INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY

ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596

12–854/2013/15–4–701–706
http://www.fspublishers.org

Full Length Article

Dharabi-11: A New High Yielding Drought and Disease Tolerant Wheat

Variety
Muhammad Tariq1, Abid Mahmood1, Muhammad Ashraf Mian1, Nasir Mahmood Cheema2*, Muhammad Sabar1,
Muhammad Ihsan1 and Attiq-ur-Rehman1
1
Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan
2
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
*For correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract
Dharabi-11 is a high yielding, disease and drought tolerant spring wheat variety evolved at Barani Agricultural Research
Institute (BARI), Chakwal and released for general cultivation in 2011 for rainfed areas. The variety was originated from the
cross HXL7573/2*BAU//PASTOR having pedigree CMSS97Y03676S-040Y-050M-040SY-030M-21SY-010M-0Y-
OSY. Selection cycles resulted in genetic purity and uniformity of said line and was evaluated in multiple trials conducted at
BARI, Chakwal and other ecological zones of the country from 2005-2006 to 2010-2011 for desirable economic traits like
high grain yield, good chapatti/bread making quality, drought and disease tolerance. On an average “Dharabi-11” exhibited
9.1% higher grain yield compared to other commercial varieties, showed desirable resistance against stem rust (local race as
well as Ug 99), yellow rust, leaf rust and Karnal bunt and has longer roots (61 cm) enabling the plant to tolerate drought stress.
The grain size is medium (42.47g 1000 grain weight) with 12.17% protein and has very good chapatti/bread making quality.
This variety was approved for general cultivation in rain fed areas of Pakistan by the Punjab Seed Council in its 41st meeting
held on 25th July, 2011 and is the best suited variety for rain fed areas of the country. © 2013 Friends Science Publishers

Keywords: Wheat variety; High yielding; Drought and disease tolerance; Rain fed areas

Introduction these varieties have become susceptible to rusts therefore, it

is very necessary to develop disease tolerant wheat varieties
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple diet of major suitable for rainfed areas.
population in Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2007; Ajmal et al., „Dharabi-11‟ a high yielding wheat variety tolerant to
2009) and supplies 72% of the calories and proteins in the drought and disease has been approved for general
average diet (Azam et al., 2007). It contributes 13.1% to cultivation in rainfed areas. The general cultivation of this
value added in agriculture and 2.7% to GDP of Pakistan variety will not only save the country from any upcoming
(Anonymous, 2011). Out of total wheat production area of threat of Ug 99 (a race of stem rust) but will also enhance
Pakistan, 12.3% is under rain fed conditions and contributes wheat production in the country.
about 7% and 7.65% towards the total production of Punjab
and Pakistan, respectively (Anonymous, 2009). The Materials and Methods
precipitation during the early Rabi season is generally very
low and the crop remains under water stress conditions (Fig Dharabi-11 (registered as „6C016‟) was amongst the 23rd
1). There is considerable year to year variation in SAWSN – W (Semi-Arid Areas Wheat Screening Nursery-
precipitation in the rain fed areas. White) with entry No.127 received from National
Both biotic and abiotic stresses are the major threat to Coordinated Wheat Program NARC, during 2005. The
crop production in Pakistan. Brown rust (Puccinia parentage and pedigree of this line is
recondita) and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) are among HXL7573/2*BAU//PASTOR and CMSS97Y03676S-
the serious diseases of wheat and in most of the cases 040Y-050M-040SY-030M-21SY-010M-0Y-0SY. The
wheat varieties were replaced with new cultivars due to entry exhibited variants, so 20 plants possessing desirable
susceptibility of the rusts (Rattu et al., 2007). Wheat features were selected and their seed was multiplied for
varieties having narrow, erect to semi erect leaves with deep yield evaluation against local check varieties.
root system lead to higher biomass and grain production and The variety was subjected to different selection cycles
are the most suitable for cultivation in rainfed areas. in number of repeated trials i.e., preliminary evaluation, on-
Presently, Chakwal-50, GA-2002 and Inqilab-91 are station wheat trials, multi locational trials and National
commonly grown in the rainfed areas of the Punjab. As Uniform Wheat Yield Trials. The breeding approach

