Salvete omnes!

Welcome everyone to the course Latin Language and Culture I. Our course starts on
Monday, August 28 at 11.00 and we will probably convene in the 'Voltaire' building
(please keep an eye on your schedule for the exact room). I have uploaded the Course
Manual on Blackboard (under 'Course Content'), so please have a good look before we
meet. For planetary reasons, I will not provide you with a printed copy, but you could of
course print it yourself.

During the course, we will cover one chapter every class. Some of you may want to read
the chapter already before class (while others prefer to be surprised) - please feel free to
do so! On Monday, we will start with chapter I. What I do want everyone to do for the first
class, is to prepare answers to the following two questions (make some notes so that
you can elaborate on your answer in class):

1) Do you think Latin is still relevant today? Why so?

Relevance is relative.

Claiming that knowing latin nowadays is of common or of key importance is delusional

and does not reflect the modern world.

Nevertheless the heritage of latin in our society is absolutely massive. As native speaker
of a latin language nearly all used words have latin roots.

For me my interest and the relevance I see in Latin stem from its presence as an
academic and elite language for millennials making it extremely valuable to any person
interested in Western History.

2) What Latin or Latin-based words or expressions do you already know? Please make a
list!

Alea jacta est

Deus vult

Veni vidi Vici

Quo Vadis

Pontifex Maximus

Imperio romano
Carpe diem

SPQR Senatus populus Que Romanus

Lecture 1

Et-cetera → et encore
mutatis mutandis → The same applies with the changes made
Captatio-benevolentiae → Grab someone's good will
ad hominem → (of an argument or reaction) directed against a person rather than the
position they are maintaining.

Verbs :

inflection : conjugaison vs declension

Derivation : transformation of the nature of the word; ex to sing → an singer

Personal endings :

lauda-o ao difficult to pronounce so you'd pronounce it laudo

lauda's
laudes-t
lauda-mus
lauda-tis
lauda-nt

Imperative

Only singular and plural

Stem or stem + te

For next class

Re read the chapter + learn the vocabulary of the chapter

me : myself
quid : what
nihil : nothing
non, ad. (adverb), nit
saepe : often
alo, amare, amavi,amatum :to love, like
ETC look at the course

Peux être un peu d’assimil

Translate what follows in the chapter

Chaper exercises can be found starting 413

7 : They Remind me if I’m wrong

8 : He reminds them if they are wrong
9 : Warn me if I’m wrong
10 : You must remind me
11: You must serve me
12 : You shall not praise me
13 : What is he giving? He often gives nothing
14 : They often call and warn me
15 : I see nothing. What do you see?
16 : Praise me if I’m not wrong, please
17 : If you're strong, we’re strong
18 : If he is strong I am strong
19 : If he loves me, he must praise me
20 : Maintain me
21 : I mustn’t be wrong
22 : What must we praise?
23 : He sees, he thinks, he warns

Lecture 2

First group :
- a/as/am endings
- feminin words

- a Nominative → something is the subject of the action

- ae Genitive → noun which modifies another noun
- ae Dative → indirect object/ to tell something about a noun it has to be in the
same case, singular or plural
- am Accusatif → signal that something is the object
- a Ablative → Noun is none of the above but provides extra information
- ae Nominative
- aerum Genitive pl
- ortis Dative pl
- ortas Accusatif pl
- ortis Ablative plural
Genitive often translated with the english preposition of

Exercises chapter 2 :

- 2 : 1 → accusative/ 2→dative/3→ nominative/4→ Ablative/5→ Genitive/6→ dative

- 4:1 →Genitive plural; of/ 2→ Nominatif or ablative singular; the/ 3→ genitive and
dative singular, nominative plural; of , the, a / 4→ Datif or ablatif plural
- 5 : a girl, the girl, girls, the girls, countries, country, the country, the countries,

Another Case : The vocative

Sententiae Chapter II

1. Hello, Oh fatherland
2. Rumors and feelings are volatile
3. Give the pardon to the girl please
4. Clemency will serve you in multiple lives
5. He carries many coins
6. Your often praise but reject the fortunes and lives of antique nations
→ You praise both fortune and life of the ancient fatherland
7. My order to you, avoid crowds. ???
8. I, philosopher give
9. Philosophy is an art of life
10. Conserve the healthy form of life
11. Excessives anger makes you insane
12. What does he think?
13. We advise to live anger
14. He exonarates me for my cruel chain
15. They do not fear the wheel of fortune
16. Puellae salvant poetam vitae
17. Sine philosophiae saepe sumus irritas et exonarum
→ seape erramus sine philosophia et poenas damus.
18. Si patria valam, nautis nihil terret et monet laudam magnae fortunae
19. Saepe vident poenam tue irae et magnant me
20. Antica porta est magnam. → Porta antica magna est

