Tofu Mampang Prapatan
Tofu Mampang Prapatan
Tofu Mampang Prapatan
/ IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
Global Warming Impacts Study on Tofu Products in Mampang Prapatan Small and
Medium Enterprises with Life Cycle Assessment Methods
Bayu Sukmanaa, Isti Surjandarib, Muryantoc *, Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawanc, Edi Iswanto Wilosoc
a
Environmental Sciences School, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430,
b
Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 16424,
c
Research Centre for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Serpong, 15314, Indonesia.
First submission: 15th June 2018, Revised submission: 17th September 2019, Acceptance: 11th Desember 2019
©IJoLCAS 2019
Abstract
Global warming issue can be caused by greenhouse gas emissions which come from human activities. Along with the
increase of daily needs, humans activities on food production also increase, which include the production of tofu. Tofu is a
traditional Indonesian specialty made from soybeans and served as a side dish. The purpose of this study was to determine the
impact of global warming from tofu products of Mampang Prapatan's Small Tofu and Medium Enterprises. The method used
in this study was the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method using SimaPro 8.4 software with a 1 kg tofu as functional unit. The
data collected in this study was based on the average data of tofu production for 3 months, from January to March 2018. This
include the process of soybean cultivation, transportation for shipping soybeans, and use of water, wood and electricity. The
scope of this study is from cradle (soybean cultivation) to gate (tofu products). The results showed that SMEs Mampang
Prapatan has the potential impact of global warming with a value of 3.84 kg CO 2-eq, while the value of global warming in the
production process with the scenario of waste water treatment and the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as fuel for boiling
pulp was 4.49 kg CO2-eq. Based on the results of this study, the intervention that can be proposed is to optimize the use of raw
materials for production to reduce the impact of CO2-eq kg global warming.
Abstrak
Isu pemanasan global terutama diakibatkan oleh adanya emisi gas rumah kaca (CO 2) yang berasal dari aktivitas manusia.
Seiring dengan bertambahnya kebutuhan pangan, maka aktivitas manusia untuk memproduksi bahan pangan juga meningkat,
termasuk pangan tahu. Tahu adalah makanan khas tradisional Indonesia yang berbahan baku kedelai dan dijadikan sebagai
hidangan lauk pauk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dampak pemanasan global dari produk tahu pada Usaha Kecil
Menengah Tahu Mampang Prapatan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
dengan bantuan software Simapro 8.4 dengan unit fungsional 1 kg tahu. Data yang dikumpulkan pada penelitian ini adalah data
rata-rata produksi tahu selama 3 bulan, yaitu Bulan Januari - Bulan Maret 2018. Data LCA pada penelitian ini meliputi proses
budidaya kedelai, proses transportasi pengiriman kedelai, air, kayu bakar, dan penggunaan listrik. Batasan penelitian ini adalah
dari cradle (budidaya kedelai) sampai gate (produk tahu). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa UKM Tahu Mampang Prapatan
memiliki potensi dampak pemanasan global dengan nilai sebesar 3.84 kg CO 2-ek, sedangkan nilai pemanasan global pada
proses produksi tahu dengan skenario proses pengolahan limbah cair dan penggunaan Liquified Petoleum Gas (LPG) sebagai
bahan bakar proses perebusan bubur kedelai sebesar 4.49 kg CO2-ek. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini emisi gas rumah kaca
(CO2) yang dikeluarkan, maka intervensi yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengoptimalkan penggunaan bahan baku produksi untuk
menekan dampak pemanasan global kg CO2-ek.