To cite this paper: M. Tariq, A. Mahmood, M.A. Mian, N.M. Cheema, M. Sabar, M. Ihsan and A.U. Rehman, 2013. Dharabi-11: A new high yielding
drought and disease tolerant wheat variety. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 15: 701‒706
 Tariq et al. / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 15, No. 4, 2013

adapted for the development of said variety had already conducted by Plant Pathology Division at BARI, Chakwal.
been used by many breeders (Ahmad et al., 2010; For this purpose, seed samples from 23 different locations
Hussain et al., 2010a; Rahman et al., 2012). of Punjab were collected and coefficient of infection for
In 2005-2006, yield potential and other morphological Karnal bunt was calculated according to the method
traits of „Dharabi-11‟ were evaluated against commercial described by Aujla et al. (1989).
variety GA-2002. During 2006-2007, this variety was tested Agronomic studies were carried out to find out the
in preliminary wheat yield trial in randomized complete optimum sowing time, seed rate and fertilizer requirements.
block design (RCBD) for its yield performance against For optimum sowing time of the variety „Dharabi-11‟, the
Chakwal-97 and GA-2002 at BARI, Chakwal. Standard trials were planted on five different sowing dates starting
field management practices were applied for uniform from 15th October to 1st December with an interval of 15
healthy crop stand. During 2007-2008, it was evaluated in days. Four seed rates ranging from 100 to 175 kg ha-1 were
regular yield trial against Chakwal-97 and GA-2002. Its studied for two consecutive years (2009-2010 and 2010-
performance was evaluated in micro wheat yield trials at 2011). In another trial, 10 different combinations of
eight diverse locations of Punjab province during 2008- Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potash were applied at the time
2009 under RCB design having three replications with two of sowing under rainfed conditions with split plot design
local checks Auqab-2000 and Chakwal-50. Standard comprising three replications to determine the fertilizer
agronomic practices were followed from sowing to requirements of the variety.
harvesting at all locations. Data of various morphological Grain weight, grain ash, grain protein, gluten
traits such as days to heading, plant height, spike length, consistency, wet and dry gluten contents, chapatti making
grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, days to maturity and quality and test weight were carried out by the Cereal
yield were recorded. Plant height, grains per spike and Laboratory of National Agricultural Research Centre,
1000-grain weight was recorded by calculating average of Islamabad during the years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Root
10 plants selected in each plot. length, leaf size and its orientation along with wax on leaves
Dharabi-11 was also tested at multi locations in were recorded at different plant stages to evaluate the
Pakistan under the National Uniform Wheat Yield Trial response of the variety against drought.
(NUWYT) in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, conducted by the Analysis of variance was performed on all measured
National Coordinated Wheat program, National Agricultural traits using statistical tool MSTAT-C, whereas differences
Research Centre, Islamabad. The NUWYT was planted in among means were tested by the least significant difference
RCB design with four replications having plot size of 5 × test at 0.05 probability level.
1.8 m. Standard agronomic practices were followed.
Pathological studies were conducted at seven locations of Results
Pakistan under National Wheat Disease Screening Nursery
On-station Wheat Trials
(NWDSN) during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 by Crop
Diseases Research Institute NARC, Islamabad. The Preliminary and regular yield trials were conducted to assess
Coefficient of Infection (CI) for both yellow rust (Puccinia the performance of the variety Dharabi-11 from 2005 to
striiformis) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) was 2009. The variety gave 4332 kg ha-1grain yield as compared
calculated following the procedure in practice by CIMMYT to the check variety GA-2003 (3932 kg ha-1) during initial
and USDA. Disease infection types at adult stage were evaluation in 2005-2006 of 23rd SAWSN-W (Semi-Arid
recorded according to 0-9 scale as described by McNeal Areas Wheat Screening Nursery-White). Whereas in
et al. (1971). preliminary yield trial, the variety yielded grains 4841 kg
Coefficient of Infection (CI) was calculated by ha-1against the check varieties Chakwal-97 (4542 kg ha-1)
multiplying the response value with the intensity of and GA-2002 (4356 kg ha-1) during the year 2006-2007. In
infection in percentage. Average Coefficient of Infection regular yield trial, the grain yield of Dharabi-11 was
(ACI) was derived from the sum of CI values of each entry 5567 kg ha-1, whereas the two checks GA-2002 and
divided by the number of locations. The candidate line Chakwal-97 yielded 4356 and 4311 kg ha-1 respectively
having the highest ACI was given 100 and other lines were (Fig. 2).
rated accordingly to calculate the Country Average Relative
Percentage Attack (CARPA). From CARPA, Relative Multi-locational Trials (Micro Wheat Yield Trials)
Resistance Index (RRI) is calculated on a 0 to 9 scale, where
„0‟ denotes most susceptible and „9‟ highly resistant. Dharabi-11 was evaluated at eight locations in Punjab under
The RRI was calculated according to the following micro yield trials (2008-2009). The average yield of all 8
formula: sites was 2930 kg ha-1 as compared to the average yield of 2
local checks Auqab-2000 (2827 kg ha-1) and Chakwal-50
RRI = (100 – CARPA) × 9 (2812 kg ha-1). The increase in grain yield over checks
100 Auqab-2000 and Chakwal-50 was recorded as 3.64% and
Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica) studies were 4.19%, respectively (Table 1).

