‫مادة التبلوجي‬

‫اعداد األستاذ ‪:‬‬

‫محمد طه عايد فياض الدليمي‬

‫‪1‬‬
𝐃𝐞𝐟: Let X be a non empty set and let τ be a subfamily of P(X) , τ is
said to be a topology on X iff
1) X , ∅ ∈ τ
2) If U , V ∈ τ ⟹ U⋂V ∈ τ
3) If Uα ∈ 𝜏 , ∀ α ∈ Λ ⟹ ∪α ∈ Λ Uα ∈ τ
And a bair (X, τ)is called a topological space.

Some types of Topological Space:

𝐃𝐞𝐟 ( 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 (𝐃) , 𝐃 = 𝐏(𝐗)):

Let X ≠ ∅ and P (X ) is the power set of X, then τ = P(X ) is a topology on X

which is called the discrete topology and denoted by (τd ) .

𝐃𝐞𝐟 ( 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 (𝐈)):

Let X ≠ ∅, then τ ={X,∅} is a topology on X which is called the indiscrete

topology and denoted by (τi ) , this topology is the smallest topology we
can defined on X .

Note 1: ( X , τd ) = ( X , τi ) if X has one element

Note 2: every ( X , τi ) is ( X , τd ) but not Conversly

2
𝐃𝐞𝐟 ( 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲): Let X be infinite set and
τCof = U ⊆ X ∶ U c = finite set ∪ ∅ .

𝐃𝐞𝐟 ( 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲): Let X ≠ ∅ be infinite set and

τC = U ⊆ X ∶ Uc = Countable set ∪ ∅ .

Def ( The usual Topology): Let τu = X, ∅, U: ∀x ∈ U ∃open interval

(a,b): x ∈ (a,b)⊆ U} or 𝜏𝑢 = {U ⊆ X: U= union of family of open interval}

𝐃𝐞𝐟 𝐔𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 : ∀ x ∈ R ∃ left half open interval

(x − ϵ , x such that x ∈ (x − ϵ , x ⊆ R

𝐃𝐞𝐟 𝐋𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 : ∀ x ∈ R ∃ right half open interval

x , x + ϵ ) such that x ∈ x , x + ϵ) ⊆ R

𝐃𝐞𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐑𝐚𝐲 − 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 : ∀ a ∈ R we have 𝐿𝑎 = x ∈ R: x < a

= (−∞ , a)

3
 𝐃𝐞𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐑𝐚𝐲 − 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 : ∀ a ∈ R we have R a = x ∈ R: x > a
= (a , ∞ )

Def ( Door - Space ) : A Topological Space (X , τ ) is said to be Door –

Space if every Subset of X is either open or Closed .

Theorem:
Let (X , τ)be a topological space. 𝛕 = D ⟺ x ∈ 𝛕 , ∀ x ∈ X.

Proof:
Let τ = D , since x ⊆ X , ∀ x ∈ X ⟹ x ∈ ℙ(X) ∀x ∈ X
⟹ x ∈ τ, ∀ x ∈ X τ = D = ℙ(X)
⟸ x ∈ τ, ∀x ∈ X, to prove τ = D

τ ⊆ D … (1) (By definition of τ).

Let A ∈ D ⟹ A ⊆ X ⟹ A = ⋃x∈Λ x
But x ∈ τ ⟹ ⋃x∈Λ x ∈ τ (by condition (3) of τ) ⟹ A ∈ τ ⟹ D
⊆ τ … (2)

By (1) & (2)

τ = D.

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦:
Let X be a nonempty set and let τ1 , τ2 be two topologies
on X , then τ1 ∩ τ2 is a topology on X H.W

4
Q: is τ𝟏 ⋃τ𝟐 need not necessary to be a topology on X prove or disprove ?

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞:
Let X = 1,2,3 , τ𝟏 = X , ∅ , 1 ,
τ2 = X , ∅ , 2 , τ𝟏 and τ𝟐 are two topologies on X.
τ𝟏 ⋃ τ𝟐 = 𝑋 , ∅ , 1 , 2 .
Note that τ𝟏 ⋃τ𝟐 is not a topology on X, since 1 , 2
∈ τ𝟏 ⋃τ𝟐 but 1 ⋃ 2 = 1,2 ∉ τ𝟏 ⋃τ𝟐 .

Some Defintions:
𝟏) 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐭: Let ( X , τ ) be Topological Space
C
a Subset E of X is Called Closed Set iff E is open
2) 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐭: every set in A Topological Space ( X , 𝛕 )is

Called open Set .

𝟑) 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐬: Let ( X , τ )be Topological Space and let
a , b ∈ R the interval a , b such that a < b
is called closed interval .
𝟒) 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 ∶ Let (X , τ )be Topological Space and let

a , b ∈ R the interval (a , b )such that a < b

is called open interval .

5
𝟓) 𝐃𝐞𝐟(𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭):
Let (X, τ)be a topological space and let A ⊆ X and x
∈ A, then x is called an interior point of A iff there exists
an open set U such that x ∈ U ⊆ A.
The set of all interior points of A is said to be the interior
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐴° 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴) .

Theorem : (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬)

Let (X , τ) be a topological space and let A,B be two subsets of X
𝟏) A° ⊆ A
𝟐) if A ⊆ B ⟹ A° ⊆ B° but A° ⊆ B° ⇏ A ⊆ B
𝟑) (A⋂B)° = A° ⋂B°
𝟒) A° ⋃B° ⊆ (A⋃B)° , but (A⋃B)° ⊈ A° ⋃B°
𝟓) A ∈ T ⟺ A° = A
𝟔) A° = ⋃ U ∈ T ∋ U ⊆ A = The Largest open set contained in A
𝟕) X ° = X , ∅° = ∅
°
𝟖) X ° = X °

6
 ‫خطوات إيجاد النقاط الداخلية الي مجموعة كانت‬
‫‪ )1‬ناخذ عناصر المجموعة المطلوب إيجاد النقاط الداخلية لها بالتسلسل‬
‫‪ )2‬كل عنصر من هذه العناصر نستخرج المجموعات المفتوحة التي تحتويه‬
‫‪ )3‬اذا كانت المجموعة المفتوحة التي تحتوي العنصر جزئية من المجموعه االصلية التي‬
‫اخذنا منها العنصر بذلك تكون المجموعة المفتوحة نقطة داخلية للمجموعة االصلية‬

‫بعض المالحظات المهمة‬

‫مالحظة‪ :1‬المجموعة الشاملة ‪ X‬ال يمكن ان تكون نقطة داخلية الي مجموعة كانت‬
‫مالحظة‪ :2‬اذا كانت المجموعة المطلوب إيجاد نقاطها الداخلية تنتمي الى التبلوجي فان نقاطها‬
‫الداخلية تساويها‬
‫مالحظة‪ :3‬اذا احتوت المجموعة على اكثر من نقطة داخلية فان اتحاد هذه النقاط يعطي النقطة‬
‫الداخلية‬
‫مالحظة‪A° = ∪ O: O is open; O ⊆ A :4‬‬
‫مالحظة‪ :5‬كل مجموعات التبلوجي هي مجاميع مفتوحة‬
‫مالحظة‪ :6‬النقاط الداخلية الي فترة مغلقة او مفتوحة او نصف مغلقة هو فترة مفتوحة‬
‫مالحظة‪ :7‬النقاط الداخلية الي مجموعة أحادية في الفضاء ‪ R‬هي ‪ R‬نفسها‬