Kata kunci : Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca, Pemanasan Global, LCA, Tahu
*
Corresponding and main contributor author. Tel.: +6221 756 0929
E-mail address. moeryanto.mrt@gmail.com
9
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
10
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
11
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
12
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
The inventory data shown in Table 1 are production process. The type of electricity chosen in this study was
average data in each batch and detailed assumptions originated from ecoinvent 3.0 data, namely electricity
used are presented in SM 4. All of these data have the originating from the National Electricity Company.
same criteria and types of actual conditions. Every 1
batch requires 10 kg of soybean as raw material. One Furthermore, the energy used for the tofu
working day or 8 hours of work time produces 60 production process is the energy derived from burning
batches of tofu production process. The raw materials firewood. The type of firewood found in this study was
used by SMEs Tofu Mampang Prapatan were imported originated from data derived from ecoinvent 3.0.
from America. Firewood is the main energy for the evaporation
process of water in a boiler system that used to produce
Based on the transportation calculation explained in steam water. This steam water is used to cook soybean
Table 1, data of transportation use for the process of curd. The firewood originates from Bogor, therefore
transporting the raw materials of soybean was the data for transportation of firewood used in this study
calculated from the soybean cultivation location in was based on the distance from Bogor to the SMES
Chicago to SMEs Tofu Mampang Prapatan. Tofu Mampang Prapatan and the type of vehicle used.
Transportation data was obtained by calculating the The distance calculation of firewood shipping was
distance between the places and type of vehicle used. aided with Google map software. In the next stage, data
Data regarding distances was obtained with the help of inventory that has been collected was calculated and
Google map software and sea distance. The soybean processed using SimaPro 8.4 software to evaluate the
shipping pathway used in this study is a common impact of global warming. The results of calculations
American soybean distribution route used to ship to and processed data inventory are displayed in the form
various countries [23]. The type of vehicle chosen in of LCA diagrams.
this study was done using the secondary data from
ecoinvent 3.0. In this case, there are three types of 3.2. Impact Assessment
soybean shipping transportation modes, namely trains, 3.2.1. Global Warming
ships, and trucks.
The processes that exist in this industry that use
Tofu production used electric energy to run a water energy that have the potential to contribute to
pump to provide water availability during the greenhouse gas emissions are the transportation
production process and has the role of running a process, the tofu production process, and the electricity
grinding machine which used in the soybean grinding process. The process carried out by humans is not
13
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
analysed for its environmental impact, because energy of germs, resulting in foul odour and causing pollution
factors that support human activities are very complex, to the river [9]. One of the effects of greenhouse gas is
therefore the human energy was ignored. The highest caused by methane gas emissions, in which methane is
percentage of the impact value of global warming listed a hydrocarbon gas that is mostly derived from nature
in Table 2 is the transportation process for the delivery and produced by the decomposition of anaerobic
of soybean raw materials from soybean cultivation to organic matter [24].
Mampang Tofu SMEs, which is 1.61 kg CO2-eq and the
A policy needs to deal with the tofu industry waste
second percentage is soybean cultivation, which is 1.53
to create a scenario for waste treatment, therefore the
kg CO2-eq.
tofu industrial waste water can be processed before
The transportation calculation results in the highest being discharged directly into the river.
percentage because fuel energy is needed in
This paper also modelled the waste treatment
transportation to energise the modes of transportation.
scenario according to field conditions. This aims to
Soybean cultivation was ranked second there is a
determine the impact of global warming that occurs if
considerable amount of energy used to cultivate
there is a scenario of waste treatment in the tofu
soybeans into superior soybean seeds, which were
industry. The waste treatment scenario chosen in this
electricity and fuel energy. Based on the results of
study refers to the ecoinvent 3.0 data, namely waste
inventory data collection and determining the value of
water treatment for domestic waste water organic. The
impacts, these results can be used to interpret and draw
process of waste water treatment for waste water was
conclusions regarding the goals and scope of LCA
originated and contaminated by waste containing
research. Furthermore, the data was calculated and
organic or soybean skin and waste water originated
processed, hence the resulting LCA diagram was
from the tofu production process. The greenhouse gas
produced with SimaPro 8.4 software as attached to SM
emissions come from the waste treatment process,
1.
therefore the total value of the overall level of global
3.2.2. Waste treatment warming impacted to the environment during the
production process with a scenario of waste water
In accordance with the purpose of this study, waste
treatment is 4.76 kg of CO2-eq and non-waste water
water was also considered as an impact of global
treatment process is 3.84 kg of CO2- eq. Table 2 shows
warming. This waste water comes from the ongoing
the value of the global warming impact from the
production process and must be handled properly.
production of 1 kg of tofu.
