1

Chapter 3

Measures of Central Tendency

One of the objectives of statistics is describing the nature or characteristics

of data. When there is a huge volume of data, one cannot understand the
characteristic features of such data. Hence, such huge data need to be analyzed
and represented by a single value i.e. the ‘central value’ which will be the
representative value and will clearly explain the real characteristics of the data.
With the help of the central value we can draw several conclusions and
make several decisions on the data. The measure of central value is highly useful
because it reduces huge volume of data to a single and understandable number.
So, the advantage of measuring central value is data reduction or
summarization.
We often come across, ‘the average age of the people, the average salary of
professionals, the average yield of crops, the average rainfall of the region etc.
Here the ‘average’ is such single value which represents a group of data and will
depict the characters of the entire data.
There are three such central values namely,
1. Mean
2. Median and
3. Mode
All these measures help in understanding the variables about which data are
collected. For example, when data represent marks obtained by a group of
students, the central value either mean or median or mode will explain the
students’ (as a whole) level whether high performers or average performers or
poor performers.
1. Mean
According to Clark, ‘mean is an attempt to find one single figure to describe
whole of figures’. Mean is the most commonly used measure which takes into
account every individual values in the data set. To calculate the mean, add all
the data and then divide the result by the number of data added. For example,
the mean score of ten students can be calculated as follows:
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Scores (out of 10) : 4 9 4 8 7 6 6 3 8 10

∑𝑋
Mean is =
𝑁
X : 4 9 4 8 7 6 6 3 8 10
∑X = 65 ( 4 + 9 + 4 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 6 + 3 + 8 + 10)
65
Mean ( 𝑋̅ ) is = = 6.5
10
Median
Median is another measure of central location. ‘It is the middle value of
the data set arranged in ascending or descending order’. In case of computation
of mean, every individual X values are taken under consideration, whereas,
median is a positional average where the data are ordered and the middle value
is taken as a representative of the whole of data.
For data set of odd numbers, it is easy to take the middle value, leaving
equal number of data above and below the middle value. It is calculated as
follows:
The median of the data 5, 3, 10, 1, 9, 8, 7 is
Arrange the data 1 3 5 7 8 9 10
Median
But for the data set having even number of values, median is calculated the
averaging the middle two values.
For example, the median for the data
12, 15, 8, 6, 10, 5, 4, 5 is
Arrange the data 4, 5, 5, (6, 8,) 10, 12, 15

Median is 6+8 / 2 = 7
The formula for calculating Median is
 N + 1
 th
 2  item of the arranged data.
Median for Discrete data:
For calculating median for discrete data the following steps are to be
applied.
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1. Arrange the data in ascending order with reference to X values.

2. Compute the cumulative frequency by adding the respective f value with
previous cumulative frequency. (cumulative frequency for the first X value
is its frequency as it is)
 N + 1
3. Apply the formula  th
 2  item (N is total of frequencies i.e. ∑f)
4. Take the answer obtained in the third step and find out the cumulative
frequency in which the answer lies, the corresponding X value to that
cumulative frequency is the median.
Median for Continuous series of data
To find out median for continuous series, the steps are as follows.
1. Arrange the class intervals in ascending order.
2. Compute the cumulative frequency for every class interval as in case of
discrete series.
 N + 1
3. Apply the formula  th as in case of discrete series.
 2  item

4. Take the answer obtained in the third step and find out the cumulative
frequency in which the answer lies, the corresponding X value to that
cumulative frequency is the median class.
5. After finding out the median class, find out the exact median value by
applying the formula,
𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
2
Median = L + xi
𝑓

Where, L = lower limit of the median class interval, N = ∑f, cf is the

cumulative frequency of the previous class to the median class and f is the
frequency of the median class.

Mode:
Mode of a distribution of data is the data which has occurred the highest
number of times or most frequently in the data set. It is the simplest measure of
central tendency because it involves the least effort of calculation. For example,
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in the data 10, 12, 14, 10, 16 and 18, mode is 10 as it has occurred
twice and the other values have occurred only once. Apart from all, if the data
are nominal data mode is the only measure to analyze the distribution of data.
The analysis of people’s likes towards various sports shows the following
result.