‫‪°‬‬
‫‪𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: Q° = (Q)′ = N ° = Z ° = ∅ , R° = R‬‬
‫)‪𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: if A° ⊆ B° ⇏ A ⊆ B (disprove‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝑋 = 1,2,3 , τ = 𝑋, ∅, 1 , 1,3 , 𝐴 = 3
⟹ A° = ∅ , B = 1,2 ⟹ B ° = 1
⟹ A° ⊆ B ° , but A ⊆ B .
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: (A⋃B)° ⊈ A°⋃B° (disprove)

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: X = 1,2,3 , τ = X, ∅, 1 , 1,3

A = 1 ⟹ A° = ∅ , B = 3 ⟹ B° = ∅ ⟹ A°⋃B° = ∅
A⋃B = 1,3 ⟹ (A⋃B)° = 1,3
A°⋃B° = ∅ ⊈ 1,3 = (A⋃B)°

𝐃𝐞𝐟(𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭):
Let (X, τ)be a topological space and let A ⊆ X and
x ∈ AC then x is called an Exterior point of A iff there exists an
open set U such that x ∈ U ⊆ AC . The set of all Exterior points
of A is said to be the Exterior setof A and denoted by A 𝑋 or Ext(A)

Theorem: (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬)

Let (X, τ) be a topological space and let A, B be two subsets of X:
𝟏) AX ⊆ AC

𝟐) AX = (AC )°
𝟑) if A ⊆ B ⟹ B 𝑋 ⊆ AX but B 𝑋 ⊆ AX ⇏ A ⊆ B.
𝟒) A° ⋂AX = ∅

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𝟓) (A⋃B)X = AX ⋃B 𝑋
𝟔) AC ∈ τ ⟺ AX = AC
𝟕) ∅X = X , X X = ∅

𝐃𝐞𝐟 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭 :

Let (X , τ)be a topological space and let A ⊆ X and x
∈ X, then x is called an Boundary point of A iff there existsz
an open set contains x intersected with A and with AC .
The set of all Boundary points of A is said to be the Boundary
set of A and denoted by Ab or b(A) or ∂(A).
𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬: (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭)

𝟏) Ab may be a subset of A or a subset of AC or Ab

intersects A and AC
𝐢. 𝐞. Ab ⊆ A or Ab ⊆ AC or Ab ⋂A ≠ ∅ ∧ Ab ⋂AC ≠ ∅.
𝟐) If a ∈ T, then a ∉ Ab for any A ⊆ X since if a ∈ A ⟹ 𝒂 ⋂AC
= ∅ And if a ∈ AC ⟹ a ⋂A = ∅ ⟹ a ∉ Ab
𝟑) In (X, I), if ∅ ≠ A ⊈ X, then Ab = X (since X is the only open
neighborhood for each x ∈ X and X⋂A ≠ ∅ ∧ X⋂AC ≠ ∅).
𝟒) In (X, D), if A ⊆ X, then Ab = ∅ (since ∀x ∈ X, x ∈ τ ⟹ x
∉ Ab ∀ x ∈ X , Ab = ∅).

9
Theorem:
Let (X, τ) be a topological space and A, B be two subsets of X:
𝟏) Ab = (AC )b
𝟐) Ab ⋂A° = ∅ , Ab ⋂ AX = ∅
𝟑) (A⋃B)b ⊆ Ab ⋃ Bb
𝟒) A ∈ τ ⟺ Ab ⊆ AC
𝟓) AC ∈ τ ⟺ Ab ⊆ A
𝟔) A , AC ∈ τ ⟺ Ab = ∅
𝟕) X b = ∅ & ∅b = X
𝟖) Ab is a closed set

𝟗) Ab = A ∩ AC
𝟏𝟎) Ab = (A° ∪ AX )C

Remark: In any topological space (X , τ) and any subset A of X

𝟏) A° ⋂Ab = ∅ , A° ⋂AX = ∅ , AX ⋂Ab = ∅
𝟐) A° ⋃ Ab ⋃ AX = X.
The family A° , AX , Ab form a partition for X

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭:
𝟏) A° = X \ AX ⋃ Ab = (AX ⋃Ab )C
𝟐) AX = X \ A° ⋃ Ab = (A° ⋃ Ab )C
𝟑) Ab = X \ A° ⋃ AX = (A° ⋃ AX )C

10
 𝐃𝐞𝐟 adherent point or Contact point :
let (X , τ)be a Topological Space and let A ⊆ X , a Point
𝑥 ∈ X is called adherent Point or Contact Point of A if every
open set containing 𝑥 Contains at least one point of A
i. e) x is adherent point of A if G ∩ A ≠ ∅ ∀ open set G; x ∈ G

Remarks: There are two types of adherent Points :

𝟏) (Limit point or an acculumation point or Clustr point):
A point x ∈ X is called a limit Point or accumulation point of A
or acluster Point of A iff every open set containing x Contains of least
one point of A other than x. Thus x is limit Point of A iff:
G − x ∩ A ≠ ∅ ∀ open set G; x ∈ G
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: The set of all Limit points of A is said to be the derived
set of A and denoted by d(A) or A′

𝟐) isolated point: an adherent point of A which is not limit point of A

is called isolated point of A .

Def: Aset A is said to be perfect set if A is closed and it has no isolated

point.

11
‫‪Remark 1: if every point of A is an isolated point of A Then A is Known as‬‬
‫‪an isolated set.‬‬
‫‪Remark 2: a limit Point of A is not necessarily a point of A. but isolated‬‬
‫‪point of A is essentially point of a set A.‬‬
‫‪Remark 3: every limit point is adherent point but not Conversly.‬‬
‫‪Remark 4: every real number is a limit point in ℝ‬‬

‫خطوات إيجاد ‪limit point‬‬

‫‪ )1‬نأخذ جميع نقاط المجموعة ‪ X‬واحدا تلوا االخر‬
‫‪ )2‬نستخرج جميع المجموعات المفتوحة التي تحتوي كل نقطة من نقاط المجموعة ‪X‬‬
‫‪ )3‬نختبر جميع المجموعات المفتوحة التي تحتوي كل نقطة من نقاط ‪ X‬باستخدام شرط‬
‫‪Limit point‬‬
‫مالحظة‪ :‬عند اختبار شرط نقطة الغاية الي نقطة من نقاط المجموعة ‪ X‬فاذا وجدت مجموعة‬
‫مفتوحة أحادية تحتوي فقط النقطة التي تم اخذها من ‪ X‬مباشرتا نقول ان تلك النقطة ليست نقطة‬
‫غاية للمجموعة المعطاة في السؤال وال داعي الكمال اختبار بقية المجموعات المفتوحة بالنسبة‬
‫لنفس النقطة وذلك الن شرط نقطة الغاية يجب ان يتحقق لجميع المجموعات المفتوحة بالنسبة‬
‫لنفس النقطة‬

