Module 1 – (L3) Introduction and Basic Concepts

3 Watershed Management
g Policies
1
1
 L3–Watershed
L3 Watershed Management
Policies
 Topics Covered
 Introduction to Water Policy - Legislative
framework,
f k Institutional
I tit ti l framework,
f k Watershed
W t h d
Policies; Formulation, Policy issues for successful
watershed management
management, National Water Policy
Policy,
Case Study.

 Keywords: Water policy, Institutional Framework,

Legislative Framework , Watershed Management Policy.

2
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002
 Water Policy
 Water policy - set of guidelines and directives to the
State for harnessing water resources - to cater the
sectoral (agriculture,
(agriculture industrial and domestic) - need in
equitable way that leads to sustainable development.
 A policy statement defines
defines--
– Ownership and related right with regard to its use
– Incentive and penalty awards towards conservation
and deterioration of water resources
– Water allocation priorities to sectors
– Water conservation
– Institutional structure for executing planning and
implementation
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 3
Components of Water Policy
 Legislative
g framework
– Legal framework that defines the rights to
exploit/use of water resources and
provisions of award of incentives and
penalties
 Institutional framework
– Administrative system responsible for
assessmentt andd managementt off water
t
resources

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 4

Legislative Framework
 Water in Indian constitution
– “Water” in entry 56 of union list and entry 17 of state
list.
– Article 246 and Art. 262, empowers parliament to
make law regarding development and management
of inter-
inter-state rivers.
– “ Art 262
262, specifies that parliament may by law
provide that neither the supreme court or any other
court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect of inter-
inter-
state river disputes . Interpretation-
Interpretation- arbitration

 http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=301&subsublinkid=394&langid=1

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 5

Water Legislations in India
 Surface water and groundwater is not defined separately “ water” in
constitution mostly defined as surface water ( Iyer R, 2003)

Withdrawal of water

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Water Legislations in India…
 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act 1974 (A 1978 & 1988)
 Dealing with setting up institution related to
administration of water ( Central Pollution control
Board and state PCB’s)

 It undertake functions related to prevention and

control and maintaining and restoring related to
wholesomeness of water

 The institution provide consent to operate and

consent to establish to industries based on
applicability
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 7
Water Legislations in India…
 Environment and Protection Act, 1986

– It lays down the procedure for settings of

standards emission and discharge of pollution
– based on BIS standards such as IS : 3025 (for
sampling),
p g), IS: 2373 ( for flow measurement),),
BIS: 10500 (drinking water specification),
contaminant wise related guidelines for
wastewater issued by respective PCB’s
PCB s

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 8

Water Legislations in India…
 Model Groundwater Bill 1970

– Contains the broad framework of groundwater

regulation of the country
– The bill provides the union territory and state
government to establish ground water authority to
notify areas of control and regulate the groundwater
development and management
– Under the bill CGWA categorizes country as “safe”,
“critical” and “over-
“over-exploited”

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 9

Water Institutions: Administrative structure
• Ministry of Water Resources - nodal agency for
planning , development & management of
water
t resources
• Departments--
Departments
• C
Central
t lWWater
t commission
i i – for
f surface
f water
t
related issues

• Central Ground Water Board – for groundwater

• National Water Development Agency-

Agency- to provide
technical support

• Water and Land Management Institutes and

Agricultural Universities – research at state level
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 10
Other Ministries – In India

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 11

 Watershed Policy
 To manage & protect watershed fully and effectively, a
clear policy is required - emphasize inter alia a
coordinated & integrated approach,
approach local participation,
participation
manpower & resource building, land use planning,
among others.
 Main objective of watershed management: promote
integrated protection, conservation & development of
land & water resources in watersheds for sustainable use
and for the benefit of the nation as a whole.
 Watershed Policy: what regulates both public and
private activities within our watersheds
watersheds, primarily
through use of codes & ordinances, through the
establishment of minimum or maximum standards, and
the setting of budgets.
budgets
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Strategies for Implementation
of the Watershed Policy
 Develop a National Watershed Programme
 Establish an inter-Ministerial Watershed Management
Committee
 Strengthen
h human
h and
d financial
f l resources required
d to
co-ordinate, implement and monitor work in the
watersheds
 Rank each watershed and establish priorities for
interventions.
 Secure budgetary support for implementation of the
Policy

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Watershed Development Policy
 Regulations or policies generated towards one aspect
of watershed management should not be contradictory
to the other aspect

 Watershed
h d development
d l is prerequisite for
f l d water
land,
and biomass management

 Watershed development policy formulation should be

consistent with federal, state and local legislation

 Overall policy formulation should be done by

considering
co s de g larger
a ge interest
e es oof the
e cou
country
y
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Characteristics of Watershed
Policies
 Policies should stand as ready guides to answering many
questions that may arise in the implementation of
watershed
t h d
 Generally, watershed policies are formulated at the
government level
g
 At Government level – watershed policy