Tofu industry produces top waste water and bottom
WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant) used in this
waste water. Table 3 explained the amount of waste
scenario is a WWTP that has a function to treat organic
water released from each production process. Waste
waste from soybeans and emissions data which
water released by the tofu industry has the effect of
obtained from secondary from ecoinvent 3.0. The uses
greenhouse gas emissions and it has an impact on the
of WWTP in the waste treatment process that come
environment surrounding the industry, especially the
from the process of tofu production generate organic
river environment. This waste water contains solids
waste. The organic waste in WWTP will form methane
which produce toxic substances and induces the growth
gas[24].
Table 2. The value of the impact of global warming on the production process at 1 kg of tofu
Without cesspool process (current
Impact Process of global warming Process type condition)
Kg CO2-eq %
Soybeans cultivation Background process 1.53 39.84
Soybeans transportation Background process 1.61 41.93
Production Process
1. Soaking soybeans Foreground process 0.02 0.52
2. Cleaning soybeans Foreground process - -
3. Grinding soybeans Foreground process 0.04 1.04
4. Boiling soybeans Foreground process 0.57 14.84
5. Screening soybeans Foreground process 0.02 0.52
6. Soybeans curd Foreground process 0.05 1.30
7. Pressing (Tofu) Foreground process - -
Total 3.84 100
14
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
In this study, methane gas has a value of greenhouse process. It should be noted that greenhouse gas
gas emissions, however the impact is not examined in emissions is smaller when the combustion process uses
this study, therefore further research is needed to natural gas instead of firewood.
minimise the methane gas that exits the WWTP system.
Base on the waste treatment scenario, so this paper will
comparison impact global warming between without
waste water treatment process scenario and with waste
water treatment process is shown in Table 4. The results
of this study showed that the level of global warming
produced by the tofu industry in Mampang Prapatan
with a scenario of waste water treatment has a higher
global warming rate compared to the case without Figure 3. Scenario of WWTP at SMEs Mampang Prapatan
waste water treatment. The calculation and processing The research conducted by Meija [1] stated that
of data with the scenario of waste water treatment global warming in the United States reached 0.982 kg
displayed in the form of LCA diagrams with SimaPro CO2-eq/kg. The research conducted by Meija has
8.4 software are shown in appendix SM 2. smaller global warming impact compared to the case in
The high level of global warming in the scenario of SMEs Tofu Mampang Prapatan due to the same
waste treatment with a value difference of 0.92 kg dominant factors as stated by Blonk, namely (1) the
CO2-eq compared to the scenario without waste research was conducted in the United States, where the
treatment is a common problem that occurs due to the United States is a source of soybeans, therefore
additional waste treatment process. This waste greenhouse gases emissions from the soybeans
treatment process has CO2 gas emissions released in the transportation process are smaller. (2) The use of
system, therefore proves that the waste water treatment natural gas energy for boiler processes in the tofu
plant used to degrade organic material has the effect of industry, As noted before greenhouse gas emissions is
forming methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases [24]. smaller when the combustion process uses natural gas
compared to firewood. In terms of soybean cultivation
In this research location, based on the difference in SMEs Tofu Mampang, the value of global warming
between the case where the scenario was carried out is greater than the results of the overall study by
and the case without the scenario, it can be concluded Meija[1]. This is because Meija [1] study did not take
that the value global warming impact due to greenhouse soybean cultivation into account.
gases that take place during the production process has
different levels due to influence factors. Table 5 Furthermore, the research conducted by Wahyudi
explains the important role of factors that influence the stated that the impact of global warming in the Tofu
level of greenhouse gas emissions based on research Industry of Kajen Village was 1.849 kg CO2-eq/kg tofu.