Table 3.1
People’s likes towards sports
Type of sport Frequency
Football 44
Cricket 40
Tennis 32
Hockey 18
Other 15
None 5/ 154
The mode of the data set is Football, as it has got the largest frequency 44.
Geometric Mean
Arithmetic mean is affected by extreme values. That is, if the data set
consists of any one or two high values or too low values (when compared to other
values in the data set) the arithmetic mean in such case will not be a true
representative of the original data. Because, arithmetic mean gives equal
weightage to all the data. In such cases, geometric mean will be a better measure
of central tendency than the arithmetic mean.
Geometric mean is the nth root of the product of n numbers. The Geometric
mean of a data set X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ,…..Xn is

n√ X1 x X2 x X3 x X4 x …..Xn
For example, Geometric mean of the values 2 4 6 8 10 is
5√ 2 x 4 x 6 x 8 x 10 =

When the number of values is many the multiplication of numbers and getting
the square root becomes complex and so logarithms can be used to calculate the
Geometric Mean as follows,
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Log G.M. = log X1 + log X2 + log X3 + log X 4 +….. log Xn / N

Therefore, Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑logX/N]
Geometric Mean is more appropriate measure in constructing Index
numbers, while finding out the ratio of change over a period. Geometric mean
allows equal weights to equal ratio of change. Hence, it is more applicable in
finding out social and economic indices. It is helpful to measure the average
increase or decrease of population or GDP or sales or production, over a period
of time.
Example 1
The following data are marks obtained by 10 randomly selected students.
Calculate Geometric Mean for the data.
20 15 25 80 10 20 95 15 10 70
Geometric Mean:
X log X
20 1.3010
15 1.1761
25 1.3979
80 1.9031
10 1.0000
20 1.3010
95 1.9777
15 1.1761
10 1.0000
70 1.8451
________
∑logX = 14.078
________
Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑logX/N]
= Anti log [14.078/10]
= Anti log [1.4078]
Geometric Mean for Discrete and Continuous series
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For discrete and continuous series we can apply the following formulae
respectively,
Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑ f x logX/N]
Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑ f x log m/N] (where m is the midpoint of the
class interval)

Example 2
Find out the average rate of inflation for the data given below:
Decade Inflation
1980 -90 5
1990 – 2000 10
2000 – 2010 15
Solution
X log X
105 2.0212
110 2.0414
115 2.0607
_________
∑logX = 6. 1233
__________

Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑logX/N]

= Anti log [6.1233/3]
= Anti log [2.0411]
Weighted Geometric Mean
Weighted Geometric Mean is calculated by
• multiplying log X values with respective weights
• taking its sum and dividing it by sum of weights and
• finding antilogarithm of the result obtained in the second step
Geometric Mean
=Anti log [logX1xW1 + logX2xW2 + logX3xW3 + ….. logXnxWn / W1+W2+W3+….+Wn]
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That is,
Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑(logXxW/∑W]

Example 3
Find out the weighted Geometric Mean for the following data:
X : 5 15 25 10
W : 4 3 2 2
X W log X W x log X
5 4 0.6990 2.796
15 3 1.1761 3.5283
25 2 1.3979 2.7958
10 2 1.0000 2
____________
∑(logXxW 11.1201
____________

Geometric Mean = Anti log [∑(logXxW/∑W]

= Anti log [11.1201/ 11]
= Anti log [1.0109]
Limitations of Geometric Mean
• Due to complexity in computations, Geometric mean has less scope in
practical applications.
• One condition to calculate Geometric Mean is the X values should not have
any zero or negative value. But, in practical situations there may exists
zeroes and negative values.
Harmonic Mean
Harmonic mean is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of
reciprocals of the X values. Harmonic mean is applies when the rate of change
is to be calculated between tow variables which are measured in different units
of measurements. For example, speed of a car per hour, where speed is measured
per kilometer and time in hour. The formula is,
 8

 1 
Harmonic Mean = N x  
 1 / x1 + 1 / x 2 + 1 / x3. + ..... + 1 / xn 

 
 
 N 
 
  1 / xn 
 
 
`
Find out the Harmonic Mean of the following data
1500 5 500 100 50 25 0.5 0.25 0.006 0.0005
Solution
X 1/X
1500 0.0007
5 0.2
500 0.002
100 0.01
50 0.02
25 0.04
0.5 2
0.25 40
0.006 166.67
0.0005 2000
___________
∑ 1/X = 2208.9427
____________
 