Decisions and actions (significant importance)

Widest ramification

g
longest time p p
perspective
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Formulating Watershed Policy
 Watershed policy formulation is very data
intensive
 Hydrological information on watershed is
expensive to obtain and interpret
 Basics sets of information required
a) An inventory of watershed resources
b) An inventory of use of resources

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Collection of Information
Following aspects should be considered for
collection of information
 Right of access to information: It should be
readily available
 Information requirements:
– Gathering and processing of information is a huge task.
– Requirements should be kept to the minimum.
– Should be gathered cost effectively

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 17

Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002
 Policy issues for successful
watershed
t h d managementt
 Understanding and quantifying the biomass types
and interactions both in space and time.
time.
 There should be proper linkage between social,
political & technical system at appropriate levels
levels..
 Agro--ecological approach should be considered for
Agro
planning
p g of watershed
watershed..
 Priority should be given to water resources
development in watershed.
 Requirements of poor people & influences on the
watershed - considered in policy formulation.

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Policy issues for successful
watershed
t h d management… t
 Need to establish and manage a national database system
for watershed
 Watershed models should be properly formulated, verified
and confirmed with field observations
 Agriculture
l is highly
h hl dependent
d d on soils
l andd climate
l
 Eg.. Based on 50 years of climate data and an up
Eg up--to
to--date
soil database, India divided into 20 agro
agro--ecological zones
(AEZs)
 Each AEZ is as uniform as possible in terms of
physiography climate,
physiography, climate length of growing period and soil
type for macro level land-land-use planning and effective
transfer of technology

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Policy issues for successful
watershed management…
management
 Collaboration of all organizations can expand the
experiences in an efficient manner.
manner
EX: Ministry of agriculture, Ministry of Water
Resources etc.
 There should be proper institutional setup with
people’s initiative and involvement
 Continuous monitoring of the physical progress of
the watershed projects
 Use
U off Remote
R t sensing
i techniques
t h i andd GIS should
h ld
be promoted for assessing the capability of the land
inventory
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Outcome – Successful Watershed Policy
y

21
Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002
 Successful Watershed Policy
y in India

conservattion,
c,
economic
Public Partiicipation

Public participation
mic with
ervation
High

esign,
pation
Project success

ation
anning, de
nservation
n

o-econom

particip
nly waterr

water c

plementa
Socio-e
watter conse
Main

imp
Socio

pla
con

Low

1970 1980 1990 2000

Watershed development program
Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002

22
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002
Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002
 National water policy in India-
India- Needs
 Availability of water is highly uneven in both space and time
 Precipitation is confined to only few months in a year
 Rainfall Varies spatially – eg.
eg In India: from 100 mm in the western
parts of Rajasthan to over 10000 mm at Cherrapunji in Meghalaya
 On an average, floods affect around 7.5 milli. Hectare/ year
 Planning and implementation of water resources projects involve a
number of socio-
socio-economic aspects and issues
 Eg: environmental sustainability, rehabilitation of project-
project-affected
people and livestock
 Common approaches and guidelines are necessary on these
matters
 Gross irrigation potential is estimated to have increased from 19.5
million about 95 million hectare by the end of the Year 1999-
1999-2000.
 Some other factors like degradation of water quality
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 National Water Policy in India
 First adopted in 1987 and formulated in 2002
 It advocates water resources of the country should
be brought within the category of utilizable
resources to the maximum possible extent
 Salient features
– Policy promotes use of non
non--conventional methods such
as traditional water & rooftop rainwater harvesting
– Water transfer to water scarce region
– People’s
p p
participation
p
– Public Private Partnership
– Water Resources planning at hydrologic unit not on
political
liti l unit
it
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
National Water Policy in India..
 Directed state to devise its own water policy –
in practice very few state has prepared it so far
 Allocation priority (national level, may differ at
state level)
1. Drinking Water
2. Irrigation Hydropower
3
3. Ecology
4. Agro
Agro--industries
5. Non
Non--agricultural
g industries
6. Navigation
Same for all state, except Maharashtra where water for industrial use is
top priority than irrigation
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
National Water Policy in India..
 It emphasizes on-
on-
1. Need for efficient pricing system and transparent
subsidy structure for disadvantaged and poor
2
2. Transfer the water management to user groups and
local bodies
3. Private sector participation in water sector
4. Undertaking phased programme for improvement of
water quality based on ‘ polluter pay principle’
5
5. Need based economic activities on the water zoning of
the country
6. Prioritizing the need of drought prone areas