‫‪12‬‬
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦: (𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐭)
Let (X , τ) be a topological space and A, B be two subsets of X
𝟏) If if A ⊆ B ⟹ A′ ⊆ B′ but A′ ⊆ B′ ⇏ A ⊆ B
𝟐) (A⋃B)′ = A′⋃B′
𝟑) (A⋂B)′ ⊆ A′⋂B′ but A′⋂B′ ⊈ (A⋂B)′
𝟒) AC ∈ τ ⟺ A′ ⊆ A
𝟓) ∅′ = ∅

Def:(Closure of a set)
Let (X , τ) be a topological space and let A⊆X , the closure set of A is
denoted by cl(A) or A and defined by: A = A⋃A′

Theorem:
Let (X , τ) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X, then:
A = ⋂ F ⊆ X|F C ∈ τ and A ⊆ F
i. e. A = smallest closed set containing A
Theorem:
Let (X , τ) be a topological space, and A, B be two subsets of X, then:
𝟏) A ⊆ A
2) A ⊆ B ⟹ A ⊆ B but A ⊆ B ⇏ A ⊆ B
3) (A⋂B) ⊆ A⋂B but A⋂B ⊈ (A⋂B)
4) (A⋃B) = A⋃B
5) AC ∈ τ ⟺ A = A

13
‫∅ = ∅ ‪6) A = A , X = X ,‬‬

‫خطوات إيجاد االنغالق الي مجموعة‬

‫‪ )1‬نجد ‪τC‬‬
‫‪ )2‬اصغر مجموعة مغلقة في ‪ τC‬تحتوي المجموعة المعطاة تكون هي انغالق للمجموعة‬
‫المعطاة‬

‫بعض المالحظات المهمة‬

‫مالحظة‪ :1‬المجموعة الخالية ∅ ال يمكن ان تكون انغالق الي مجموعة كانت‬

‫مالحظة‪ :2‬اذا كانت المجموعة المطلوب إيجاد انغالقها تنتمي الى ‪ τC‬فان انغالقها يساويها‬
‫مالحظة‪ :3‬اذا احتوت المجموعة على اكثر من مجموعة انغالق واحدة فان التقاطع لهذه‬
‫المجموعات يعطي االنغالق‬
‫مالحظة‪A = ⋂ F ⊆ X|F C ∈ τ and A ⊆ F :4‬‬

‫مالحظة‪ :5‬كل مجموعات ‪ τC‬هي مجاميع مغلقة‬

‫مالحظة‪ :6‬االنغالق الي فترة مغلقة او مفتوحة او نصف مغلقة هو فترة مغلقة‬
‫مالحظة‪ :7‬االنغالق الي مجموعة أحادية في الفضاء ‪ R‬هي ∅‬

‫‪14‬‬
 (Connectedness)‫الترابط‬
𝐃𝐞𝐟: Let (X , τ) be a topological space. Then it is said to be connected
if the only clopen subsets of X are X and Ø.

:‫ على قسمين من األسئلة وهما‬Connected ‫*يكون الترابط‬

)Sets( ‫( على شكل مجموعات‬2 ( intervals ) ‫( على شكل فترات‬1

:‫ ( الفترات‬interval ) ‫النوع األول‬

) Connected ) ‫ هي‬R ‫) كل فترة في‬1

(Connected) , ‫ تكون‬Rn , . . . , R (𝟐
( disconnected ) ‫( اتحاد فترتين بينهما قطع يكون‬3
Examble 1 : [0,1] U (2,3] ?

Solution:

[ ]
0 1

( ]
2 3

‫يوجد قطع بين الفترتين‬

[0, 1] U (2,3]: [ ] ( ] = [ 0 ,3 ] – {2}⟹ disconnected
0 1 2 3

15
 ( Connected ) ‫( اتحاد فترتين ليس بينهما قطع يكون‬4

Examble 2: [0,2] U [2,3)

Solution:

[ ]
0 2

[ )
2 3

‫اليوجد قطع‬
[0,2] U [2,3): [ [ ) = [0,3)
0 2 3

( Connected ) ‫( التقاطع بين أي فترتين يكون دائما‬5

Example 3: [1,2) ∩ [2,3] , [0,1)∩ {2} ?

Solution:

1) [0,1) ∩ {2} = ∅ when ∅ is allways Connected

2) [1,2) ∩ [2,3]=∅ Same Causes above.

16
 ‫النوع الثاني ) ‪( Connected set‬‬

‫‪ ) disconnected. Q c , Q (1‬غير مترابطين(‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞⋃ تكون غير مترابطة الن تنتمي إلى ‪ Q‬وأن ‪ Q‬باألساس‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪ )2‬كل متتابعه تعطى بالشكل‬
‫𝑛𝑎‬
‫ليست مترابطه‬

‫‪ (3‬إذا أعطي فضاء تبلوجي ومجموعه معرفه عليه لكي نعرف هل أن الفضاء ‪Connected‬‬
‫أم ال يجب أوال أن نجد 𝑐‪ τ‬فإذا كانت ∅ ‪ X ,‬هما المجموعتان الوحيدتان اللتان تنتميان‬
‫إلى ‪ τ𝑐 ، τ‬فالفضاء يكون ‪Connected‬‬

‫? )‪Examble 4 : X = {1,2,3}, τ = P(x‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫)𝑥(𝑃 = 𝑐‪∵ τ = 𝑃(𝑥) ⇒ τ‬‬

‫‪it is Clearly that there are sets Clopen accept X,∅ then the space is‬‬
‫‪disconnected sets .‬‬

‫‪ )4‬أي مجموعه غير منتهيه مع الفظاء المنتهي ) ‪ ( τ𝑐ofinite‬تكون ‪ Connected .‬بمعنى أن (‬

‫) ‪ X , τ𝑐ofinite‬يكون مترابط إذا كانت المجموعه األصليه غير منتهيه ومكملتها منتية‬

‫‪ (5‬كل مجموعه احادية ( منفرده) تكون ) ‪) Connected‬‬

‫‪ (6‬الفضاء الجزئي من ‪ R‬يكون ‪ Connected‬اذا وفقط اذا كان الفضاء فترة‪.‬‬

‫‪ (7‬المركبة في الفضاء المترابط محليا تكون مجموعة مغلقة‬

‫‪17‬‬
Def: A topological space (X, τ) is said to be path-connected
(or pathwise connected) if for each pair of (distinct) points a and b of
there exists a continuous mapping f : [0, 1] → (X, τ) such that
f(0) = a and f(1) = b. The mapping f is said to be a path joining a to b

Theorem 1 : Let (X , τ ) be a disconnected space and let Y be a non-

empty connected set of X then Y is subset of A or B such that
X=A∪B?
.
Proof :

Let A1 = A ∩ Y , B1 = B ∩ Y ⇒ A1 ∩ B1 ⊂ A ∩ B = 𝜙

A1 ∪ B1 = (A ∩ Y) ∪ (B ∩ Y) = (A ∪ B) ∩ Y = X ∩ Y = Y

But Y is connected set of X

⇒ A1 = 𝜙 or B1 = 𝜙 and not both

If B1 = 𝜙 ⇒ Y ⊆ A

If A1 = 𝜙 ⇒ Y ⊆ B

∴ It Proved .