 
 N 
Harmonic Mean =  
  1 / xn 
 
 
= 10 / 2208.9427 = 0.00453

Harmonic mean for discrete and continuous series

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Harmonic mean for discrete and continuous series is calculated by using

the formula,
 
 
 N 
Harmonic mean =  
  f / x  (for Discrete Series) and
 
 
 
 
 N 
Harmonic mean =  
  f / m  (for Continuous Series)
 
 
Example 2
A taxi runs for a trip to a hill station the distance of which is 200 kilometers. The
driver drives at an average speed of 40 km per hour. On the return journey, he
drives at the speed of 20 km. per hour. Find the average speed of the journey to
and from the hill station.
 
 
 N 
Harmonic Mean =  
  1 / xn 
 
 
 2 
Harmonic Mean =  
 1 / 40 + 1 / 20 
 2 
=  
 2 + 4 / 80 
 2 
=  
 6 / 80 

= 26.67 or 27 km/hour.

Quartiles:
Quartiles are nothing but the positional values which divide the data into
four equal quarters namely Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Q1 is the first 1/4th position, Q2 is
the 2nd 1/4th i.e. 1/2th position and Q3 is the 3rd 1/4th i.e. 3/4th position of the
data. Q4 is the 100th value i.e. the last value of the data. Practically, the three
 10

Quartiles which are, Q1 the first Quartile, Q2 the second Quartile and Q3 the third
Quartile are computed for data analysis and interpretation. The following are the
formulae for calculating Quartiles:
Q1 (for Individual and Discrete series)
 N + 1
 th
 4  item

Q1 (for Continuous series)

N
 th
 4  item

Q2 (for Individual and Discrete series) (Q2 is nothing but the median)
 N +1
2 x th
 4  item

Q2 (for Continuous series)

N
2 x th
 4  item

Q3 (for Individual and Discrete series)

 N +1
3 x th
 4  item

Q3 (for Continuous series)

N
3 x th
 4  item

Note: Like median for Quartiles also the data are to be arranged in ascending
order before starting the calculation.

Deciles
Deciles are also a positional averages which divide the entire data into 10
equal parts. Hence, there are 9 deciles (10 th decile is the last item of the data).
It is calculated by applying the formula
 N + 1  N + 1
D1 is  th D2 is 2 x  th
 10  item  10  item and so on.
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 N + 1
D8 is 8th decile which is calculated by the formula 8 x  th
 10  item

Illustrations:
1. The monthly income of 10 randomly selected households in a village is
listed below:
15900 14000 10500 18000 21000
17400 12800 10100 18500 13000
Find out the average income of the households.

Solution:

X
(in Rs.)
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15,900

14,000

10,500

18,000

21,000

17,400

12,800

10,100

18,500

13,000

∑X =
1,51,200

∑𝑋 1,51,200
Average,𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = = Rs. 15,120 /-
10

2. A Cricket team has scored the following runs in past ten matches. Find
out the average runs of the team.
164 242 310 154 180 213 190 330 273 264

Solution:

X
(Number of runs)

164
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242

310

154

180

213

190

330

273

264

∑X = 2,320

∑𝑋 2320
Average runs of the team,𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = = 232 runs
10

3. The weather report, as on Aug 11th 2013 (As per The Hindu), of the various
places of Tamil Nadu runs as follows:

Maximum Minimum Total Rainfall

Place Temperature Temperature (in millimeter)
(in celcius) (in celcius)
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Adiramapattinam 32 24 61
Coimbatore 30 23 29
Coonoor 21 15 117
Cuddalore 31 23 289
Chennai 36 24 337
Dharmapuri 34 21 21
Kanyakumari 31 24 222
Karaikal 33 24 180
Kodikanal 13 11 217
Madurai 35 25 30
Nagapattinam 33 25 77
Palayamkottai 36 26 23
Pamban 34 28 5
Parangipettai 33 23 189
Puducherry 31 22 293
Salem 34 22 245
Thanjavur 35 27 51
Tiruchi 37 25 21
Tirupattur 36 20 76
Tondi 35 22 149
Tuticorin 34 27 5
Ooty 18 12 352
Valparai 22 17 3202
Vellore 34 25 225

Find out,

1) Average maximum temperature (in Celsius) in TN.

