LESSON 1

STATISTICS
What is Statistics? Statistics is a field of mathematics that deals with the collection,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data.

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 Give the meaning/implication of the findings,
Interpret conclude

Two Fields of Statistics

Statistics may be subdivided into two fields: the Descriptive and the Inferential fields.

1. Descriptive Statistics consist of the collection, organization, summarization,

and presentation of data.
Here, the statistician tries to describe a given solution.
Example : If Ms. Guerra has to describe her students, she may collect information
about their gender, age, religious affiliation, weight, height or other
categories. Then, she may organize, analyze, present and interpret her
obtained data for whatever purpose they may serve.

2. Inferential Statistics is another area of Statistics concerned with drawing

conclusions about large groups of data called the population based on
selected elements of that population, known as sample.
Here, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples to population. This
area also makes use of the concept of probability. Collect
Example: If you are cooking chicken noodle soup and you want to know its taste, then
you taste a spoonful of it from the whole pot to get an idea of its taste.
In statistics, we commonly use the terms population and sample. A population is the
complete and entire collection of elements to be studied. Sometimes, a population is very
large. To save time and money, statisticians may study only a part of the population. This is
called a sample. A sample is a subset of a population.
Closely related to the concepts of a population and a sample are the concepts of
parameter and statistics. A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some
characteristics of a population.
A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a sample.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

What is a measure of central tendency?
A measure of central tendency or measure of central location is summary
measure that describes a whole set of data with a single quantity that represents the middle
or center of its distribution the way in which a group of data that cluster around a central
value. In short, this is a measure that tells where the center of a data set is located.
The most common commonly used measures of central tendency are the mean, median,
and mode.
MEAN
 The mean (x̄), also called as the “average” or “arithmetic mean”, is the most
commonly used measure of central tendency. It is said to be the most reliable measure of
central tendency and has the least probable error but does not supply information about the
homogeneity of the distribution.
UNGROUPED DATA
The arithmetic mean, or simply mean is calculated by adding the values of the
observations and dividing by the total number of observations.
The arithmetic mean may be obtained by using the formula.

where x is the value of each of the data.

= x1 + x2+ x3+...xn is the sum of all x’s and
n is the number of the elements of the data.
Example:
The ages of five contestants in a Statistics Quiz Bee are the following: 18, 17, 18, 19, and
18. Find their average age.
Solution:
x̄ = Add all the values (ages)
x̄ = 18 then divide the sum by 5
Then the mean age of the contestants is 18.

b. Weighted Mean
Weighted mean is mean calculated by giving values in a data set more influence
according to some attribute of the data. It is an average in which each quantity to be
averaged is assigned a weight, and these weightings determine the relative importance of
each quantity on the average. Weightings are the equivalent of having that many like items
with the same value involved in the average.
The formula for weighted mean is WM , where w is the weight of each value and x is
the matching value.
Example:
Iryn bought different fruits for New Year. She bought 3 apples at ₱10 each, 5 ponkans at ₱5
each, 3 pears at ₱15 each, 4 pices of chico at ₱25 each. What is the average price of each
fruit that Iryn bought?
Solution:
WM =
WM = 3•10+5•5+3•15+4•25
3+5+3+4
WM = 30+25+45+100
15
Thus, the average price of each fruit bought by Iryn is ₱13.33.

MEDIAN
The median, x, of a set of observations arranged in an increasing or decreasing order of
magnitude is the middle value when the number of observations is odd or the arithmetic
mean of the two values when the number of observation is even.
Examples:
1. Find the median of the scores 7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 9, 10, 8, 9, 9, 10
Solution: Arrange the scores in increasing magnitude or ascending order
2, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10
↑
With these eleven scores, the number 8 is located in the exact middle, so 8 is the median.
2. Find the median of the scores 7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 9, 10, 8, 9, 9
Solution: Again, arrange the scores
2, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10
↑ ↑
The two center scores are 7 and 8. So, we find the mean of these two scores.
Thus, 7.5 is the median of the given scores.

MODE
The number/value /observation in a data set which occurs most often or with the highest
frequency. If no number in the list is repeated, then there is no mode for the list. However, it
is also possible to have more than one mode for the same distribution of data, (bi-modal, tri-
modal, or multi-modal).
Examples:
1. The scores 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 7, 9, 2 have a mode of 2.
2. The scores 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 have no mode since no score is repeated.
3. The scores 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 9, 6 have the modes 2 and 6 since they both
occur with the highest frequency (we refer to such data as bi-modal).

GROUPED DATA

MEAN
One method that can be used to find the mean of grouped data is the class mark or
midpoint method.