conducted by other researchers. Meanwhile, the results of research conducted by
Sahirman stated that global warming released by the
Table 5 shows the results of research conducted by Tofu Kalisari Industry was 1.98 kg CO2-eq/kg tofu. The
Blonk [25] which stated that global warming in the research of Wahyudi [26] and Sahirman [27] have
Netherlands was 1.9 kg CO2-eq/kg tofu. Blonk’s result nearly the same global warming impact value; this is
had a smaller global warming impact compared to the because the limitations of the research conducted by
case in SMEs Tofu Mampang Prapatan due to the these two studies are gate. Due to differences in
dominant factors, namely (1) the research location is in research limitations, greenhouse gas emissions are
the Netherlands, which is closer to the United States as released in the production process is smaller compared
a source of soybeans compared to Indonesia, therefore to the case in SMEs Tofu Mampang Prapatan. This is
greenhouses gas emissions in the process of because greenhouse gas emissions in the soybean
transporting soybeans is smaller. (2) The Netherland transportation process are ignored.
research used natural gas energy for the tofu production
15
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
Table 4. Comparisons of Impact global warming in every process and source energy
Global warming impact from the process Process type Without waste water With waste water
treatment process treatment process
kg CO2-eq % kg CO2-eq %
Soybeans transportation Background 1.61 42.14 1.61 34.30
process
Soybeans cultivation Background 1.53 39.84 1.53 32.10
process
Use of firewood in industry Foreground 0.59 15.32 0.59 12.20
process
Use of electric in industry Foreground 0.11 2.70 0.11 2.20
process
Waste water treatment Foreground - - 0.92 19.20
in industry process
Total 3.84 100 4.76 100
Functions
1 kg of tofu
unit
Global
warming
impact (kg 1.9 0.982 1.849 1.98 3.84 4.76
CO2-eq)
The results of comparison between the SMEs impact can be seen in Table 2. The highest contributing
Tofu Mampang Prapatan and the research conducted in factors are the soybean transportation process and
other places that contribute to the high global warming
16
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
kg CO2-eq kg CO2-eq
soybean cultivation because these two factors use recommended to reduce the level of COD and load of
a lot of energy sources. In other studies, the process of waste in the river, thus the damp waste treatment
soybean cultivation was not taken into account, hence improves the environmental quality of the waste water
the value of global warming was smaller compared to of tofu industry [27]. Due to the high value of the
this study. global warming impact on the scenario of waste
management, it is highly recommended to reduce the
3.2.3. Scenario using of Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG usage in the scenario, therefore global warming
The fuel usage factor in the boiler system also value can be reduced by 4.49 kg CO2-eq.
gives high contribution to the value of global warming The comparison of the global warming value in
impact. The research conducted at SMEs Tofu each research location results in a variety of values due
Mampang Prapatan found that the process uses to differences in boundary systems that have been set
firewood as its fuel energy source. The value of global by the researchers, selected inventory data, production
warming impact from firewood is higher compared to sites, transportation data, as well as energy materials
natural gas from fuel which was carried out on Blonk used for the production process. These differences are
and Meija research locations. The high global warming natural if the comparison factors are different, therefore
impact from heating value conditions in this study the comparison factor must be equated to be able to
became the consideration for the scenario substituting compare the level of global warming. According to
fuel wood to another fuel with smaller value global Table 4, what really needs to be emphasised is the
warming impact. The condition that can be carried out origin of the soybean raw materials, as long as the
according to the location of this research is the use of soybean raw materials are used in industries in
LPG as a firewood substitute, because natural gas is not Indonesia, especially in this study are from the United
available at this research site. States, this certainly contributes the most greenhouse
gas emissions or hotspots produced during soybeans
This scenario used LPG fuel data from ecoinvent 3.0. transportation. Furthermore, this study also calculated
The boiling process of 10 kg soybean raw material soybean cultivation in detail, thus soybean cultivation
requires energy of 40.102 kcal[28]., therefore it contributes to global warming which ranked second
requires 0.87 kg in this scenario. The type of LPG after transporation. Such conditions require a policy
chosen in this study was LPG which has the same that can be carried out by the SMES Tofu Mampang
criteria and types between the conditions thus it is Prapatan. The policy can be started from the use of raw
possible to be done on the SMES Tofu Mampang materials in the production process, as well as
Prapatan. increasing efficiency of firewood and electricity usage.