2) Average minimum temperature (in Celsius) in TN.
3) Average total rain fall in mm. in TN.
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Solution:

X Y Z
(Max - Temperature) (Min - Temperature) (Total rainfall in mm)

30 24 61
30 13 29
21 15 117
31 23 289
36 24 337
34 21 21
31 24 222
33 24 180
13 11 217
35 25 30
33 25 77
36 26 23
34 28 5
33 23 189
31 22 293
34 22 245
35 27 51
37 25 21
36 20 76
35 22 149
34 27 5
18 12 352
22 17 3202
34 25 225
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∑X = 748 ∑Y = 535 ∑Z = 6,416

a. Average max. Temperature = Total max. temperature / No. of places

∑𝑋
,𝑋̅ = 𝑛 ,

748
Average Maximum Temperature= = 31.16 ˚C
24

b. Average min. Temperature = Total min. Temperature / No. of places

∑𝑌
𝑌̅ = 𝑛

535
Average Minimum Temperature= = 22.2916 ˚C
24

c. Average total rainfall = Total rainfall / No. of places

∑𝑍
𝑍̅ = 𝑛 ,

6416
Average Total Rainfall = = 267.33 mm
24

4. The Report of government hospital shows the following details of the

number of visitors and the number of patients visited during a period of
ten days

Find out,

1) Average number of patients visited.

2) Average number of visitors visited.
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Solution:

X Y
(No. of Out Patients) (No. of Visitors)

105 75
95 81
323 97
154 107
507 215
112 54
295 49
87 72
112 86
147 91

∑𝑋
Average,𝑋̅ = 𝑛

a) Average no. of out patients = Total no. of Out patients / No. of days

= 1937 / 10

= 193.7

Avg. no of OP = 194 nos

b) Average no. of visitors = Total no.of visitors / No. of days

= 927 / 10

= 92.7

Avg. no of visitors = 93 nos

5. The processing time (in minutes) of 20 customers in a call center is given

below:
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5 7 11 8 6 7 5 9 10 8
4 3 6 8 7 4 5 7 10 9
Find out the average processing time for any customer.

Solution:

X f fX

3 1 3

4 2 8

5 3 15

6 2 12

7 4 28

8 3 24

9 2 18

10 2 20

11 1 1

∑f= 20 ∑fx = 139

∑𝑓𝑥 139
Average,𝑋̅ = ∑𝑓 = = 6.95 minutes
20

7. The following are the age details of 20 randomly selected soldiers.

45 27 26 43 37 33 31 42 35 29
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54 39 40 41 37 41 38 30 52 36

Find out the mean age of the soldiers and comment upon it.

Solution:

X
(Age)

45
27
26
43
37
33
31
42
35
29
54
39
40
41
37
41
38
30
52
36

∑X = 756
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∑𝑋
Average,𝑋̅ = 𝑛

𝑋̅=756/20 = 37.8
The mean age of the soldier is 38. The answer shows that the soldiers are
nearing the age of 40 and hence, further more young people may be recruited
so as to keep the average age of the army lesser.

8. Meena, a house wife has been saving some money at the end of every month,
by her bank account. The details of money deposited for one year are as follows

Months Amount of
Savings
January 1154.90
Februray 1009
March 1250.70
April 1355
May 1415.30
June 1240.80
July 1810.20
August 1210.20
September 1010.00
October 1129.90
November 1490.75
December 1310.75

Find out the average monthly savings of Mrs. Meena.

Solution :
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Amount of
Savings
1155
1009
1251
1355
1415
1241
1810
1210
1010
1130
1491
1311
∑x=15388
_
X =∑ x/N

= 15388/12 = 1282.33

The average monthly savings is Rs. 1282.33

9. A test on software was administered to 50 entrants before software training.

The test score of them is as follows: (marks out of 100)

35 47 37 33 48

44 62 88 49 76

59 91 93 54 40

31 88 64 56 50

47 66 55 42 46

63 45 59 74 66
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70 73 84 41 41

45 61 32 69 48

59 44 65 33 64

85 89 46 35 90

The same test was repeated after providing one month training on software to
the same group of students. The test score is detailed below:

55 94 84 94 68

96 65 97 60 40

70 72 91 86 78

30 60 62 74 64

41 80 49 92 92

34 64 63 72 69

69 43 75 69 44

82 59 88 76 39

98 62 87 80 58

64 67 73 69 84

Show both the test marks in the form of percentage frequency polygons and
interpret the results of performance before and after the software training.

