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    Measure of Central Tendency

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    Measure of Central Tendency

    Uploaded by

    alifakhra686
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    7 views15 pages

    Measure of Central Tendency

    Uploaded by

    alifakhra686

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    MEASURE OF CENTRAL

    TENDENCY
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Central Tendencies in Statistics are the numerical values that are


    used to represent mid-value or central value a large collection of
    numerical data. These obtained numerical values are
    called central or average values in Statistics. A central or average
    value of any statistical data or series is the value of that variable
    that is representative of the entire data or its associated frequency
    distribution. Such a value is of great significance because it depicts
    the nature or characteristics of the entire data, which is otherwise
    very difficult to observe.

    2
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Measures of central tendency are a single value that tries to explain a


    set of data by recognizing the central position in that set of data.
    Measures of central tendency are sometimes also known as measures
    of central location.
    Measures of central tendency are said to be the statistical model that
    represents the single value of the entire distribution or database and
    aims to implement an exact description of the entire data in the
    distribution.
    The purpose of central tendency is to find a single numerical value to
    represent a range of data. By doing so, one may give an approximate
    value that represents an entire data set.
    There are 3 main measures of central tendency are Mean, Median
    and Mode

    3
    4
    PRESENTATION TITLE
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Mean: Mean is an approach that is generally used in statistics.


    Mean is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics. In
    statistics, it is defined as the measure of the central tendency of a
    probability distribution with median and mode. It is also recognized as
    the expected value.
    Mean = (Sum of all the observations/Total number of observations)
    There are majorly 3 types of mean values that you will find in statistics.
    •Arithmetic Mean
    •Geometric Mean
    •Harmonic Mean

    5
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    The arithmetic mean is the most common measure of central tendency.


    It is computed by summing all the scores (sigma or Σ) and dividing by
    the number of scores (N):

    Where X is the mean, ∑x is the addition or


    summation of all scores, and N is the number of
    cases.

    6
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Arithmetic Mean
    Arithmetic Mean (AM) is the ratio of all observations or
    data to the cumulative number of observations in a data
    set. Some examples of Arithmetic Mean are the average
    rainfall of a place and average income of workers in an
    industry.

    7
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Arithmetic Mean Formula


    Consider an example where we have to determine the average
    age of teachers in a school. First, add the individual age of all the
    teachers and then divide the sum by the total number of
    teachers present in the school.
    Now consider a situation where we have data in bulk. For
    example the height of 60 students in a class or the number of
    individuals attending a park over each of the seven days of a
    week. To estimate the arithmetic average in such cases we need
    to study the arithmetic mean for ungrouped and grouped data.
    General formula to obtain AM = Sum of all observations
    Number of observations

    8
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Arithmetic Mean of Ungrouped Data


    The most popular and commonly used measure of central tendency is the
    arithmetic mean or simply mean. It is defined as the ratio of aggregate values
    to the total number of values.

    For example, calculate the arithmetic mean of the ages of 10 players: 20, 30,
    40, 78, 65, 98, 77, 79, 63, 64.
    Solution:
    Sum of terms = 20 + 30 + 40 + 78 + 65 + 98 + 77 + 79 + 63 + 64 = 614
    Number of terms = 10
    Arithmetic mean = 614/10 = 61.4
    Therefore, the arithmetic mean of the age of 10 players is 61.4.

    9
    10
    PRESENTATION TITLE
    Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Data
    The mean or the average of the given observations is defined as the sum of the values of
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    all the observations divided by the total number of observations. The mean of the data
    is generally represented by the notation x̄.
    If x1, x2, x3, …xn are the number of observations with respective frequencies f1, f2, f3,
    … fn, then
    The sum of observations = f1x1+ f2x2 + f3x3 + ….+ fnxn.

    The total number of observations = f1+f2+… + fn.


    Therefore, the mean of the data, x̄ = (f1x1+ f2x2 + f3x3 + ….+ fnxn)/ ( f1+f2+… + fn).

    In short, the above form can be represented using the summation (Σ).

    x̄ = Σfixi / Σfi

    11
    Where, “i” varies from 1 to n.
    PRESENTATION TITLE
    Example:
    The marks scored by 30 students of class 10 of a certain school in the Maths paper consisting of
    100 marks is given below in the tabular form. Find the mean of the marks obtained by the class
    10 students.
    Marks 10 20 36 40 50 56 60 70 72 80 88 92 95
    obtained
    (xi)

    Number 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 4 1 1 2 3 1
    of
    students
    (fi)

    To find the mean of the marks obtained by the students in the Mathematics paper, we need
    to find the product of each xi and their corresponding frequency fi.
    12
    Marks Obtained (xi) Number of fi x i
    PRESENTATION TITLE
    students (fi)
    10 1 10
    20 1 20
    36 3 108
    40 4 160 Thus, by using the
    50 3 150 formula,
    56 2 112
    60 4 240 x̄ = Σfixi / Σfi
    70 4 280 we get
    72 1 72 x̄ = 1779/30
    x̄ = 59.3
    80 1 80
    88 2 176
    92 3 276
    95 1 95
    13
    Total Σfi = 30 Σfixi = 1779
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    Properties of Arithmetic Mean

    If you increase or decrease every value of the data set by a specified weight,
    then the mean is also increased/decreased by the same digit.
    Similarly, if you multiplied or divided every value of the data set by a specified
    weight, then the mean is also multiplied/divided by the exact digit.

    14
    Advantages of Arithmetic Mean
    The utilization of arithmetic mean is not confined to statistics and mathematics, but it is
    PRESENTATION TITLE

    used in economics and various other academic disciplines.


    Mean is dependent on the change of origin but it is independent of the change of scale.
    In the AM calculation, each value of the data set is considered.
    It’s also a useful means of central tendency, as it tends to give useful results, even with
    huge groupings of numbers.
    The arithmetic mean calculation is simple and easy to carry out and understand.
    The AM calculation is influenced by the weight of every entity in the series.

    Disadvantages of Arithmetic Mean


    One of the major drawbacks of arithmetic mean is that it is changed by extreme values in
    the data set.
    We cannot locate the arithmetic mean(AM) if a single observation is dropped or missing.
    It’s practically difficult to locate the AM by inspection or graphically.
    This type of mean calculation is not fit for data having extremely asymmetrical
    15
    distributions.

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