18
Theorem 2: The continuous image of connected space is connected or
Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be topological spaces and
f : (X, τ) → (Y, F) surjective (onto) and continuous.
If (X, τ) is connected, then (Y, F) is connected) ?
.

Proof :

Let :(X , τ)→(Y , F) be a continuous & onto map and let (X , τ) is

connected space. To show that (Y, F) is connected space

To show that (Y, F) is connected space ?

If (Y, F ) is disconnected , then Y = A∪B , 𝐴∩𝐵 = ∅ & A,B ≠ ∅ and A,B are
open

Let A′ = f −1 (A) , B′ = f −1 (B) an open in X ⇒A′ ∩ B′ = ∅ ,

A′, B′ ≠ ∅ and A′ ∪ B′ = X

∴ (X , τ ) is disconnected

∴ (Y, F ) is connected space

19
Some Notes:

1) every Component is Closed set in topological Space.

2) If (X, τ) is any discrete space with more than one element

then (X, τ) is not connected as each singleton set is clopen

3) If (X, τ) is any indiscrete space, then it is connected as the

only clopen sets are X and Ø.

4) If τ be a clopen subset of R. Then either τ = R or

τ = Ø.

5) Any subspace S of R is connected if and only if it is an

Interval.

6) every interval is path-connected.

7) A path wise connected is topological property.

8) If (𝑋, τ) is discrete space then (𝑋, τ) is not path wise connected .

9) every path- connected Space is connected but the converse its false

1
Example: X = {< x, y >∶ y = sin ( ) , 0 < x ≤ 1 ∪ < 0, y >∶
𝑥
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1 then X is connected but not path – connected.

10) Let (𝑋, τ) be a topological Space and A , B be a connected Subspaces

of X then A ∪ B is connected if A ∩ B ≠ 𝜙.

20
Some Relations:

Connected space ↛ locally Connected space

locally Connected Space↛ Connected Space

Examble:

let τ = {{1},{2,3}, {3,5},{3}, ∅, X} and X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is X Connected ?

Solution:

τ = {{1},{2,3}, {3,5},{3},∅,X} , τc ={{2,3,4,5}, {1,4,5}, {1,2,4}, {1,2,4,5},X,∅}

X , ∅ ‫بما أن ال توجد مجموعات مغلقة ومفتوحة في نفس الوقت غير‬

∴ X is Connected

21
 (Compact) ‫التراص‬
Some defintions:

(Compact Space): A topological Space (𝑋, τ) is said to be compact if every

open covering of A has a finite subcovering.

)Pseudo compact): A topological space (X, τ) is said to be

pseudocompact if every continuous function (X, τ) → R is bounded.

(Sequentially compact): A topological space (X , τ) is said to be

sequentially compact if every sequence in (X , τ) has a convergent
subsequence.

(Countably compact): A topological space (X , τ) is said to be countably

compact if every countable open covering of X has a finite subcovering.

(locally compact): A topological space (X , τ) is said to be locally compact

if each point x ∈ X has at least one neighbourhood which is compact.

(Alexander SubbasisTheorem): A topological space (X , τ) is compact

if and only if every subbasis cover has a finite subcover.

22
‫‪(Heine−Borel Theorem): Every closed bounded subset of ℝ is compact.‬‬

‫‪(Converse of Heine − Borel Theorem): Every compact subset of ℝ is‬‬

‫‪closed and bounded.‬‬

‫‪(𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐞 − 𝐁𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐥 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦): A subset of ℝ𝑛 ,‬‬

‫‪n ≥ 1, is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.‬‬

‫يكون التراص على قسمين من األسئلة وهما‪:‬‬

‫‪ (2‬على شكل مجموعات‬ ‫‪(1‬على شكل فترات‬

‫النوع األول (‪ ) Intervals‬الفترات ‪:‬‬

‫‪ )1‬كل فترة مغلقة تكون ) ‪) Compact‬‬

‫وكل فترة نصف مغلقة أو مفتوحة تكون غير متراصة‪( Not Compact ) .‬‬

‫‪ ) Not Compact ) Z , P , Rn , … R , Qc , Q (2‬حيث ‪ P‬مجموعة االعداد الصحيحة‬

‫األولية‬

‫‪ (3‬معادلة القرص المفتوح أو الدائره المفتوحة‬

‫‪) Not Compact ) D = < x, y >: x² + y² < 1‬‬

‫‪ (4‬كل مجموعة منتهية جزئية من فضاء تبلوجي تكون متراصه تتابعيا‪.‬‬

‫‪ (5‬كل مجموعة مغلقه في فضاء متراص تتابعيا تكون متراصه‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
6) every closed interval is countably compact

7) every open interval is not countably compact.

8) every closed set in sequentally Compact Space is Compact.

9) A subset A of a discrete space (X, τ) is compact if and only

if it is finite.

10) Let (X , τ) be an indiscrete space. Prove that every subset of X is

compact.

11) A compact subset of a Hausdorff topological space is closed.

12) A compact subset of a metrizable space is closed.

13) Every closed subset of a compact space is compact.

14) every compact Hausdorff space is a normal space.

15) A compact subset of R is bounded.

16) a continuous image of a compact space is compact.

17) every uncountable topological space which is not compact.

18) every continuous image of a countably compact space is countably

Compact.
19) a metrizable space is countably compact if and only if it is
compact.

24
‫‪20) Hilbert → Banach → inner product → Norm → Metric → Topology‬‬
‫‪→ Fuzzy topology → intuitionistic → Neutrosophic‬‬

‫‪Note: in general The converse of Relation 20 not necessary true.‬‬

‫‪Some Relations:‬‬
‫‪1) Compact space→ Countably Compact‬‬
‫‪2)Compact space→ Locally Compact‬‬
‫‪3) sequently Compact→ Countably Compact.‬‬
‫↚‬
‫‪4) Sequentially compact ↛ Compact‬‬
‫↚‬

‫النوع الثاني ( ‪ ) Sets‬المجموعات‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬كل مجموعة منتهيه تكون ‪Compact‬‬

‫‪ (2‬كل فضاء تبلوجي منتهي يكون ‪Compact‬‬
‫‪ (3‬يكون(ْ ‪ (X , τi‬متراص ألنه ال يحتوي سوى ∅‪X,‬‬
‫‪ (4‬كل مجموعة غير منتهية جزئية من فضاء)‪ (X , τd‬تكون غير متراصة‬
‫‪ (5‬فضاء ‪ (X , τCof ) Cofinite‬يكون ‪Compact‬‬
‫‪ )6‬كل مجموعه أحادية تكون ‪Compact‬‬
‫‪ (7‬كل مجموعة مغلقة جزئية من فضاء متراص تكون متراصة‬
‫‪ Z , N (8‬مع ) ‪ (X , τcof‬تكون ‪Compact‬‬
‫‪ (9‬الصورة المستمرة للمجموعة المتراصة تكون متراصة‬
‫‪ (10‬المجموعة الجزئية المتراصة من ‪ τ2‬تكون مغلقة‬
‫‪ (11‬المجموعة المتراصة و الجزئية من ‪ R‬تكون مقيده‬
‫‪ (12‬كل مجموعة مغلقة ومقيدة في ‪ R‬تكون متراصة ) ‪( Hein - Borel‬‬
‫‪ (13‬كل مجموعه متراصة جزئية من ‪ R‬تكون مغلقة ومقيدة ) معکوس ‪( Hein - Borel‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞⋃ ‪ Not Compact‬إال إذا أعطيت بالشكل‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪ (14‬كل متتابعة تعطى بالشكل‬
‫𝑛𝑎‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ lim‬الناتج الذي‬ ‫∞⋃ أي يجب أن تكون إتحاد نقطة الغاية بمعنى نأخذ‬
‫‪𝑛=1 {𝑎 } ∪ 0‬‬
‫𝑛𝑎 ∞→𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬
‫يظهر يجب أن يكون متحد مع المتتابعة المعطاة لكي تكون ‪Compact‬‬