Before training:

Highest value=93

Lowest value =31

H−L
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
K
 23

= 93-91/6 =10

Class Iterval Tally Bar Frequency

31-40 llll lll 8

41-50 llll llll llll 15
51-60 llll l 6
61-70 llll llll 10
71-80 lll 3
81-90 llll l 6
91-100 ll 2

CLASS INTERVAL FREQUENCY RELATIVE PERCENTAGE

FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY (%)
31-40 8 0.16 16
41-50 15 0.3 30
51-60 6 0.12 12
61-70 10 0.2 20
71-80 3 0.06 6
81-90 6 0.12 12
91-100 2 0.04 4
total 50 100
PERTENTAGE FREQUENCY POLYGON
 24

35

30

25
percentage frequency

20

15

10

0
31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

After training:

Highest value=98

Lowest value =30

H−L
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
K

= 98-30/7 =10

Class Iterval Tally Bar Frequency

30-40 llll 4
41-50 llll 4
51-60 llll 5
61-70 llll llll llll 14
71-80 llll llll 9
81-90 llll l 6
91-100 llll lll 8
 25

CLASS INTERVAL FREQUENCY RELATIVE PERCENTAGE

FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY (%)
31-40 4 0.08 8
41-50 4 0.08 8
51-60 5 0.1 10
61-70 14 0.28 28
71-80 9 0.18 18
81-90 6 0.12 12
91-100 8 0.16 16
total 50 100

PERTENTAGE FREQUENCY POLYGON

30

25
percentage frequency

20

15

10

0
30-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

INFERENCE:
 26

Before training, 30% of the entrants scored between 40-50 marks. After the
software training, the majority 28% entrants have scored between 60-70 marks.
The graph shows that there is an improvement in the score of the entrants after
training.

10. The marks obtained by 20 students in a class are listed below. Find the
class average mark by converting the marks into class interval.

82 75 40 60 55 48 93 87 47 64

50 44 62 49 68 56 80 91 56 59

Highest value=93

Lowest value =40

H−L
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
K

= 93-40/7 =7

Class Iterval Tally Bar Frequency Mid point fm

40-47 lll 4 43.5 130.5

48-55 llll 4 51.5 206
56-63 llll 5 59.5 297.5
64-71 ll 1 67.5 135
72-79 l 1 75.5 75.5
80-87 lll 3 83.5 250.5
88-95 ll 2 91.5 183
Ʃf=20 Ʃfm=1278

∑𝑓𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
∑f

=1278/20= 64 marks
 27

11. A pharmaceutical company supplies medicine in bottles of 100 ml. Below

shown data are related to the weight of medicine of 20 randomly selected
samples. Find out the average quantity of medicine in any bottle.

Sample Quantity (in ml.)

1 98
2 100
3 95
4 94
5 105
6 102
7 98
8 96
9 102
10 101
11 99
12 96
13 97
14 98
15 90
16 92
17 100
18 94
19 108
20 99

Solution:

Average quantity=
98+100+95+94+105+102+98+96+102+101+99+96+97+98+90+92+100+94+10
8+99
____________________________________________________________________
 28

20

=1964/20

Average quantity= 98.2 ml

12. The details of clients visited in a beauty salon and spa are given below:

Client Duration of Service Charge for service

(In minutes) (In rupees)

1 30 500

2 72 1130

3 120 1750

4 45 525

5 105 1215

6 60 500

7 90 800

8 120 1200

9 15 150

10 75 750

Find out,

A) The average service time for the ten clients.

B) The average service charge for the ten clients.

Solution:

a)
 29

Sl. No X – Duration of service Y – Charge for service

(in minutes) (in ₹)

1 30 500
2 72 1130
3 120 1750
4 45 525
5 105 1215
6 60 500
7 90 800
8 120 1200
9 15 150
10 75 750

∑X = 732 ∑Y = 8,520

A) Average service time = Total service time / No. of clients

= 732 / 10

= 73.2

Average service time = 1 hr 13 minutes.

B) Average charge for service = Total service charge / No. of clients

= 8,520 / 10

= 852

Average charge for service = Rs. 852.