Lecture 3

Preporision In makes words after it accusatives or ablatif. In + accusatif means in direction/

in + ablatif means in the location of the forest

Second declension

Nominatif : amicus amici

Genitif : amici amicorum
Datif : amico amicis
Accusatif : amicum amicos
Ablatif : amico amicis

Names in Ius end in I in vocatif

Masculines in -er

puer, ager

Nam sg puer ager

Gen.sg pueri agri
Datif sg puero agro

Word Order

- Predicate often at the end of a sentence or clause

- Pitfall for many new learned : object can be at the start fo the sentence
- Marcum videt
- if possible end the sentence with a verb, but principle often gives way th rhythm

We see the son of the roman sailors in the fields

Today, the boys talk to the girls
Your friends wisdom, Oh daughter of mine always praises
Multiple men and women preserve antique philosophy
Si ira valet, O fili, saepe erasmus et poenas dare.

Sentencia Antiquae :

My little book and my sentences warn the lives of men.

Vita non valet sed amicis

For next week exercitationes III

New second declension -neuters

Nominatif: donum dona

Genitif : doni donorum
Datif : Dono Donis
Accusatif : Donum Dona
Ablatif : Dono Donis

Remember for est→ order matters it it … is, or there is …. → Not the same meaning

Transform words into adverb with the ending base+e, tells about the verb

The rarity of friendship

A few men have true friends, and few are worthy. True friendship is noble and everything
noble is rare. Many foolish men always think about money, few about friends, but they errr.
We can be strong without much money but without friendship we aren’t strong and life is
nothing.

Sentencia antigua :

Fortune is blind
If they are worthy, you are unfortunate
Hello, Oh my friend, you are one of the few good.
To err is human
Nothing is always great
Delay is the cure to anger .
Good Daphne, my friend, she likes peace and the life of the famers.
9. The teacher often gives cookies and gifts to the small kids.

Nauta Romanus

de goes with the ablatif

Sentencia IV

Endings For future are the szmr buy with a b at the end of the root, it becomes bi for
pronunciation reasons when necessary

ba signifies imperfect tense

Adjectives in er

Sentencia antiqua :

You will not endure the envy of the roman people tomorrow
Did the danger therefore remain yesterday?
A narrow mind loves money
The spirit above is you anger
O my friends, the fault is mine!
Pardon for my son and daughters.
Please take care of my daughter

Non cenat sine apro nister, Tite, Caecilianus: bellum convivam Caecilianus habet.
Titus, “Caecilianus does not have dinner without a boar”,Caecilianus has a beautiful dinner
guest.

propter → accusatif

Next class

Learn esse and posse conjugatuins + exercitationes V and VI

Lecture 7

Third declension nouns

- génitif singular in is
- all endings which are not a, us/um
- Can be any gender
- words with us/eris endings are are also third declension
or/oris words are often masculine
Refer to page 56 to repair the gender

Cleobis and Biton

Cleobis and Biton were sons of Cydippe.

Cydippe was a priest of the goddess Iuno
But the statue was in the distance, Cydippe was not able to move, the boys did not have
cattle. Cleobis and Bitonque loved Cydippe therefore they themselves pulled the cart.
The work was hard but Cydippes sons were strong. Now Cydippe could see the statue,
therefore they could pray to Iuno.

Corpus doesn’t have an ending in accusatif singular/ same as nominatif

For verbs the third conjugation is the consonant declension as the stems usually end in a
consonant

For the future you use i and not bi

For the

Third declesion Not

 ducis, clamore, iussum, errori,hosti,amore bellis, formam,

Verb

mones, gautes, deles

Second declension

clamorum, matrum, scelerum

Exercics Chapter VII

7. Tempori

Noster tempos
Tempora nostra
Temporibus nostris

My time is small

Sentencia antiquae

My brother for life will alway act for leisure.

Act,Act! Save me! Lead me to my second son.
Oh my friend, we are free to destroy

The news of dangers is exposed without delay, by the roman people.