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 New Disease and Drought Tolerant Wheat Variety / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 15, No. 4, 2013

Table 1: Performance (Average grain yield) of Dharabi-11 Islamabad and Attock, respectively in Punjab. The said line
in micro wheat yield trial (rainfed) 2008-2009 remained at the top with an average grain yield of 3692 kg
ha-1 amongst 11 wheat lines. The results of NUWYT 2009-
Sr. Varieties Average Grain % Increase over Check 2010 also revealed that this variety gave an average grain
No. Yield (kg ha-1) Auqab2000 Chakwal-50 yield of 3290 kg ha-1, while check variety produced 3047 kg
1- Dharabi-11 2930 3.64 4.19
2- Auqab-2000 2827
ha-1 at country level with a yield advantage of 7.9% than the
3- Chakwal-50 2812 local check (Table 2).
The summary of yield performance of ʽDharabi-11ʼ
Table 2: Performance (Average Yield) of Dharabi-11 (kg tested at different locations has shown an increase in grain
ha-1) in National Uniform Wheat Yield Trial (Rainfed) yield of 5.4%, 14.8%, 4.2%, 3.6% and 17.6% over local
2009-2010 checks and commercial varieties GA-2002, Chakwal-50,
Auqab-2000 and Chakwal-97, respectively (Table 3).
Line/Entry Balochistan Punjab KPK Pakistan (12 Sites)
(2 sites) (5 Sites) (7 Sites) Excluding 2 sites of Agronomic Studies
Balochistan
Dharabi-11 482 3692 3003 3290
L. Check 539 3575 2669 3047
The agronomic trials were conducted at BARI, Chakwal to
Grand Mean 547 3430 2981 3168 determine best suiting sowing dates, seed rates and fertilizer
C.V. (%) 22.6 8.6 20.0 15.6 requirements for Dharabi-11 under rain fed conditions
LSD (0.05) during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. The data in Table 4
Location ** 173 432 339
Variety N.S 184 314 198
revealed that the variety ʽDharabi-11ʼgave higher yield
L×V N.S 411 829 ** when sown on 1stof November followed by plantation done
on 15th of November. The results of seed rates trials showed
that the maximum yield of 1689 kg ha-1of „Dharabi-11‟ was
obtained with seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 (Table 5). Different
doses of fertilizer were applied at the time of sowing. Table
6 indicates that the best yield of 2073 kg ha-1 was obtained
with the application of NPK fertilizer @ 90:60:30 kg ha-1at
sowing time.

Biotic Stress Studies

The response of the variety ʽDharabi-11ʼtowards yellow and

leaf rust diseases was recorded in the trials conducted at
Fig 1: Precipitation recorded at Barani Agricultural BARI and other locations of the country during 2009-2010.
Research Institute, Chakwal In yellow and leaf rusts screening, the score for the terminal
reaction (TR) of Dharabi-11 was 0, 5S and 0 at Pirsabak,
Peshawar and Islamabad, respectively. Average coefficient
of infection (ACI), country average relative percentage
attack (CARPA) and relative resistance index (RRI) were
1.7, 2.5 and 8.8, respectively (Table 7, 8). During the year
2010, the variety was also tested in Wheat Stem Rust (Ug
99) Screening Nursery at Kenya. The reaction against the
stem rust disease race Ug 99 was 10MS-S.
The response to aphid attack was recorded at
Faisalabad and Bahawalpur and it was 11.13 and 8.68
aphids/tiller, respectively. If a variety have less than 15
aphid/tiller, it is acceptable.