13. The monthly expenses on mobile bill of ten randomly selected students in a
college are given below. Calculate the average expenses of the students.
 30

Student Monthly expenses

1 800

2 1,200

3 500

4 1,000

5 700

6 300

7 1,000

8 600

9 500

10 400

Ans:

Total monthly expenses (∑𝑥)=800+1,200+500+1,000+7000+

300+1,000+600+500+400

= Rs.7000

N = 10

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑁

7000
𝑥̅ = = 700
10

𝒙̅ = Rs. 700

The average expenses of the students = Rs. 700

 31

14. The following are the details of the annual sales target achieved by 40
insurance agents of an insurance company. (Rs in’000).

112, 70, 52, 110, 189, 75, 154, 105, 90, 232, 191, 124, 135, 81, 79, 200, 144,
198, 215, 76, 114, 240, 180, 90, 120, 87, 110, 205, 220, 88, 174, 212, 230,
248, 76, 138, 90, 150, 140

The company made announcement of an incentive scheme as follows:

Incentive of 10,000 for the sale target upto 1,00,000, 20,000 from 1,00,000 to
2,00,000 and 30,000 if the sales target achieved is above 2,00,000.

Find out:

(a) The average sales target achieved by the agents of the company and

(b) The average incentives paid by the insurance company.

Ans :

(a) The average sales target achived by the agents of the company :

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑁

56,29,000
𝑥̅ =
40

𝒙̅ =Rs. 1,40,725

(b) Incentives of 10,000 paid for the seles target upto 1,00,000

=(70, 52, 75, 85, 90, 81, 79,

76, 90, 87, 88, 76, 90) x 10,000

=13x 10,000

= Rs. 1,30,000
 32

Incentives of 20,000 paid for the sales target from 1,00,000 to 2,00,000

=(112, 110, 189, 154, 105, 191, 124, 135, 200, 144, 198,
114, 180, 120, 110, 174, 138, 150, 140)x20,000

= 19x20,000

=Rs. 3,80,000

Incentives of 30,000 if the seles target achived is above 2,00,000

= (232, 215, 240, 205, 220, 212, 230, 248)x30,000

= 8x30,000

=Rs. 2,40,000

1,30,000+3,80,000+2,40,000
The average incentives paid by the insurance company =
13+19+8

7,50,000
= 40

=Rs. 18,750

(a) The average sales target achieved by the insurance company =Rs.
1,40,725.

(b) The average incentives paid =Rs.18,750.

15. A distillery procures fruits in bulk for its production. The following are
details of the over ripened fruits in the procurement.

33 crates had 0 over ripened fruits

14 crates had 1 over ripened fruits

18 crates had 2 over ripened fruits

13 crates had 3 over ripened fruits

 33

12 crates had 4 over ripened fruits

10 crates had 5 over ripened fruits

How many fruits were over ripened in all? What was the average number of
over ripened fruits?

Ans:

X f fx

33 0 0

14 1 14

18 2 36

13 3 39

12 4 48

10 5 50

187

(a) Number of fruits over ripened in all = 187 fruits

(b) Average number of over ripened fruits

∑𝑓𝑥𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑁
 34

187
𝑥̅ = 15

𝑥̅= 12.47 fruits

Hence,

(a) Number of fruits over ripened in all = 187 fruits

(b) Average number of over ripened fruits = 12.47 fruits

16. A survey results about various brands of cosmetics are shown below:

Number of brands preferred Number of Respondents

0 12

1 8

2 20

3 16

4 26

5 18

Find out the average number of brands preferred by the respondents.

Ans:

x f fx

0 12 0

1 8 8

2 20 40
 35

3 16 48

4 26 104

5 18 90

100 290

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑁

290
𝑥̅ = 100

=2.90 brands

The average number of brands preferred by the Respondents = 2.90 i.e.

3 brands.

17. The mean mark obtained by 250 boys in a class is 87.5 and that of 300
girls is 91.7. Find out the mean marks of the class irrespective of the gender.