We will never overcome danger without danger
‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’

Short sencentce without nominatif → nominatif from the sentence preceading

Demonstrative pronouns
First type this those
hic haec hoc
hi hae haec

→ to, this…

Second type → that these

iste/ista/istud (same but close by)

“video illas” → I see those women over there

5. Hī tōtam cīvitātem dūcent (dūcunt, dūcēbant).--> These men lead the whole city
6. Ille haec in illā terrā vidēbit (videt, vidēbat). This woman and that man were seen in this
land.
7. In illō librō illa dē hōc homine scrībō (scrībam, scrībēbam). → In that book, I write these
things about that man.
8. Ūnus vir istās cōpiās in hanc terram dūcit (dūcet).

9. Magister haec alterī puerō dat. →

10. Hunc librum dē aliō bellō scrībimus (scrībēmus).
11. Tōta patria huic sōlī grātiās agit (aget, agēbat).
12. Tōtam cūram illī cōnsiliō nunc dant.
13. Amīcus huius hanc cīvitātem illō cōnsiliō cōnservābit.
14. Alter amīcus tōtam vītam in aliā terrā aget.
15. Hic vir sōlus mē dē vitiīs huius tyrannī monēre poterat.
16. Nūllās cōpiās in alterā terrā habēbātis.
17. Illī sōlī nūlla perīcula in hōc cōnsiliō vident.
18. Nōn sōlum mōrēs sed etiam īnsidiās illīus laudāre audēs.
Not only you die but also you dare to praise these schemes.
These praises you dare are not only moral but also insidious.

19. Propter īnsidiās enim ūnīus hominis haec cīvitās nōn valēbat.

Mock exam :

Aenas Troianos contra rotulos ducebat

Aeneas the trhojan lead against Rotulus.

Dum nox erat et copie dormiebant, duces troianorum in castris consilium habebant
While we were sleeping, when it was night, the leader of the Trojans in the camp has
obtained council.

Nisus and Euryalus, young trojans, dared to come to these.

“O great man”, said Nisus, “if me and Euryalo go to the camp of Rutolus,

Words with ”de” preposition” → ablatif

Pronouns

From the latin pro nome, word instead of a noun

1st person 2nd person

tu
Sng → tui
Nom : ego tibi
Gen : mei te
Dat : mihi te
Acc : me Pl →
Pl → vos
Nom : Nos vestrum/vestri
Gen : Nostrum/nostri vobis
Dat Nobis vos
Acc Nos vobis
Abl : Nobis
3rd perso :

“to” in english → leads to a datif translation

Nominatif only for emphasization purposes

You can use cum + pronoun to signify together with

Often pronouns avoided

amo amicum
I love my friend

Adding the suffis -dem to signify same as before

To the same men

→ Eidem
I see the same woman
→ eamdem video

eadem → ead (simplified if feminin)

SENTENTIAE ANTĪQVAE

1. Virtūs tua mē amīcum tibi facit. (Horace.)

Your virtue is my friends.
2. Id sōlum est cārum mihi. (Terence.—cārus and other adjectives indicating relationship or
attitude often take the dat., translated to or for; see Capvt XXXV).
That alone is dear to me.
3. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. (Pliny.—bene est, idiom, it’s good/that’s good.)
If you are strong this is good, I am strong. → If yourt
4. Bene est mihi quod tibi bene est. (Pliny.) d
What is well for you is well for me.
5. “Valē.” “Et tū bene valē.” (Terence.)
Be Strong and you be strong
6. Quid hī dē tē nunc sentiunt? (Cicero.)
What do they feel now?
7. Omnēs idem sentiunt. (*Cicero.—omnēs, all men, nom. pl.; “omnifarious,” “omnivore.”)
All men feel the same.
8. Videō nēminem ex eīs hodiē esse amīcum tibi. (Cicero.—The subject of an infin. is
regularly in the acc., hence nēminem; add this to your list of acc. case uses, and see Capvt
XXV.)
I see without outside
9. Hominēs vidēre caput Cicerōnis in Rōstrīs poterant. (Livy.—Antony proscribed Cicero and
had the great orator’s head cut off and displayed on the Rostra! —rōstra, -ōrum; see
Etymologia below.) 10. Nōn omnēs eadem amant aut eāsdem cupiditātēs studiaque habent.
(Horace.) 11. Nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē (*Martial.) 12. Vērus amīcus est alter
īdem. (Cicero.—Explain how alter īdem can mean “a second self.”