‫‪Examble:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪√2‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫{ )‪1‬‬ ‫⋃ )‪, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … } , 2‬‬ ‫‪{1 − } 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 , 3) ⋃ { } ∪ 0‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛‪2‬‬ ‫𝑛‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫‪√2‬‬ ‫‪√2‬‬
‫{ )‪1‬‬ ‫‪, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … } = { √2 ,‬‬ ‫}‪….‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪√2‬‬ ‫‪√2‬‬
‫{ ∉ ‪lim { } = 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 0‬‬ ‫} ‪, 𝑛 = 1,2, … .‬‬
‫𝑛 ∞→𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬
‫‪√2‬‬
‫{∴‬ ‫𝒕𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒎𝒐𝒄 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒊 } ‪, 𝑛 = 1,2, … .‬‬
‫𝑛‬

‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 3‬‬

‫⋃ )‪2‬‬ ‫‪{1 −‬‬
‫} … ‪} = {1 − , 1 − , … } = { , ,‬‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫⋃ ∉ ‪lim {1 − } = 1 − 0 = 1 𝑏𝑢𝑡 1‬‬ ‫} ‪{1 −‬‬
‫∞→𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‪2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛‪2‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫⋃∴‬ ‫𝐭𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐦𝐨𝐂 𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐢 } ‪{1 −‬‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛‪2‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫} … ‪3) ⋃ { } ∪ 0 = {0, , ,‬‬
‫‪3n‬‬ ‫‪3 6‬‬
‫‪n=1‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪lim { } = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ∈ ⋃ { } ∪ 0‬‬
‫𝑛‪𝑛→∞ 3‬‬ ‫𝑛‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝐭𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐦𝐨𝐂 𝐬𝐢 ‪∴ ⋃ { } ∪ 0‬‬
‫𝑛‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑛=1‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
 ‫ تنتمي إلى المجموعة‬limit Point ‫ حيث إذا كانت‬limit Point ‫ يسمى نقطة غاية‬lim ‫* ناتج‬
n→∞
‫تكون المجموعة متراصة‬

) Separation Axiom )

‫ لكل نقطتين مختلفتين توجد مجموعة مفتوحة تحتوي أحدهم وال تحتوي‬: 𝛕𝟎 – Space (1
‫اآلخر‬

Some exambls:
1) let X = {a, b, c} , τ = { ∅, X, {a}, {a,c}}

Solution:
a ≠ b, b ⇒ a ,b ∈ X → ∃ {a} ∈ τ Such that a ∈ {a} , b ∉ {a}

2) every (X , τd) is τ0 – Space

3) every (X , τi ) not τ0 – Space
4) τ0 is Topological property.

X ‫ أحدهما تحتوي‬u ,v ‫ لكل نقطتين مختلفتين توجد مجموعتين مفتوحتين‬:𝛕𝟏 – Space (2

X ‫ وال تحتوي‬y ‫ والثانية تحتوي‬y ‫وال تحتوي‬
Some exambls:

1) let X = {a, b} and τ = { ∅, X, {a}, {b} } is X τ1 – Space ?

Solution:
a ≠ b, a , b ∈ X → ∃ {a}, {b} ∈ 𝛕 Such that a ∈ {a}, b ∉ {a} and b ∈ {b}
, a∉ {b}
∴ is τ1 – Space

27
2) every ( X , τd ≥ 2 ) is τ1 – Space
3) every ( X , τc ) is τ1 – Space
4) every ( X , τi ) is not τ1 – Space

Note 1: every τ1 – Space is τ0 – Space bat the Converse is not true.

Note 2: τ1 – Space is hereditary topological.

:(𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐝𝐨𝐫𝐟𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞) 𝐨𝐫 𝛕𝟐 – Space (3

∀ x,y ∈ X Such that x ≠ y, ∃ two open set ∋ one of them Containing X

and the Secund Containing the other. i.e x ∈ u and y ∈ v , u ∩ v= ∅

‫كل نقطتين مختلفتين توجد مجموعتان مفتوحتان كل واحده منهم تحتوي أحد النقطتين‬

Some exambls:

1) X = {a, b} , τ= { ∅, X , {a}, {b}}

Since a, b ∈ X ,a ≠ b,∃ {a} ∋ a∈{a} ,b ∉ {a} and ∃ {b} ∋ b∈{b} ,∉ {b}

⇒u v ={a }∩{b }≠∅
∴ τ is τ2 – Space or Housdorff Space

2) (IR , τu) is τ2 – Space

3) every τ2 – Space is τ1 – Space , but the Converse is not true

4) (X , τcof) be a co-finite Top-Space on in finite Set X then (X , τc ) is

τ1 – Space but not τ2 – Space

28
4) τ3-Space: A Topological space (X , τ) is Said to be τ3-Space iff it is
Regular and τ1-Space

Reqular Space: A Topological space (X, τ) is Said two be Reqular Space

↔ every closed subset F of X and every point p ∈ X with
p ∉X there exist two open set G ,H ∋ F ⊆ G , p ∈ H , G ∩H=∅

: ( Reqular Space ) ‫في الفضاء المنظم‬

X ‫) نجد كل المجموعات المغلقة والتي تكون جزئية من الفضاء‬1

F ‫ ال تنتمي للمجموعة المغلقة‬X ‫( كل نقطه من نقاط الفضاء‬2
‫ والثانية‬F ‫ بحيث أحداهما تحتوي المجموعة المغلقه‬τ ‫( نستخرج مجموعتان مفتوحتان من‬3
p ‫تحتوي النقطة‬
∅ = ‫( يجب أن يكون تقاطع المجموعتان المفتوحتان‬4

Some exambls:

1) (X , τd ) is τ3 -Space
2) (X , τi) is not τ3 -Space
3) Give an example of Reqular Space but not τ1 – Space : (X , τi )
4) Give an example of τ1 – Space but not Regular Space : (Χ , τc )
5) Give an example to Show thet The Regular Space is not necessary
τ2 – Space ? Sol: X = { a, b ,c} , τ = {∅, X, {a}, {b ,c}}

Note: every τ3 -Space is τ2 – Space but the Converse is not true.