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Case Study1: U.S Regulations related to
Watershed Management
Federal Clean water act (CWA)
– For evaluating Federal Water Pollution control Act
– Amended in 1977, revised in 1981 and
reformulated in 1987
 Objective:
– To restore and maintain the chemical,, physical,
p y ,
biological integrations of the nations water
– As a part of CWA, the EPA delegates this
responsibilities
ibiliti tot states
t t or native
ti Americans
A i

– Clean Water Act (CWA) is the cornerstone of surface

water quality protection in the United States
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Salient features of regulation

 Involvement of stakeholder groups in the

development and implementation of strategies
 For achieving and maintaining state water quality is
another hallmark of this approach
pp
 Under the CWA, EPA has implemented pollution
control programs such as setting wastewater
standards
t d d ffor industry
i d t
 Water quality standards for all contaminants in
surface waters
 NPDES - Controls water pollution by regulating
po t sou
point sources
ces that
t at discharge
d sc a ge pollutants
po uta ts into
to waters.
ate s
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
CWA Time Line and Amendments
1972
– Goal
G l - prohibit
hibit th
the discharge
di h off any pollutant
ll t t to
t
waters of the USA from a point source unless the
discharge
g is authorized by y a NPDES permit
p
– NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System
– NPDES - track point sources, such as industrial
waste water and municipal sewerage and to
minimize the discharge of pollutants
– Process was extremely successful in manage the
pollution from p
p point sources
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Time line contd……..
contd……..
1987
– Section deals with non point source pollutions
– Goals of the NPDES program are achieved through the
use of BMP (Best Management Practices)
– To improve the quality of storm water out flow
1992
– EPA published a notice requesting information and public
comments for preparing regulations under CWA point
source pollution section
1995
– EPA proclaimed formally a final rule, refused to the
regulations in 1987 amendments to apply for an NPDES
permit by August 7,
7 2001
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Time line contd……..
contd……..
1996
 EPA’s National Water Quality inventory showed that 40%
of surveyed
o su eyed U.S
U S water
a e bodies
bod es did
d d not
o meet
ee national
a o a water
ae
quality standards
1998
 EPA national
ti l water
t quality
lit iinventory
t reportt showed
h d th
thatt
nonpoint source pollution, which includes urban storm
water runoff is considered as the leading cause
1999
 Goals was set of establishing total maximum daily loads
(TMLDS)
 TMDL specifies the amount of each particular pollutant
that may be present in a water body
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Case Study 2: River interlinking
project of India (proposed)
 Rationale: large spatial & temporal distribution of
rainfall patterns causing drought and flood like condition in
India. This give birth to policy concept of river-
river-interlinking
project, connecting water surplus area with water scarce
area.
area

Suggested Reading :
http://www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias--water-
http://www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias water-future.html

32
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Case Study 2: River interlinking
project
j t off India
I di (proposed)…
( d)
 Policy Impact:
– (anticipated) enhance food
grain production by 500 million
tonnes to meet ever increasing
population demand by 2025.
provide 35 million ha. of
additional potential arable land
and 34000 MW of electricity.
– Involve
In ol e huge
h ge expenditure
e pendit e ,
causing burden on taxpayers.
Require huge energy to lift
water.
– Anticipated displacement of
people and environmental
damages

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 References

 Raj Vir Singh (2000)

(2000), Watershed Planning and
Management, Yash Publishing House
 http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/
 http://www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias--water-
http://www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias water-
future.html
 http://www nrca org/policies/watershed/policy informati
http://www.nrca.org/policies/watershed/policy_informati
on.htm
 http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=301&subsublinkid=394&langid=1

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

34
Tutorials - Questions!.?.
 Discuss the needs of water policy and
components of an effective water policy.

 Describe the outcome of a successful

watershed management policy.

 Discuss the National Water policy in India.

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

35
Self Evaluation - Questions!.
Q
 What are the important policy issues
f successful
for f l watershed
t h d
management?.

 Discuss water related Institutions,, its

roles & Administrative Structure in
India.

P f T I Eldho,
Prof. Eldh Department
D t t off Civil
Ci il Engineering,
E i i IIT Bombay
B b
36
Assignment-
g Questions?.
Q
 Illustrate various water Legislations in
I di and
India d its
it impacts.
i t
 How to formulate an effective
watershed policy?.
 Discuss about the necessity y of an
effective watershed policy for better
watershed management
g p
practices.

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 37

 Unsolved Problem!.

• Develop a case study of watershed policy of

a country by considering: Physical setting,
setting
watershed conditions and problems, History
of watershed
o ate s ed management,
a age e t, International
te at o a
trends, legislative framework, Institutional
framework, challenges, strategies for policy
implementation, financial aspects,
implementation issues etc.
• Hint: Check Watershed Policy of Jamaica:
• http://www.nrca.org/policies/DRAFT%20WATERSHED%20POLICY.
pdf

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 38

Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor,
Department
p of Civil Engineering,
g g
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 39
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in
http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in