Fig 2: Performance of Dharabi-11, in on-station yield trials Quality Assessment Studies

National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials Quality studies showed that grains of Dharabi-11 are
medium bold (42.47 g/1000 grain) with high gluten contents
Highly significant differences were found among the test (17.21% of wet gluten contents and 7.41% of dry gluten
entries for their grain yield performance at each location. contents). Moreover, the grain has high protein contents
The grain yield of the variety was 5813, 4161, 3161, 3894 (12.17%) and possesses very good chapatti making quality
and 1432 kg ha-1 at Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Chakwal, (Table 9).

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 Tariq et al. / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 15, No. 4, 2013

Table 3: Performance (Mean yield) of Dharabi-11 as compared with other recommended varieties in on-station and multi-
location yield trials

Year Name of Trial No. of Mean grain yield (kg ha-1)

Trials Dharabi-11 GA-2002 Local Check* Chakwal-50 Auqab-2000 Chakwal-97
2005-2006 SAWSN 1 4332 3932 - - - -
2006-2007 Preliminary 1 4841 4541 - - - 4542
2007-2008 Regular 1 5567 4356 - - - 4311
2008-2009 Micro 8 2930 - - 2812 2827 -
2009-2010 NUWYT(Punjab) 5 3692 - 3575 - - -
2010-2011 NUWYT(Pakistan) 15 3290 - 3047 - - -
Average % increase over check varieties 14.8% 5.4 % 4.2 % 3.6% 17.6 %
Overall % increase 9.1%
*Different local checks at different locations

Table 4: Average seed yield (kg ha-1) as affected various Table 7: Response of Dharabi-11 to yellow rust along with
sowing dates (2009-2011) Terminal Reaction (TR), Average Coefficient of Infection
(ACI), Country Average Relative Percentage Attack
Varieties Sowing Dates (CARPA), Relative Resistance Index (RRI) during 2009-
15th Oct. 1st Nov. 15th Nov. 1st Dec. 15th Dec.
2010
Dharabi-11 828 1354 900 510 397
Chakwal-50 678 1228 1042 711 534
LSD (0.05) for: Sowing Dates = 329, Varieties = 197, S.D. x Var. = 442, Genotype CCRI NIFA NARC ACI CARPA RRI
CV (%) = 31.8 Pirsbak Peshawar Islamabad
Dharabi-11 0 5S 0 1.7 2.5 8.8
-1 Morocco 80 S 80 S 90 S - - -
Table 5: Average seed yield (kg ha ) as affected by (Susceptible
different seed rates, 2009-2010 check)
S= Susceptible
Varieties Seed rates (kg ha-1) Source: Rust report of Crop disease Research Programme, NARC,
100 125 150 175 Islamabad 2009
Dharabi-11 1532 1689 1642 1695
Chakwal-50 1108 1298 1698 1698

Table 6: Effect of fertilizer on the grain yield of Dharabi-

11 during 2009-2010

S. No. Treatment (kg ha-1) Grain Yield (kg ha-1)

N P K
1 0 0 0 1407
2 0 60 30 1709
3 30 60 30 1809
4 60 60 30 1828
5 90 60 30 2073
6 120 60 30 1983
7 60 0 30 1967
8 60 30 30 1890
9 60 90 30 1922
10 60 60 0 1922
11 60 60 60 2002
LSD (0.05) for: Fertilizer = 945, CV (%) = 25

Drought Adaptive Traits

Dharabi-11 has long roots up to 61 cm as compared to

Inqilab-91 having 48 cm (Fig. 3). Dharabi-11 has narrow,
erect and rolling leaves with strong wax and all these traits
are associated with drought tolerance.
Fig 3: Comparison of root length for Dharabi-11
Discussion
Dharabi-11 gave a yield advantage of 6.6% to 29% over
The main focus in the development of new wheat variety check varieties in station trials. The genotype-environment
was higher yield, tolerance against drought and diseases. interaction for grain yield was higher in micro trials

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 New Disease and Drought Tolerant Wheat Variety / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 15, No. 4, 2013

Table 8: Response of Dharabi-11 to leaf rust along with Terminal Reaction (T.R), Average Coefficient of Infection (ACI)
during 2009-2010