In terms of energy used for the boiler process, it should
Table 6 shows the value of global warming impact be in accordance with Table 6 which explains that the
if a scenario to replace firewood to LPG is in place. The scenario of using LPG can reduce the value of the
result of using LPG was 0.31 kg CO2-eq, therefore total global warming impact.
process with the scenario of waste treatment and the
scenario of using LPG was 4.49 kg CO2-eq/kg tofu. 4. CONCLUSIONS
These results prove that the use of LPG fuels has a
better impact and has a smaller global warming value 1 kg of tofu production has global warming impact of
compared to firewood usage. 3.84 kg CO2-eq. If waste water treatment is included in
the calculation, the impact of global warming increases
3.3. Repairing Analysis and Interpretation to 4.76 kg CO2-eq, and if a scenario of replacing LPG
to firewood is used, the impact of global warming
This research shows that using waste treatment decreased to 4.49 kg CO2-eq/kg tofu.
process at SMES Tofu Mampang Prapatan has a higher
impact on global warming with a value of 4.76 kg CO2- This research recommends waste treatment scenario to
eq compared to the case without waste treatment be done by the industry in order to protect the quality
process with a value of 3.84 kg CO2-eq. This is because of river environment from the impact of waste water.
the plant releases greenhouse gas emissions when the Furthermore, the scenario of using LPG as a substitute
process takes place. Based on the field condition, the for firewood is very useful to reduce the value of global
scenario of a waste water treatment process is strongly warming impact from the boiler process. Although the
results are higher, it can reduce waste. The process to
17
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
reduce the impact can be done with efficient waste [12] Pernollet F, Coelho CRV, Wert HMG. Methods to
water treatment process. This research also proves that simplify diet and food life cycle inventories:
the value of greenhouse gas emissions is different in accuracy versus data-collection resources. Journal
each study conducted by different researchers; this is of cleaner production vol 140. 2016 Juni 23:410-
because the level of greenhouse gas emissions is 420.
influenced by the researchers in determining the [13] Dewa RP, Idrus S. Identifikasi cemaran air limbah
boundary system in their research. industri tahu di Kota Ambon. Journal of Biam vol
13 no 2. 2017 December 29:11-15.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [14] Daddi T, Nucci B, Iraldo F. Using life cycle
The researchers are grateful for University of assessment (LCA) to measure the enviromental
Indonesia, Research Center for Chemistry LIPI, and benefit of industrial symbiosis in an industrial
tofu industry in SMES Tofu Mampang Prapatan to cluster of SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production vol
provide data for this research. 147. 2017 September 30:157-164.
[15] Google Maps. Google. www.google.co.id/maps/.
REFERENCE 2019.
[16] Sea Distances. www.sea-distances.org. 2019.
[1] Meija A, Harwatt H, Siegl KJ, Sranacharoenpong [17] Sihombing ALSM, Susila IMAD, Magdalena, M.
K, Soret S, Sabate J. Greenhouse gas emissions Perhitungan nilai faktor emisi CO2 dari
generated by tofu production: A case study. pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro sistem
Journal of hunger and environmental nutrition. terisolasi. Journal of electricity and renewable
2017 Juni 28:1-12. energy. vol 14 no 1. 2015 Juni 1:29-36.
[2] Samiaji T. Upaya mengurangi CO2 di atmosfer. [18] Hanserud, OS, Cherubini F, Ogaard AF, Muller
Journal of dirgantara news vol 10 no 3. 2009 DB, Brattebo H. Choice of mineral fertilize
September 3:92-95. substitution priciple strongly influences LCA
[3] Presidential Regulation Number 61 of 2011 about environmenral benefits of nutrient cycling in the
National Action Plan for Decreasing Greenhouse agri food system. Journal science of the Total
Gas Emissions. 2011. Environment vol 615. 2017 September 30:219-
[4] Fadholah R, Setyawan A, Suryoto. Konsumsi 227.
energi dan emisi gas rumah kaca (CO2) pada [19] SimaPro. SimaPro 8.4 ed. Amersfoort. The
proses pelaksanaan pekerjaan perkerasan jalan. Netherlands: Pre Product Ecology Consultants.
