BENDING AND SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAM

INTRODUCTION

When some external load acts on a beum, the shear force and bending moments are
set up at all sections of the beam. Due to the shear force and bending moment, the beam
undergoes certain deformation. The material of the beam will offer resistance or stresses
against these deformations. These stresses with certain assumptions can be calculated. The
stresses introduced by bending moment are known as bending stresses. In this chapter, the
theory of pure bending. Expression for bending stresses, bending stress in symmetrical and
unsymmetrical sections. Strength of a beam and composite beams will be discussed.
Eg. Consider a piece of rubber, most conveniently of rectangular cross-section, is bent
between one’s fingers it is readily apparent that one surface of the rubber is stretched, ie
put into tension, and the opposite surface is compressed.

SIMPLE BENDING

A theory which deals with finding stresses at a section due to pure

moment is called hending theory. If we now consider a heam initially unstressed and
subjected to a constant B.M. along its length, it will band to a radius R as shown in Fig. b. As
a result of this healing the top fibres of the beam will be subjected to tension and the
bottom to compression. Somewhere between the two surfaces, there are points at which
the stress is zero. The locus of all such points is termed the neutral axis (NA). The radius of
curvature R is then measured to this axis. For symmetrical sections the NA is the axis of
symmetry, but whatever the section the N.A. will always pass through the centre of area or
centroid.
Beam subjected to pure bending (a) before, and (b) after, the moment
M has been applied.
In simple bending the plane of muniverse loads and the centroidal plane coincide. The
theory of simple bending was developed by Galelio, Hermosilli and St. Venant Sometimes
this theory is Called Bernoulli’s theory of simple bending.

ASSUMPTIONS IN SIMPLE BENDING

The following asumptions are made in the theory of simple bending
1.The beam is initially straight and unstressed.
2.The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic, ie, of the same density
And elastic properties throughout
3.The elastic unit is nowhere exceeded
4.Young’s modulus for the material is the same in tension and compression.
5.Plane cross-sections remains plane before and after bending
6.Every cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about the plane of bending, le, about an
Axis perpendicular to the NA
7.There is no resultant force perpendicular to any cross-section. The radius of curvature is
large compared to depth of bean
DERIVATION OF BENDING EQUATION

Consider a length of beam under the action of a bending moment M as shown in Fig. 6.2. N-
Nis the original length considered of the beam. The neutral surface is a plane through X-X.
In the side view NA indicates the neutral axis. O is the centre of curvature on bonding
(Fig.2b)

R = radius of curvature of the neutral surface

0-angle subtended by the beam length at centre O
Σ = longitudinal stress

A filament of original length NN at a distance v from the neutral axis will be elongated to a
Length AB
Thus stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis NA. This suggests that for
the sake of weight reduction and economy, it is always advisable to make the cross-section
of beams such that most of the material is concentrated at the greatest distance from the
neutral axis. Thus there is universal adoption of the I-section for steel beams. Now let & be
an element of cross- sectional area of a transverse plane at a distance v from the neutral
axis NA (Fig.6..2).
For pure hending. Net normal force on the cross-section-0

This indicates the condition that the neutral axis passes through the centrid of the section.
Also, Bending moment of the normal forces about neutral axis

Where I’d and is known as the moment of inertia or second moment of area of the Section.
From (1) and (ii),

Where,
MBending Moment at a section (N-mm)
1-Moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam about Neutral axis (mm)
Hending stress in a fibre located at distance y from neutral axis (N/mm). This stress could
be
Compressive stress or tensile stress depending on the location of the fibre. -Distance of the
fibre under consideration from neutral axis (mm)
E-Young’s Modulus of the material of the beam (N/mm)
R= Radius of curvature of the best beim (m)

SECTION MODULUS

The maximum tenuile and compressive stresses in the beam occur at points located
farthest from the neutral axis. Let us denote y and yy as the distances from the neutral axis
to the extreme fibres at the top and the bottom of the beam. Then the maximum bending
normal stresses are