Class mark or Midpoint Method

In this method, the class mark of each interval has to be known and then it will be
multiplied to the corresponding frequency of every class interval. The formula for the mean
using this method is
= where cf = ith frequency
x = ith class mark
n = total number of observations
Example:
Consider the frequency distribution below:
CI cf
75 - 79 5
70 - 74 7
 65 - 69 8
60 - 64 10
55 - 59 8
50 - 54 9
45 - 49 5
n = 50
Determine the mean of the distribution.
Solution:
First, get the midpoint or class mark of each class interval. Next, multiply the
frequency of each class to the corresponding midpoint or class mark. Then, get the sum of
the products. The table is shown below:
Cl cf X cfX
75 – 79 5 77 385
70 – 74 7 72 504
65 – 69 8 67 536
60 – 64 10 62 620
55 – 59 7 57 399
50 – 54 9 52 468
45 – 49 4 47 188
n = 50
From the values in the table above, we can now compute for the value of the mean by
substituting the computed n = 50 and in the formula.
= = = 62
Thus, the mean of the data is 62.

MEDIAN
The formula for the median for grouped data is as follows:
= LBMC + i
where: LBMC = exact lower class boundary of the median class
= less than cumulative frequency below the median class
i = class size
= frequency of the median class
Steps:
a. Compute for the <CF of the data.
b. Determine the median class by computing for the value of .
c. Locate the computed value for at the <CF column (must be within one of the <CF).
The interval corresponding to this <CF value is the median class.
d. Look at the <CF corresponding to the median class. Then get the <CF before the
median class.
e.Subtract the <CF from .
f. Divide the answer in step e by the frequency of the median class.
g. Multiply the answer in step f by the value of i . To determine the value of i ,
subtract the lower limit from the upper limit in any of the class intervals then add 1.
h. Add the answer in step g to the exact lower limit (LBMC ) of the median class. The
answer in this step is the median value of the data set.
Example:
Thirty students in a class took a Math test. The results are recorded in groups. The data is
shown in the table that follows:
Score Frequency
70 - 79 2
60 - 69 3
50 - 59 2
40 - 49 7
30 - 39 9
20 - 29 7
n = 30
Estimate the median value and round off answer to 2 decimal places.
Solution:
a. Compute for the <CF of the data.
Score Frequency <CF
70 - 79 2 30
60 - 69 3 28
50 - 59 2 25
40 - 49 7 23
30 - 39 9 16
20 - 29 7 7
n = 30
b. Determine the median class by computing for the value of .
= 30/2 = 15
c. Locate the computed value for at the <CF column (must be within one of the <CF).
The interval corresponding to this <CF value is the median class.
‫٭‬Looking at the <CF column, we can see that 15 lies within 16. The interval that
corresponds to 16 is the interval 30 – 39. Therefore, the median class is the interval
30 – 39.
d. Look at the <CF corresponding to the median class. Then get the <CF before the
median class.
‫ ٭‬The <CFb (<CF before the median class) is 7.
e. Subtract the <CFb from .
- <CFb = 15 – 7 = 8
f. Divide the answer in step e by the frequency of the median class.
‫ ٭‬The frequency of the median class is 9.
8/9 = 0.888888…..
g. Multiply the answer in step f by the value of i. To determine the value of i, subtract
the lower limit from the upper limit in any of the class intervals then add 1.
I = 39 – 30 = 9 + 1 = 10
I = 10
0.888888…. •10 = 8.88888….
h. Add the answer in step g to the exact lower limit (LBMC) of the median class. The
answer in this step is the median value of the data set.
The exact lower limit (LBMC) of the median class is 29.5.
 29.5 + 8.88888…. = 38.388888…. = 38.39

‫ ٭‬Using the formula we will have

= LBMC + i
= 29.5 + 10
= 29.5 + 10
= 29.5 + 8.888888….
= 38.3888888…. ≈ 38.39
Hence, the median of the data set in the problem is 38.39. This indicates that the students
whose scores lie above 38.39 performed better than those students whose scores lie below
38.39.

MODE
To find the mode of grouped data, we use the formula
= LBMoC + i
where: LBMC = modal class or the class with the highest frequency
∆1 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the
frequency above it
∆2 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the
frequency below it
I = class size
Steps:
a. Identify the modal class by determining the interval with the highest frequency.
b. Determine the exact lower limit (LBMoC) of the modal class.
c. Calculate ∆1 and ∆2 .
d. Determine the value of I by subtracting the lower limit from the upper limit in any of
the class intervals then add 1.
e. Substitute the values in the formula.

Example:
Thirty students in a class took a Math test. The results are recorded in groups.
Score Frequency
70 - 79 2
60 - 69 3
50 - 59 2
40 - 49 7
30 - 39 9
20 - 29 7
n = 30

Solution:
a. Identify the modal class by determining the interval with the highest frequency.
The highest frequency is 9 and the corresponding interval is 30 – 39. This
means that the modal class is the interval 30 – 39.
b. Determine the exact lower limit (LBMoC) of the modal class.
LBMoC = 29.5
c. Calculate ∆1 and ∆2 .
∆1 = 9 – 7 = 2
∆2 = 9 – 7 = 2
d. Determine the value of i by subtracting the lower limit from the upper limit in any of
the class intervals then add 1.
I = 39 – 30 = 9 + 1 = 10
 I = 10

e. Substitute the values in the formula.

= LBMoC + i
= 29.5 + 10
= 29.5 + 10
= 29.5 + 5
= 34.5

Therefore, the mode of the data set is 34.5.