Ans:

Mean mark obtained by 250 boys is 87.5

∑𝑥 ∑𝑥
= 87.5 ( 𝑥̅ = )
𝑁 𝑁

∑x = 21,875

Mean mark obtained by 300 boys is 91.7

∑𝑥
= 91.7
𝑁

∑x = 27,510

Mean marks of the class irrespective of the gender

 36

21,875+27,510
= 250+300

49,385
= 550

= 89.79 Marks

The Mean marks of the class irrespective of the gender = 89.79 marks

18. From the following data, calculate the missing value when mean of the data
set is 122.56

Bonus 100 108 110 115 - 123 127 130

Number of 13 12 17 11 13 10 15 9
workers

Ans:

x f fx

100 13 1,300

108 12 1,296

110 17 1,870

115 11 1,265

a 13 13a

123 10 1,230

127 15 1,905

130 9 1,170

100 10,036+13a
 37

Let the missing value be ‘a’

∑𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

10,036+13𝑎
122.56 = 100

122.56 = 10,036+13a

13a = 2,220

a = Rs. 170.77

The missing value = Rs. 170.77

19. Calculate mean, median and mode of the following data set:

2,11,8,15,10,7,16,5,6,4.

Ans:

∑𝑓𝑥
a.) Mean 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

84
= = 8.4
10

𝑁+1 th
b.) Median = ( ) item
2

Arrange the data in ascending order,

2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16.

𝑁+1 th
Median = ( ) item
2

10+1 th
=( ) item
2

= 5.5 th item
 38

7+8
= = 7.5
2

C.) Mode, z = 0

Mean = 8.4

Median = 7.5

Mode = 0

20. Calculate mean, median and mode of the following data set:

Marks 50 60 70 80 90 100

No.of students 10 13 22 28 31 16

Ans:

x f fx Cf

50 10 500 10

60 13 780 23

70 22 1,540 43

80 28 2,240 73

90 31 2,790 104

100 16 1,600 120

9,450

∑𝑓𝑥
a.) Mean 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

9,450
= 120
 39

= 78.75 marks

𝑁+1 th ∑𝑓+1 th
b.) Median = ( ) item (OR) ( ) item
2 2

120+1 th
=( ) item
2

= 60.5 th item

= 80 marks

C.) Mode, z = 90

Mean = 78.15 marks

Median = 80 marks

Mode = 90 marks

21. Calculate mean, median, mode, quaritites and 20 th and 60th percentites of
the following data set :

Salary No.of employees

Below 10,000 35

10,000 - 20,000 40

20,000 - 30,000 70

30,000 - 40,000 35

Above 40,000 20

Ans:

x f m fm cf

0-10000 35 5000 1,75,000 35

 40

10000-20000 40 15000 6,00,000 75

20000-30000 70 25000 17,50,000 145

30000-40000 35 35000 12,25,000 180

40000-50000 20 45000 9,00,000 200

46,50,000

∑𝑓𝑚
a.) Mean 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

46,50,000
= 200

= Rs. 23,250

𝑁+1 th
b.) Median = ( ) item
2

200+1 th
=( ) item
2

= 100.5 th item

𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
Median = L + 2
xi
𝑓

200
−75
= 20,000 + 2
x 10,000
70

= 20,000 + 3,571.4

= Rs. 23,571.43

∆1
C.) Mode, z = L+ xi
∆1+∆2

70−40
= 20,000 + x10,000
30(70−35)

30
= 20,000 + x 10,000
65

=Rs. 24,615.38
 41

Mean = Rs. 23,250

Median = Rs. 23,571.43

Mode = Rs. 24,615.38

𝑁+1 th
d.) 𝑄1 = ( ) item
4

201 th
=( ) item
4

= 50.25th item

𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
𝑄1 = L + 4
xi
𝑓

200
−35
= 10,000+ 4
x 10,000
40

15
= 10,000 + x 10,000
40

= 13,750

𝑁+1 th
d.) 𝑄3 = 3( ) item
4

= 3 x 50.25

= 150.75th item

3𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
𝑄3 = L + 4
xi
𝑓

150−145
= 30,000 + x 10,000 =Rs. 31,428.57
35

𝑁𝑥𝑃 th
e.) 𝑃20 = ( ) item
100

200𝑥20 th
=( ) item
100

= 40th item
 42

20𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
𝑃20 = L + 100
xi
𝑓

40−35
= 10,000 + x 10,000
40

=Rs. 11,250.