Normal Space: A Topological space (X , τ) is sald to be a Normal space ↔
for each two disjoint closed sets F1,F2 There exists two
disjoint open sets G1, G2 Such that G1∩G₂ = ∅ . F1 ⊆ G1 , F2 ⊆ G2

29
 ) Normal Space ( ‫خطوات اثبات‬

τ𝑐 ‫( نستخرج‬1

∅ = ‫) نختار مجموعتين مغلقتين تقاطعها‬2

‫ كل واحده تحتوي مجموعه مغلقة واحده من التي‬τ ‫( نختار مجموعتين مفتوحتين من‬3
.‫أخذناها‬

∅ = ‫( نقاطع المجموعات المفتوحة والناتج يجب ان‬4

5) τ4 – space : A Topological space (X , τ ) is said to be τ4 - space if it is

Normal Space and τ1-Space.

Some exambls:

1) X= {1,2,3} , τ = {∅ , X , {1} , {2,3}}

Solution:

τc = {Χ, ∅, {2,3}, {1}}

let F1 ={1}, F2={2,3} F1∩F₂=∅

∃ G₁ = {1} , G2 = {2,3} ∈ X

F1⊆G1 , F2⊆ G2 is Normal - Space

1،2 ∈ X , 1≠2 → {1} ∈τ →1∈{1} , 2 ∉ {1} , ∃ {2,3} ∈ τ , 2∈{2,3} but
1 ∉{2,3} So, is not τ1 – Space → is not τ4 -Space

30
2) (N , τcof) is not τ4-space and not Normal Space

3) (X , τi ( is not τ4-space Normal Space but not τ 1-Space

4) (X , τd) is τ4 - Space

5) every τ4 - Space is τ3 space but the Converse is not true.

(Base and Subbase)

Def:
Let (X, τ)be a topological space and let 𝔅 be a subfamily of τ
then 𝔅 is said to be a base for τ iff every open set is a union
𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝔅 .
i. e. 𝔅 is a base for τ ⟺ ∀ U ∈ τ, U = ⋃i∈Λ Bi , Bi ∈ 𝔅 ∀i and 𝔅 ⊆ τ

𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬: In any topological space (X , τ):

𝟏) τ is a base for τ, which is a trivial base.
𝟐) τ has more than one base.
3) Any base 𝔅 of τ, must containing ∅. (i. e. ∅ ∈ 𝔅, for any base 𝔅).
𝟒) If 𝔅 is a base for τ , then X need not be in 𝔅.
𝟓) If x ∈ τ , x ∈ X, then x ∈ 𝔅.

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦:

Let (X , τ) be a topological space and let 𝔅 be a base for τ, then:

𝟏) X = ⋃i∈Λ Bi , Bi ∈ 𝔅 ∀i
𝟐) If B1 , B2 ∈ 𝔅, then B1 ⋂B2 = ⋃i∈Λ Bi , Bi ∈ 𝔅 ∀i

31
‫‪𝐃𝐞𝐟:‬‬
‫𝒮 ‪Let (X, τ)be a topological space and let 𝔅 be a base for τ and let‬‬
‫‪be a subfamily of τ , then 𝒮 is said to be a sub − base for τ, iff every‬‬
‫‪element of 𝔅 is a finite intersection of members of 𝒮.‬‬
‫‪i . e. 𝒮 is a sub − base for τ ⟺ 𝒮 ⊆ τ and ∀B ∈ 𝔅, B =∩nj=1 Sj , Sj‬‬
‫‪∈𝒮∀j‬‬

‫)‪𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬: In any topological space (X , τ‬‬

‫‪𝟏) τ is a sub − base for T which is a trivial sub − base.‬‬
‫‪𝟐) There are more than one sub − base for τ.‬‬
‫‪𝟑) If 𝒮 is a sub − base for τ , then ∅ need not be in 𝒮.‬‬
‫‪𝟒) If 𝒮 is a sub − base for τ , then X need not be in 𝒮.‬‬

‫( خطوات إيجاد القاعدة من القاعدة الجزئية )‬

‫‪ )1‬في حالة أعطى في السؤال قاعدة جزئية فإننا يجب علينا أوال أن نجد القاعدة )‪ (base‬من‬
‫القاعدة الجزئية )‪ (subbase‬وإليجادها نتبع ما يلي ‪:‬‬

‫القاعدة (𝔅) = جميع عناصر القاعدة الجزئية ‪ +‬التقاطع المنتهي لعناصر القاعدة الجزئية‬

‫‪ )2‬في حالة طلب في السؤال إيجاد التبولوجي المتولد بواسطة القاعدة الجزئية فإننا نتبع ما يلي‪:‬‬

‫التبلوجي (‪ (τ‬المتولد من القاعدة الجزئية = جميع عناصر القاعدة التي أستخرجناها من‬
‫القاعدة الجزئية ‪ +‬االتحاد المنتهي لعناصر القاعدة‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫‪Examble: if X={a ,b ,c ,d } , 𝒮 ={{a,b},{b,c},{d} } then find the base and‬‬
‫? 𝒮 ‪Topological Space generated by‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫القاعدة الجزئية‬
‫}} ‪𝒮 = {{a,b}, {b.c},{d‬‬

‫}‪1) {a,b}∩{b,c} = {b‬‬

‫∅ = }‪2){a,b}∩{d‬‬ ‫جميعها تمثل عناصر في القاعدة‪ +‬التقاطع المنتهي العناصر القاعدة الجزئية‬

‫∅ = }‪3) {b,c }∩{d‬‬

‫}∅‪∴ base (𝔅) = {{a,b}, {b,c}, {d},{b},‬‬

‫اآلن إليجاد التبلوجي المتولد من القاعدة والقاعدة الجزئية ‪ :‬جميع عناصر القاعدة )𝔅( ‪+‬‬
‫االتحاد المنتهي لعناصر القاعدة (𝔅) يعطيان التبلوجي‬

‫‪1){a,b} U { b,c }U {d}U{b} U∅ = X‬‬

‫} ‪2){a,b} U {b,c } = {a,b,c‬‬
‫}‪3){a,b}U{d} = {a,b,d‬‬
‫}‪4){b,c}U{d} = {b,c,d‬‬
‫}‪5){b,c}U{b} = {b,c‬‬
‫}‪6){d}U{b} = {b,d‬‬
‫}‪τ = {∅, {a,b}, {b,c}, {d}, {b},{a,b,c},{a,b,d},{b,c,d},{b,d},X‬‬

‫مالحظة‪ :1‬يوجد على األقل أساس واحد لكل تبلوجي الن التبلوجي نفسه يعتبر أساس لنفسه‬

‫مالحظة‪ :2‬في حال اعطى في السؤال قاعدة (𝔅) وتبلوجي وقال هل تمثل أساس للتبلوجي‬
‫المعطى للتاكد منها يجب ان تكون كل مجموعة من مجموعات ‪ τ‬ناتجه من اتحاد مجموعات في‬
‫(𝔅 )‬