Journal of civil engineering. 2017 Maret:326-334. 2017
[5] Smith P, Gregory PJ. Climate change and [20] Sorensen BL, Wenzel H. Life Cycle assessment of
sustainable food production. Proceeding nutrition alternative bedpans- a case of comparing
society. 2012 November 12 (pp. 21-28). disposable and reusable devices. Journal of
[6] United nations framework convention on climate cleaner production vol 83. 2014 Juli 31: 70-79.
change 10th conference of the parties. Journal [21] ISO. Environmental Management e Life Cycle
international laws of Universitas Indonesia vol 2 Assessment e Principles and Framework.
no 2. 2005 Januari 2: 396-433. Switzerland, Geneva. 2006
[7] Carolina RA, Mulatsih S, Anggraeni. Analisis [22] Bingxiong L, Xiangyuan D, Simin H. The
volatilitas harga dan integrasi pasar kedelai economic and environmental implications of waste
Indonesia dengan pasar kedelai dunia. Journal of watermanagement policy in China: From the LCA
agro economic vol 34 no 1. 2016 Maret 21:47-66. perspective. Journal of cleaner production vol 142.
[8] Yuwono SS, Hayati KK, Wulan SN. Karakterisasi 2016 Oktober 21:3544-3557.
fisik, kimia dan fraksi protein 7S dan 11S sepuluh [23] Xiang L, Yun B, Jihong C. An intermodal
varietas kedelai produksi Indonesia. Journal of transportation geospatial network modeling for
agriculture techno vol 4 no 1. 84-90. containerized soybean shipping. Journal of ocean
[9] Rahmawati F. Teqnologi proses pengolahan pahu engineering and science vol 2. 2017 Mei 24:143–
dan pemanfaatan limbahnya. Proceeding State 153.
University of Yogyakarta. 2013 Mei 17 (pp.1-12). [24] Linarsih, Sarto. Emisi gas rumah kaca metana dan
[10] Sarwono, Pratama W. Analisis daya saing kedelai karbon dioksida pada proses pengolahan limbah
Indonesia. Journal of economics and policy vol cair kelapa sawit. Journal of community medicine
711. 2014 September:135-140. and public health-UGM vol 34 no 3. 2018 Maret
[11] Wulandari MT, Hemawan, Purwanto. Kajian emisi 15:107-114.
CO2 berdasarkan penggunaan energi rumah tangga [25] Blonk H, Kool A, Luske B, de Waart S.
sebagai penyebab pemanasan global. Proceeding Environmental Effects of Protein-Rich Food
national conference of processing of natural Products in the Netherlands: Consequences of
resources and enviromental. 2013 (pp 434-440). Animal Protein Substitutes; Blonk Milieu Advies,
Netherlands. 2008
18
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
[26] Wahyudi J. Penerapan life cycle assessment untuk bed untuk pengolahan limbah cair industri tahu
menakar emisi gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan menjadi biogas di Kota Probolinggo. Journal of
dari aktivitas produksi tahu. Journal of university ecology technology vol. 19 no 1. 2018 Januari
research colloquium. 2017:475-480. 1:61-70.
[27] Sahirman S, Ardiansyah. Perkiraan carbon
footprint industri tahu banyumas-langkah awal
menuju hijau. Proceeding national conference of
science and science education. IX vol 5 no 1. 2014
Juni 21:344-348.
[28] Prasetyadi, Wardani LA, Kusnoputranto H.