Genotype RARI Bahawalpur AARI Faisalabad CDRI Karachi NIA T. Jam WRI Skrand F.F. Thatta F.F Kunri ACI
Dharabi-11 0 0 TS 0 0 TMS TMS 0.37
Morocco (Susceptible check) 20 S 20 S TS 0 0 TS 0 -
S = Susceptible
MS = Moderately Susceptible
TMS = Traces Moderately Susceptible
Source: Rust report of Crop disease Research Programme, NARC, Islamabad 2009-2010

Table 9: Quality characteristics of new wheat variety Hussain et al. (2010b). Positive effects of increased
Dharabi-11 fertilizer doses on wheat yield have also been reported by
Sameen et al. (2002).
Quality traits Results Rust diseases of wheat not only reduce the yield but
1000-G. Wt. (g) 42.47 also deteriorate the grain quality. Earlier released varieties
Grain color Amber have showed good yield potential but became susceptible to
Grain Ash (%) 1.15
Grain Protein (%d.b) 12.17
diseases which caused serious yield losses (Anonymous,
Gluten Consistency MS-S* 2005; Hussain et al., 2010b). During the year 2010,
Wet Gluten % 17.21 Dharabi-11 was also tested in Wheat Stem Rust (Ug99)
Dry Gluten Content (%) 7.41 Screening Nursery at Kenya. The reaction against the stem
Chapati Quality V. Good
Test Weight(kg/hl) 75.63
rust disease race Ug99 was 10MS-S, which is in acceptable
*MS-S = Medium strong - strong tolerant range. Dharabi-11 also showed resistance against
yellow rust, leaf rust and Karnal bunt.
indicating that different soil types and temperatures are Seed quality is an important parameter that determines
also important parameters for estimating the crop yield. market acceptability of a commodity among the
Dharabi-11 performed better than the checks on average consumers. The grains of Dharabi-11 are medium bold
basis across the locations. Highly significant differences with high gluten contents. These results are in accordance
were observed among the test entries for grain yield at each with those of Mustafa et al. (2010). The same results
location indicating the genotypic differences of the wheat regarding quality characters have also been reported by
lines in NUWYT. Dharabi-11 performed much better at five Hussain et al. (2010c).
locations under NUWYT, which is the major target area of Longer roots (61 cm) of the variety enable the plant to
rainfed tract. In addition, the variety remained at the top tolerate drought more effectively as compared to Inqilab-91
amongst 11 test lines. (48 cm). As one might expect, root characteristics, such as
The rainfall data showed highly variable distribution depth and abundance, are known to be associated with
pattern during the years of testing of the variety. The relative performance under drought in many studies with wheat
performance of Dharabi-11 remained stable in different (Blum, 1988). Long roots enable the plants to extract water
years indicating the good yield potential under stress from the deeper soil layer and to maintain its turgor for a
conditions. longer period. A thick wax layer reflect excess light rays
Adequate soil moisture and favorable weather away from the leaf thus preventing leaf heating without
conditions at sowing time are important for increased crop requiring transpiration. Narrow, erect and rolling leaves
yield (Anonymous, 2009). Under rainfed conditions, the with strong wax are the other traits that contribute in
sowing date depends on rainfall pattern i.e., frequency, drought tolerance ability (Richards, 1996).
duration and amount as well as the maturity period of a In conclusion, “Dharabi-11” is a high yielding, disease
particular wheat variety (Tanner et al., 1991). Mid-October and drought tolerant rainfed wheat variety and also
to mid-November is the optimum time of sowing for most possesses very good chapatti/bread making quality. Due to
of the wheat varieties released for general cultivation in rain its better adaptability and good yield performance at
fed areas. different location all over the country, it has the potential to
It was inferred from the trials conducted at BARI, be replaced with the previously approved varieties, which
Chakwal that by using seed rate of 125 kg ha-1, highest grain are becoming more susceptible for diseases. The plant
yield (1689 kg ha-1) of „Dharabi-11‟ was obtained. These features have shown the waxy and erect nature of its leaves
findings are in promise with those of Wright et al. thus enabling it to withstand in water stressed environments.
(1982) and Guitard et al. (1961) who found that seeding
rate of 100 kg ha-1 gave higher yields than lower rates. References
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