‫‪33‬‬
 ‫( كيفية إيجاد الجوارات )‬

‫‪ (1‬نجد ‪ τc‬والذي يمثل المكمالت العناصر ‪τ‬‬

‫‪ )2‬كل مجموعة في ‪ τ‬تحتوي العنصر المطلوب إيجاد الجوار له هي جوار لذلك العنصر‬
‫‪ (3‬اذا وجدت مجموعه في ‪ τc‬تحوي العنصر المطلوب ايجاد الجوار له فاننا نقارن المجموعات‬
‫المفتوحه في ‪ τ‬واحده تلو االخرى وان وجدت مجموعه في ‪ τ‬تحوي العنصر وتكون جزئيه من‬
‫المجموعه المغلقه بهذا تكون المجموعه المغلقه ايضا جوار لذلك العنصر‬

‫مالحظه مهمه‪ :‬الجوار قد يكون مجموعة مغلقة ومجموعة مفتوحة ‪.‬‬

‫‪Examble:‬‬

‫?)‪let: X={a,b,c} , τ ={Χ. ∅,{a}, {a,c}} find nbhd (a), nbhd (b‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫}}‪τ = {Χ, ∅,{a},{a,c‬‬

‫}}‪τc = {∅, X, {b,c}, {b‬‬

‫‪ )1‬المجموعات المفتوحه التي‪ .‬تحتوي ‪ a‬في ‪ τ‬جميعها تكون جوار ل ‪ a‬أما المجموعات المغلقة‬
‫التي تحتوي ‪ a‬هي فقط ‪ X‬وبهذا ال داعي ألن نقارن‬

‫}}‪∴ nbhd (a) = { X, {a},{a,c‬‬

‫‪ )2‬المجموعات المفتوحة التي تحتوي ‪ b‬في ‪ τ‬هي فقط ‪ X‬أما بالنسبة للمجموعات المغلقة التي‬
‫تحتوي ‪ b‬هي }}‪ {b}, {b,c‬ولكن كالهما ليس جوار لل ‪ b‬ألنة ال توجد مجموعة مفتوحة‬
‫تحتوي ‪ b‬وتكون جزئية من المجموعة المغلقة‪.‬‬
‫}‪∴nbhd (b) = {x‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
 ) ‫) صفات المجموعات في الفضائات التبلوجية‬

‫كثيفه‬
1) dense if A = X
‫ليست كثيفة‬
2) no where dense ext(A) = X or (A)° = ∅
‫كثيفه نوعا ما‬
3) Some where dense (A)° ≠ ∅
‫كثيفه في نفسها‬
4) dense in itself if A' ⊆A

‫* يقال عن الفضاء التبلوجي بانه قابل للفصل اذا احتوى الفضاء على مجموعه كثيفه وقابلة‬
‫للعد‬

1) (|R, τu ) is separable since Q is countable subset of 𝑄 = 𝑅

2) every ( X , τc ) is separable-Space

3) every ( X , τd ) is separable-Space

35
 ‫( كيفية إيجاد التبلوجي النسبي )‬

‫كل ما علينا هوا جراء عملية التقاطع بين كل المجموعات المفتوحه في ‪ τ‬مع عناصر ‪ Y‬المعطى‬

‫‪Examble:‬‬

‫}}‪if X = {a, b,c} , τ = {∅, X, {a,c}, {a,b} , {a‬‬

‫?‪and Y = {b,c} find Ty‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫∅= }‪1) ∅∩ Υ = ∅∩{b,c‬‬

‫‪2) Χ ∩Υ = {a,b,c}∩ {b,c} = {b,c} = Y‬‬
‫}‪3) {a,c}∩Y = {a,c}∩{b,c} = {c‬‬
‫}‪4) {a,b} ∩Y = {a,b}∩{b,c} = {b‬‬
‫∅ = }‪5) {a}∩Υ = {a}∩{b,c‬‬

‫}}‪∴ τy = { ∅, Y, {c}, {b‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
 ‫(دوال تنتقل بفعل التشاكل)‬

‫الدوال المفتوحة والمغلقة‪:‬‬

‫مالحظة‪ :‬كل الفضائات التي تنتقل بفعل األستمرارية أو التشاكل أو غيرها جميعها تمثل صفات‬
‫تبلوجية)‪(Proberty topology‬‬

‫صفات تنتقل بفعل األستمرارية عند إضافة لها شرط التباين‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬المجموعة الكثيفه بنفسها ) ‪( dense in itself‬‬

‫‪ (2‬نواة المجموعة ) ‪( Nucleus of set‬‬
‫‪ (3‬المجموعة المبددة ) ‪( Scattered set‬‬
‫‪ )4‬المجموعة التامة) ‪ ( Perfect set‬شرط المجموعة التامة ‪d(A) = A‬‬

‫مالحظه ‪ :‬االستمرارية صفة تبلوجية‬

‫الصفات التي تنقل باألستمرارية‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬الترابط)‪(Connected‬‬
‫‪ (2‬التراص )‪(Compact‬‬
‫‪ (3‬التراص التتابعي ) ‪( sequently compact‬‬
‫‪ (4‬التراص الدروبي) ‪(Arcwise connectivity‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
Some Defintions about Continuity:

(Open mapping ): Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

Mapping f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be an open mapping if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is open set in (Y, F).

(Closed mapping): Let (X, τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

mapping f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be an Closed mapping if the image
for every Closed set in (X , τ) is Closed set in (Y, F).

(Continuous Mapping function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A mapping f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a continuous mapping if
the inverse image for every open set in (Y , F) is open set in (X , τ).

(Continuous Mapping function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A mapping f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a continuous mapping if
the inverse image for every Closed set in (Y , F) is Closed set in (X , τ).

(Bicontinuous Mapping function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two

topological spaces. A mapping g : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be
bicontinuous mapping iff g and g −1 are both continuous.

(Homeomorphism topology) : Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A mapping g : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be
Homeomorphism iff g is bijective and bicontinuous.

38
Examble about Countinuous :

Examble1: let X = {a,b,c,d}, τ = { ∅.X, {a}, {b},{a,b}} and Y = {a,b,c,d},

τ* = {∅,Y,{c},{d},{c,d}} and f: X → Y defined f(a)=a, f(b)=b, f(c)=C

Solution:

f is one-to-one and onto but not Continuous Since {C} ∈ τ* but

f - 1 {c} = {c} ∉ τ
∴ f not homeomorphism.

Examble2:

let X={a,b,c,d}, τ = {∅, X, {a}, {b}, {a,b}}, Y={a,b,c,d},

τ* = { ∅, Y. {c}, {d}, {c,d}} and g: X→ Y such that g(a) = d, g(b) = c
, g(c) =b , g(d) = a

Solution:

it is clearly g one-to-one and onto.