evaluasi kinerja operasi sistem anaerobik tipe fixed
19
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
1 kg 3.84 kg CO2 eq
6. Soybeans curd
7. Pressing process 0.0 kg CO2-eq
3.84 kg CO2-eq
1.31 kg
6. Penggumpalan
3.84 kg CO2 eq
13.7 kg
6a. Aci
3.55 kg CO2 eq
5. Screening soybeans
0.01 kg CO2-eq
45.9 kg
5. Penyaringan kedelai
3.84 kg CO2 eq
4. Boiling soybeans
40.4 kg
4. Perebusan bubur
0.60 kg CO2-eq
kedelai
3.83 kg CO2 eq
3. Grinding soybeans
0.06 kg CO2-eq 23.1 kg 31.4 kg
3. Penggilingan kedelai 4b. Proses boiler
0.01 kg CO2-eq 3.17 kg CO2 eq 0.106 kg CO2 eq 0.148 kg CO2 eq 0.637 kg CO2 eq
4.94 kg 0.366 MJ
1d. Kedelai Electricity, high voltage
{ID}| market for | Alloc
Def, U
4.94 kg
1b. Transportasi
Portland Maine to
Cigading
2.95 kg CO2 eq
2.03 kg CO2 eq
{GLO}| processing |
0.924 kg CO2 eq
0.226 kg CO2 eq 0.0859 kg CO2 eq 0.653 kg CO2 eq 0.501 kg CO2 eq 0.13 kg CO2 eq 0.0841 kg CO2 eq
0.0963 kg CO2 eq 0.237 kg CO2 eq 0.101 kg CO2 eq 0.126 kg CO2 eq 0.0894 kg CO2 eq
0.000813 my 0.243 MJ
Railway track {RoW}| Electricity, medium
construction | Alloc Def, voltage {CN}| market
U group for | Alloc Def, U
20
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
1 kg 4.76 kg CO2 eq
6. Soybeans curd
7. Pressing process 0.06 kg CO2-eq
4.76 kg CO2-eq
1.31 kg
6. Penggumpalan
4.75 kg CO2 eq
13.7 kg
6a. Aci
4.34 kg CO2 eq
5. Screening soybeans
0.06 kg CO2-eq
45.9 kg
5. Penyaringan kedelai
4.69 kg CO2 eq
4. Boling soybeans
40.4 kg
4. Perebusan bubur
kedelai
0.81 kg CO2-eq
3. Grinding 4.68 kg CO2 eq
0.05 kg CO2-eq
23.1 kg 31.4 kg
3. Penggilingan kedelai 4b. Proses boiler
2. Cleaning soybeans
0.27 kg CO2-eq
6.91 kg 0.352 MJ 22.8 kg
2. Pencucian kedelai Electricity, medium 4a. Transportasi kayu
voltage {ID}| market for bakar
| Alloc Def, U
0.39 kg CO2-eq
4.94 kg 29.4 kg 0.366 MJ
1d. Kedelai Waste water treatment, Electricity, high voltage
domestic waste water {ID}| market for | Alloc
according to the Def, U
Transportation of 4.94 kg
4.94 kg
Background process
1b. Transportasi
Portland Maine to
Cigading
Foreground process
1.61 kg CO2-eq
4.94 kg 80.8 tkm
1a. Transportasi Transport, freight, sea,
Chicago to Portland transoceanic ship
Maine {GLO}| processing |
0.226 kg CO2 eq 0.0859 kg CO2 eq 0.653 kg CO2 eq 0.501 kg CO2 eq 0.13 kg CO2 eq
0.000813 my
Railway track {RoW}|
construction | Alloc Def,
U
0.101 kg CO2 eq
21
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
SM 3. The results diagram LCA tofu with waste water treatment and LPG usage
6. Soybeans curd
0.06 kg CO2-eq
1 kg
7. Pressing process
4.49 kg CO2-eq
5. Screening soybeans
0.01 kg CO2-eq
2. Cleaning soybeans
0.27 kg CO2-eq
1. Soaking soybeans
0.39 kg CO2-eq
Transportation of
soybeans shipping
1.61 kg CO2-eq
Soybeans cultivation
1.53 kg CO2-eq Background process
Foreground process
22
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
a. Train Transportations
b. Ship Transportations
c. Truck Transportations
23
Sukmana et al. / IJoLCAS 3, 2(2019)
The electrical energy usage is an activity in the tofu industry to obtain and process the production using electricity
in the process of providing clean water and soybean grinders. The type of electrical energy was determined using
secondary data from ecoinvent 3.0 database.
SM 5. Emission Factors
24