following.
a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of matter.
b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a
gas container,shape, kinetic energy and density.
Solution:
(a) The difference in the characteristics of the three states of matter.
Characteristics Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Fixed shape No Fixed shape No Fixed shape
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No Fixed volume
Intermolecular force Maximum Less than solids Very less
Intermolecular space Very less More than solids maximum
Rigidity/Fluidity Rigid/cannot flow Can flow/not rigid Can flow/not rigid

Compressibility negligible compressible Highly compressible
(b) (i) Rigidity: It is the propensity of a substance to continue to remain in its
shape when treated with an external force.
(ii) Compressibility: It is the attribute of the particles to contract its
intermolecular space when exposed to an external force thereby escalating its
density.
(iii) Fluidity: It is the ability of a substance to flow or move about freely.
(iv) Filling the gas container: The particles in a container take its shape as they
randomly vibrate in all possible directions.
(v) Shape: It is the definite structure of an object within an external boundary
(vi) Kinetic energy: Motion allows particles to possess energy which is referred
to as kinetic energy. The increasing order of kinetic energy possessed by various
states of matter are:
(vii) Density: It is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is expressed as:
d = M/V, where ‘d’ is the density, ‘M’ is the mass and ‘V’ is the volume of the
substance
3. Give reasons
a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
d) We can easily move our hand in the air but to do the same through a
solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Solution:
a) Kinetic energy possessed by gas particles is very high which allows them to
randomly move across all directions when contained, hence the particles fills the
gas vessel entirely.
b) Gas molecules possess high kinetic energy, due to which they are under
constant motion inside the container in random directions which causes them to
hit the walls of the container and hence create vibrations. These collisions with
the walls of the container generate pressure.
c) A wooden table should be called a solid as it possesses all the properties of a
solid such as:
 Definite size and shape

 Intermolecular attraction between closely packed particles.
 It is rigid and cannot be compressed
d) Molecules in gases are loosely packed as compared to solid molecules which
are densely packed. Hence we are easily able to break the force of attraction
when we move our hand through air but find it difficult to break through a solid
(because of greater forces of attraction between molecules) which a karate
expert is able to smash with the application of a lot of force.
4. Liquids generally have a lower density than solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Density of ice is less than the density of water. The low density of ice can be
attributed to the small pores it has which allows it to trap air hence ice floats on
water.
Exercise-1.4 (Page: 9)
1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
a. 300K b. 573K
Solution:
a. 0°C=273K
300K= (300-273)°C = 27°C
b. 573K= (573-273)°C = 300°C
2. What is the physical state of water at:
a. 250°C b. 100°C ?
Solution:
(a) At 250°C – Gaseous state since it is beyond its boiling point.
(b) At 100°C – It is at the transition state as the water is at its boiling point. Hence
it would be present in both liquid and gaseous state.
3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during
the change of state?
Solution:
It is due to the latent heat. As the heat supplied to increase the temperature of
the substance is used up to transform the state of matter of the substance ,the
temperature stays constant.
4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Solution:
It can be achieved by either increasing the pressure or decreasing the
temperature which ultimately leads to the reduction of spaces between
molecules.
Exercise-1.5 (Page:10)
1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Solution:
It is because the temperature is high and it is less humid on a hot dry day which
enables better evaporation. High levels of this evaporation provide better cooling
effects.
2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during
summer?
Solution:
An earthen pot is porous in nature. These tiny pores facilitate penetration of
water and hence their evaporation from the pot surface. The process of
evaporation requires energy which is contributed by water in the pot as a result of
which water turns cooler.
3.Why does our palm feel cold when we put on some acetone or petrol or
perfume on it?
Solution:
Acetone, petrol, and perfume are volatile substances that get evaporated when
they come in contact with air. Evaporation is facilitated as it uses energy from
palm hence leaving a cooling effect on our palms.
4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a
cup?
Solution:
A saucer has a larger surface area than a cup which promotes quicker
evaporation hence the tea or milk in a saucer cools down faster.
5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Solution:
In summer, it is preferred to wear light-coloured cotton clothes because light
colour reflects heat and cotton materials have pores that absorb sweat,
facilitating their evaporation hence causing a cooling effect in the skin.
Exercise (Page: 12)
Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.

(a) 293 K (b) 470 K
Answer: (a) 293 K into °C

293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into °C
470 – 273 = 197°C
Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer: (a) 25°C into K

25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C into K
373 + 273 = 646 K
Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because
naphthalene balls sublime and directly changes into vapour state without leaving any
solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away because perfume
contain volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several metres
away.
Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of

forces of attraction between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.
Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid

(c) 100°C is liquid and gas
Question 6. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its

freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting
point of iron is higher than room temperature.
Question 7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than
water at the same temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the
medium to overcome the fusion to become water. Hence the cooling
effect of ice is more than the water at same temperature because
water does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.
Question 8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or

steam?
Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe burns as extra
heat is hidden in it called latent heat whereas the boiling water does
not have this hidden heat.
Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram

showing change in its state
Answer:
A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion
B —> Vapourisation/evaporation
C—>Condensation
D—> Solidification
E —> Sublimation
F —> Deposition

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Lesson : 1

Matter in our Surroundings

1. Which of the following are matter?

Characteristics Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Fixed shape No Fixed shape No Fixed shape

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No Fixed volume

Intermolecular force Maximum Less than solids Very less

Intermolecular space Very less More than solids maximum

Rigidity/Fluidity Rigid/cannot flow Can flow/not rigid Can flow/not rigid

 Definite size and shape

Exercise (Page: 12)

Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.

Answer: (a) 293 K into °C

Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

Answer: (a) 25°C into K

Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.

Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of

Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—

Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid

Question 6. Give two reasons to justify

Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its

Question 8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or

Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram

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