SBC3363-OCW 4 Theory of Accidents Compatibility Mode

2/21/2013
Sr Dr. Mohd Saidin Misnan

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
What Is An Incident?
• An incident is:
– An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events
– That occurs through a combination of causes
– Which result in:

• Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,
• Damage to property,
• A near-miss,
• Any combination of these effects.
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Why Prevent Incidents?
• Legal
• Human Rights
• Business
Types of Incidents
• Cause immediate injury or damage to

equipment or property:
– A forklift dropping a load
– Someone falling off a ladder
• That occur over an extended period:

– Hearing loss
– Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals
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Emergence Of Safety Management
• Role of Herbert W. Heinrich (1930’s),

– Developed Domino Theory and promoted control
of workers behaviour.
• Problem:
• Focused on worker behaviour and not management
• Caused people to think that safety is about policing
worker
Early Theory Of Accidents

(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury
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Heinrich’s
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury

• Frank Bird (1970) developed Loss Control
Theory.
• Suggested that underlying cause of accidents
are lack of management controls and poor
management decisions.
• Problem:
– Not so popular: blames management
(responsibility and control).
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Accident Causation Model (1974)
• In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was

introduced;
• Based on Heinrich’s findings.
• Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering
rewards and punishment.
• Problem:
– Focuses on workers and not on hazard or management
– Reward and punishment system have flaws
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The Three Basic Causes of

Accidents
Poor Management Safety Policy &
Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Basic Causes
Unsafe Act Unsafe
Indirect causes Condition
Unplanned Incidence ACCIDENT

Personal Injury,
Direct Causes Property Damage
Three Basic Causes Of Accident
Lack of Management Control

Management responsible for:
– Selection of workers
– Machinery and equipment
– System of work
– Information and training
– Supervision, etc
The accident prone worker is a false
approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator.
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Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B Accident
(Not look where going) (Trip)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

System
• Current development of Occupational Safety
And Health management system was driven
by two parallel forces:
A. Self-regulatory legislation in the United

Kingdom (1974),
B. Quality management movement
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety
Commission Report noted that:
– there was too many OSH legislation,
– was fragmented,
– limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),
– out of date and difficult to update,
– inflexible (prescriptive),
– people thought that safety was what government
inspectors enforced.
• Lord Robens recommended
– Self regulation
• Report resulted in the Health and Safety of

Workers At Work Act in the UK in 1974
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• Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in

1984
• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992

Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh
Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce
need for management system
ACCIDENT REGULATION/PROGRAMME
Flixborough (1974) CIMAH regulations 1996
Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /

Process safety
Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /

Management system
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What is Risk?
• Definitions
– Hazard is anything that can cause harm
– The danger is the exposure to harm
– The risk is the likelihood (chance / probability) of
harm being done
• Risk is estimated by calculation
Risk = Severity (consequence) x Likelihood of harm
Definitions
• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an

occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified circumstances
and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or
any combination of these caused by the event.
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Risiko
• Kebarangkalian, peluang atau kemungkinan sesuatu
atau seseorang akan tercedera, musnah atau rosak
disebabkan oleh penggunaan hazard.
• Gabungan faktor-faktor kebarangkalian berlakunya
sesuatu peristiwa malang, dedahan dan impak
kemalangan tersebut. Kebarangkalian di sini
bermaksud kebarangkalian kemalangan itu berlaku.
Definitions
• Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human injury
or ill health, damage to property, damage to
the environment or a combination of these.
• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
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Hazard
• Apa sahaja (objek, alatan, bahan, dsb) secara
bersendirian atau bersalingtindak antara satu dengan
yang lain mampu mengakibatkan kemudaratan dan
bencana kepada manusia, harta benda atau
persekitaran.
• Sesuatu elemen yang berpotensi untuk
menyebabkan kecederaan apabila digabungkan
dengan situasi bahaya dan tahap hazard boleh
dikenal pasti .
Bahaya
• Bahaya lebih menerangkan dedahan relatif
seseorang kepada hazard. Perkataan ini lebih
bersifat untuk menerangkan atau menunjukkan
sesuatu keadaan risiko.
• Bahaya merupakan satu situasi yang wujud apabila
terdapatnya perubahan tenaga di luar kawalan atau
had normal, terhasil daripada perbuatan atau
perlakuan manusia atau perubahan secara
semulajadi
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1. BASIC CAUSE
• Unsafe Act
• Unsafe Conditions
2. IMMEDIATE CAUSE
• Job Factor
• Personal/Human Factor
3. ROOT CAUSE
The Accident Pyramid
1 Fatal / Serious injury
3 Lost days
50 First aid
80 Property
400 Near misses
Figure: TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
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Accepted Accident Theory

• Multiple Causation Theory
– A single unsafe act or condition may or may
not cause an accident but both are caused by
lack of management control.
• Bird Loss Causation Model
– In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of quality
control.
• Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
– Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream control and
worker participation.
THANK YOU
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2/21/2013

Sr Dr. Mohd Saidin Misnan

– That occurs through a combination of causes

– Which result in:

Why Prevent Incidents?

• Cause immediate injury or damage to

• That occur over an extended period:

Emergence Of Safety Management

• Role of Herbert W. Heinrich (1930’s),

Early Theory Of Accidents

Emergence Of Safety Management

Accident Causation Model (1974)

Emergence Of Safety Management

• In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was

The Three Basic Causes of

Unplanned Incidence ACCIDENT

Three Basic Causes Of Accident

Lack of Management Control

Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Emergence Of Safety Management

A. Self-regulatory legislation in the United

B. Quality management movement

• Report resulted in the Health and Safety of

• Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in

• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992

Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /

Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /

• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an

• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

The Accident Pyramid

1 Fatal / Serious injury

400 Near misses

Figure: TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975

Accepted Accident Theory

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