‫نختبراالستمرارية‬

1)Y∈ τ* →g-1(y) = X ∈ τ

2) ∅ ∈ τ*→ g-1(∅)= ∅ ∈ τ
3) {c} ∈ τ*→ g-1{c} = {b} ∈ τ
4) {d} ∈ τ*→ g-1{d} = {a} ∈ τ
5){c,d} ∈ τ*→ g-1{c,d} = {a,b} ∈ τ

∴ g is Continuous

39
‫نختبر معكوس الدالة المستمرة‬

1)(g-1)-1 {a} = g{a} = {d} ∈ τ*

2)(g-1)-1 {∅} = g{∅} = ∅ ∈ τ*

3)(g-1)-1{X} = g{X} = Y ∈ τ*

4)(g-1)-1{b} = g{b} = {c} ∈ τ*

5) (g-1)-1 {a, b} = g{a, b} = {d,c} ∈ τ*

∴ (g −1 ) is continuous

∴ g is homeomorphism

Def:let (X, τ) be topological space and A ⊆ X, then A is Called

1) Regular-open if A = int(cl(A))

2) semi-open if A ⊆ cl(int (A))

3) Pre-open if A ⊆ int(cl(A))

5) α-open if A ⊆ int (cl(int (A)))

6) β-open if A ⊆ cl (int(CI(A)))

40
Some definition:

(Semi-open function): Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be Semi-open function if the image
for every open set in (X , τ) is Semi-open set in (Y, F).

(Pre-open function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be Pre-open function if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is Pre-open set in (Y, F).

(α-open function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be α-open function if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is α-open set in (Y, F).

(β-open function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be β-open function if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is β-open set in (Y, F).

(Semi-open Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two

topological spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a Semi-open
continuous function if the inverse image for every open set in (Y , F) is
Semi-open set in (X , τ).

41
(Pre-open Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological
spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a Pre-open continuous
function if the inverse image for every open set in (Y , F) is Pre-open set
in (X , τ).

(α-open Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a α-open continuous
function if the inverse image for every open set in (Y , F) is α-open set in
(X , τ).

(β-open Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a β-open continuous
function if the inverse image for every open set in (Y , F) is β-open set in
(X , τ).

Def:let (X , τ) be topological space and A ⊆ X, then A is Called

1) Regular-Closed if A = cl (int (A))

2) semi-Closed if int (cl (A)) ⊆ A

3) Pre-Closed if cl (int (A)) ⊆ A

5) α-Closed if cl (int (cl (A))) ⊆ A

6) β-Closed if int (cl (int (A))) ⊆ A

42
Some Definitions:

(Semi-Closed function): Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be Semi-Closed function if the image
for every open set in (X , τ) is Semi-Closed set in (Y, F).

(Pre-Closed function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be Pre-Closed function if the image
for every open set in (X , τ) is Pre-Closed set in (Y, F).

(α-Closed function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be α-Closed function if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is α-Closed set in (Y, F).

(β-Closed function) : Let (X , τ) and (Y, F) be two topological spaces. A

function f : (X , τ) → (Y , F) is said to be β-Closed function if the image for
every open set in (X , τ) is β-Closed set in (Y, F).

(Semi-Closed Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two

topological spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a Semi-
Closed continuous function if the inverse image for every Closed set in
(Y , F) is Semi-Closed set in (X , τ).

43
(Pre-Closed Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two
topological spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a
Pre- Closed continuous function if the inverse image for every Closed set
in (Y , F) is Pre-Closed set in (X , τ).

(α-Closed Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a α-Closed continuous
function if the inverse image for every Closed set in (Y , F) is α-Closed set
in (X , τ).

(β-Closed Continuous function): Let (X , τ) and (Y , F) be two topological

spaces. A function f : (X , τ) → (Y, F) is said to be a β-Closed continuous
function if the inverse image for every Closed set in (Y , F) is β-Closed set
in (X , τ).

44
 ‫العالقات في التبلوجي‬

depended
1) totally disconnected → Hausdorff-space in R
↚
2) open function → Continuous function
↚

3) Clopen → open
↚
4) Clopen → Closed
↚
5) Path Connected → Connected
↚
6) open interval → openset
↚
7) Closed interval → Closed set
↚
8) Pre-open { 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 } semi open
Pre-Closed. { ↛ } semi Closed
↚
9) Continuous function ← bicontinuous
↛
10) homeomorphism → Continuous
↚
11) Base ← sub-base
↛
12) Characteristic function ← Constant function
↛
13) Separted → disjoint
↚

45
 𝑐
14) Closure and interior Ā = (𝐴𝑐 )° , 𝐴° = 𝐴𝑐\𝑐

15) τ3(1) → τ1
2 2
↚

16) bijective → surjective

↚
17) Metric space → topology space
↚
18 ) Frechet (𝛕₁) Space → Housdorf Space
↚
19) Completely Normal → Normal
↚
20) Completely reqular → regular
↚
21) Metrizable → Para Compact
↚
22) Product Space → Hausdorf Space
↚
23) Compact housdorf } → τ4 → τ3(1) → τ3 → τ2 → τ1 → τ0
2
Metrizable } ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚

24) regular space ← Product regular

↛
25) discrete topology ← indscrete topology
↛
26) metric Space → Housdorff space
↚
27) metrizable → topology
↚

46
28) metric space → normal
↚
29) identity function → Constant function
↚
30) Characteristic function → identity function
↚
31) identity function → Continuous function
↚
32) Constant function → Continuous function
↚
33) Characteristic function → Continuous function
↚
34) indscrete Space → Connected Space
↚
35) discrete space → disConnected
↚
36) Projection mapping → Continuous function.
↚
37) Projection mapping → open mapping
↚
38) topology → relative topology
↚
39) Connected Space ↛ locally connected
↚
40) Compact Space → locally Compact
↚
41) Compact Space → Countably Compact
↚
42) Closed → generalazed Closed
↚

47
43) Regular → open set → α-open → β-open
↚ ↚ ↚
44) α-open → semi-open
↚
45) α-open→ Pre-open
↚
46) Completely normal → normal → completely regular
↚ ↚
47) reqular → τ2(1) → τ2 → τ1 → τ0
2
↚ ↚ ↚ ↚
48) Completely reqular → Urysohn → τ2(1)
2
↚ ↚

49) Continuous → α → Semi 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pre → β

↚ ↚ ↚
𝟓𝟎) generalazed Closed + τ1 → Closed
2

48
Another important Defintion:

𝟏) (𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧): The function f: X → Y is said to be

Irresolute function if the inverse image of any 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛
set in Y is semi open set in X .

𝟐) (𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧): The function

f: X → Y is said to be Contra Continuous if the inverse image of
any open set in Y is closed set in X.

𝟐) (𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧): The function

f: X → Y is said to be Contra Continuous if the inverse image of
any Closed set in Y is open set in X.
𝟑) (𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧): The function
f: X → Y is said to be perfectly Continuous if the inverse image of
any Clopen set in Y is open set in X.

𝟑) (𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧): The function

f: X → Y is said to be perfectly Continuous if the inverse image of
any open set in Y is Clopen set in X.

𝟒) (𝐅. 𝐈. 𝐏. ) Let X be a set and F a family of subsets of X. Then

F is said to have the finite intersection property if for any finite
number F1 , F2 , . . . , F𝑛 of members of F, F1 ∩ F2 ∩ · · · ∩ F𝑛 ≠ Ø.

𝟓)(𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐭): let ( X , τ ) be a topological space and let

A ⊆ X then A is Called generalized Closed set if 𝐴̅ ⊂ U , U ∈ τ

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𝟔) ( 𝛕𝟏 − 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆) : a topological Space ( X , τ )is Called
𝟐
τ1 − Space if every generalized Closed set is Closed.
2

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 ‫تم بعون الله‬
‫اللهم صل على محمد وال محمد‬

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