𝑁𝑥𝑃 th
f.) 𝑃60 = ( ) item
100

200𝑥60 th
=( ) item
100

𝑁𝑃
−𝐶𝑓
𝑃60 = L + 100
xi
𝑓

120−75
= 20,000 + x 10,000
70

=Rs. 26,428.57

Mean = Rs. 23,250

Median = Rs. 23,571.43

Mode = Rs. 24,615.38

𝑸𝟏 =Rs. 13,750

𝑸𝟑 =RS. 31,428.57

𝑷𝟐𝟎 =Rs. 11,250.

𝑷𝟔𝟎 =Rs. 26,428.57.

22. The following is the details of interview marks obtained by 450 candidates
in a job fair.

Marks No. of Candidates

0 - 10 120
 43

10 - 20 80

20 - 30 115

30 - 40 90

40 - 50 45

Calculate mean, median, mode, quaritites and 10th and 70th percentites of the
marks.

Ans:

x f m fm cf

0-10 120 5 600 120

10-20 80 15 1200 200

20-30 115 25 2875 315

30-40 90 35 3150 405

40-50 45 45 2025 450

9,850

∑𝑓𝑚
a) Mean 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

9,850
= 450
= 21.89 marks

𝑁+1 th
b) Median = ( ) item
2

451 th
=( ) item
2

= 225.5 th item
 44

𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
Median = L + 2
xi
𝑓

225−200
= 20 + x 10
115

= 22.17 marks

∆1
C) Mode, z = L+ xi
∆1+∆2

120−0
=0+ x10
120+40

= 7.5 marks

𝑁+1 th
d) 𝑄1 = ( ) item
4

451 th
=( ) item
4

= 112.75th item

𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
𝑄1 = L + 4
xi
𝑓

112.5−0
= 0+ x 10
120

= 9.375 marks

𝑁+1 th
e) 𝑄3 = 3( ) item
4

= 3 x112.75

= 338.25th item

3𝑁
−𝐶𝑓
𝑄3 = L + 4
xi
𝑓

337.5−315
= 30 + x 10
90

= 32.5 marks
 45

𝑁𝑥𝑃 th
f) 𝑃10 = ( ) item
100

450𝑥10 th
=( ) item
100

= 45th item

𝑁𝑃
−𝐶𝑓
𝑃10 = L + 100
xi
𝑓

45−0
=0+ x 10
120

= 3.75marks

𝑁𝑥𝑃 th
g) 𝑃70 = ( ) item
100

450𝑥70 th
=( ) item
100

𝑁𝑃
−𝐶𝑓
𝑃70 = L + 100
xi
𝑓

315−200
= 20 + x 10
115

= 30 marks

23. The following table shows the details of age of 150 randomly selected
women employees of an IT company. Find out the average age of women
working in the company.

Age No. of women

Below 20 17

20-30 38

30-40 56

40-50 25
 46

Above 50 14

Ans :

x f m fm

10-20 17 15 255

20-30 38 25 950

30-40 56 35 1,960

40-50 25 45 1,125

50-60 14 55 770

5,060

∑𝑓𝑚
𝑥̅ = ∑𝑓

5,060
= 150

= 33.73 years

The average age of women = 33.73 years.

____________________________
 47

Work Sheet: Ans.

1. Find the mean of the data set 2,4,6,8,10,9,7,5,3,1. ____________

2. Find the median of the data set 10,6,8,5,4,12,3,7,9,15,10. ____________
3. The weights of 10 babies born in a village is 2, 2.5,2.3, 2,
4. 2.75,1.5, 1.9,1.6, 2.45, 2.1. Find out the median weight ____________
of the babies in the village.
5. Find the mode of the following data:
6. 0,1,5,6,7,9,12,1,3,7,8,9,1,7,0 ____________
7. What is the mean of the data given below?
No. of children: 0 1 2 3 4
No. of families: 4 12 8 9 5 ____________
8. Find out the median age of the puppies in a pet care
detailed below
Age: (in years) below 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5
No. of puppies: 5 3 5 8 4 ____________
9. Find the three quartiles of the data given below:
2,5,4,7,8,10,2,1,3,4,6,10,13,18,12,3,2,7,9,14
10. Calculate the 30th , 60th and 80th percentiles of the data:
10,12,11,13,14,16,10,13,18,12,23,
21,17,19,14, 12,15,14,17,28,10,15 ____________
48