Heru. Z und Z. are called section moduli of the cross sectional area, and they have
dimensions of length to the third power (ex. Mm). If the cross section is symmetrical (like
rectangular or square sections), then Z-Z-Z, and 2 is called as section modules. Section
modulay is defined as the ratio of rectangular moment of inertia of the section to the
distance of the remate layer from the neutral axis. Thus, general expression for bending
stress reduces to

It is seen from the above expression that for a given bending moment, it is in the best
interests of the designer of the beam to procure high value for section modulus so as to
minimise the bending stress. More the section modulus designer provides for the beam,
less will be the bending stress generated for a given value of bending moment.
MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF A SECTION

From bending equation we have

It shows bending stress is maximum on the extreme fibre where y is maximum. In any
design this extreme fibre stress should not exceed maximum permissible stress. F sigma is
the permissible Stress, then in a design

Or if M is taken as maximum moment carrying capacity of the section,

The moment of inertia 1 and extreme fibre distance are the properties of cross-section
Hence. Vy is the property of cross-sectional area and is turmod as section modulus and is
denoted by Z. Thus the moment carrying capacity of a section is given by

If permissible stresses in tension and compression are different, mement carrying capacity
in tension and compression are found separately by considering respective extreme fibres
and the smallest one is taken as moment currying capacity of the section.
Expressions for section modulus of various standard cross-sections are derived below
We know that beams are usually subjected to varying bending moment and shearing
forces. The relation between bending moment M and shearing force F is dM/dx-F. Bending
stress act longitudinally and its intensity is directly proportional to its distance from neutral
axis. Now we will find the stresses induced by shearing force.
Consider an elemental length of beam between the sections A-A and B- B Separated by a
distance dx as shown in Fig. 6.3a. Let the moments acting at A- A and B-B
Be M and M+dM.
There are a number of vach elements above section CD. Hence unbalance horizontal force
above Section CD

This horizontal force is resisted by shearing stresses acting horizontally on plane at CTX Let
intensity of shearing stress be q. Then equating shearing force to unbalanced horizontal
force we get.

Where a is the moment of an above the section under consideration about neutral axis.
From equation, dM/dx-F

From the above expression it may be noted that shearing stress on extreme fibre is zero.
SHEAR STRESSES ACROSS RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
Consider a rectangular section of width and depth of subjected to sheating force F. Let 4-1
be

The section at distance from neutral axis as shown in Fig. 6.4. We know that shear stress at
this section

Where aty is the moment of area above this section (shown shaded) about the neutral axis.
Thus, maximum shear stress is 1.5 times the average shear stress in rectangular section and
occurs at the neutral axis. Shear stress variation is parabolic. Shear stresa vanation diagram
across the section is shown in Fig.64b

WORKED EXAMPLES

1) A simply supported beam of span 5 c-section 150 mm 250 munt. If this permissible
stress is 10 mm, find o masin intensity of uniformly distributed load it can carry. (b)
maximum concentrated load P applied at 2 m from me and it can camy
 Equating it to moment carrying capacity, we get maximum intensity of load as

2) A symmetric I-section has flanges of sire 150 mm x 10 mm and in overall depth is 500
mm. Thickness of with is 3 mm. It is strengtheNed with a plate of size 240 mm s 12
mm on compression side. Find the moment of resistance of the section, if permiables
is 150 N/mm How much uniformly distributed load it can carry if it is used as a
cantilever of span 3 m?

Solution
The section of beam is as shown in Fig. Let be the distance of centroid from the
bottom-most Fibre.
3) A T-stion is formed by cutting the bottom flange of an section. The nange is 100 mm x
21 mm and the wich is 150 m x 20mm. Thus the bonding stress distribution diagrams
if Bending moment at a section of the beam is 10 kN (hogging)

The given bending moment is hogging and hence negative and the tensile stresses
occur at top fibre and compressive stresses in bottom fibres.
4) Fig shows the c-section of a beam which is subjected to a shear force of 20 kN, Draw
shear stress distribution acrins the depth marking values at saliem points.
Thank you