Ad preposition → leads to accusatif

tricolor latin figure of style → saying things in three parts

cum at the end signifies you with

Neuter words have some accusatif plural and nominatif singular

eadem is them → the same things

→ propter leads to accusatif

Perfect tense
Used to talk about a completed task or having consequence on the future

Sententia antiqua

In the beginning god created the earth and the sky; and god creat the huma,.
In triumphal procession Cesar displayed this tricolo : “Veni, vidi, vici”

While he lived, he lived well

The adolescent wishes to live long, the elderly has lived long.

That man did not live for a long time but he existed for a long time.

1st conjugation adding a v at the end of the stem to create the perfect stem

Pluperfect

perfect +era

Future perfect

Basically futur antérieur

But using the perfect stem

Future endings of esse :

erp
eros
erit
erimus
eritis
erint

They had fled.

They have stayed.
The king had won in asia
The kings will have won in asia.
The kings had asia
Cesar had come to the same land

Sentia antiques Chapter XII

Sophocles did extremely old tragedies

Do the extra reading

1. Diū in istā nāve fuī et propter tempestātem nūbēsque semper mortem exspectābam.
(Terence.

For a long time that shop oveer ther flead because of the period of fog often showed to be
dadly.

2. Septem hōrīs ad eam urbem vēnimus. (Cicero.)

We woll do your city in seven hours

3. These times

1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)

How sweet is freedom!

2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Vergil.)

Work always conquers

3.
4.
How fast and sharpp your mind is!

5.

Vocab from Week 1

Therefore Qchilles

See that Ispe thingy

+ those witches zhich are new

New passive endings → Should allow to construct all the sentences

Exceptions mentionned at Wheeock 147

By =
1)a(b) + ablatif → called by people
2) Pure abltif → thin
gs

Multos flores in horto carpis

You pluck many flowers grow in the garden

Multi flores in horto carpintur ab tui.

Who did Marcus see

Quem videtur Marcum.

The gladius cut through the body.

The body
Nos liberamur a malo → We were freed from evil (the by becomes from)

Perfect passive =
Perfect passive participur +tie indicator + esse

Vocatus I have been/was called

Participle cn change its endings relative t gender (Importantly, it is recognizable _ you

should now the ESSE ENDINGS)

vocat
vocabat
vocabit
voc

vocavit
vacavibat
vocaverit
vocaverat

vocatur
vocatest
vocatuserit
vocaterat

vocatur
vocabitur
vocabatur

12. Puerum quī servātus est ego ipse vīdī.

I myself saw the the boy who has been saved.

14. Senem cuius fīliī servātī sunt numquam vīdī.

The son of the old blind man will never see his son serve
I never see the old man whose sons have been saved.

16. Ā cīve quī missus erat pāx et lībertās laudātae sunt.

The citizens which had been sent for peace and freedoms were praised.

22. Ubi sunt tria corpora quae ā tē ibi inventa sunt?

Where were the three bodies which have been found there?

25. Octō hominēs miserī quibus haec dicta sunt ex urbe fūgērunt.

Those nine poor men which have said they fled out of the city.

Interrogative pronouns

What is the nature of the spirit? It is mortal.

That argument seemed(were seen as) serious and certain.

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

What did I do? In what danger did he throw me?

Oh immortal gods! In which city do we live? How do we have citizens?

What crime do we rapidly see?

Preposition always gives an acccusatif

Fourth declensiin

Fructus
fructus
fructui
fructum
fructu

fructus
fructuum
fructibus
fructus
fructibus

Neuter words always have the same nominatif and accusatif

Therefore we obtain cornu Nom → Cornu Accusatif
Corpus → Corpi second declension
metus → 4th declension
servitus→ servitutis → 3rd declension
serrvus → servi second declension
tempus 5
sprititus 4

4th declension means that Nominatif and Genitif have the same endings

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit. (Cicero.—prīvāre, to deprive; “privation,” privative.”)

Oedips deprived himself of his two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero.—Persicus, -a, -um,

Persian; “peach,” from Persica, peachtree, and Persicum mālum, Persian apple, what the
Romans called the peach.)
apparātūs ōdī. (Horace.—apparātus, -ūs, m., equipment, display)

Themistocles liberated the greeks from slavery with his Persian war.

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

He there lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero.—longē,
adv. of longus.—absum, to be away; “absence,” “absentee.”)

Old age removes from our pleasures and is not far removed from deaths.

The old man kills all of our private pleasures until our deaths.

Passive voice of the third and 4th conjugations

et times two → both and

In Germany there is a great roman army
Us

In the roman armi/es there are many men

Genetif exercitus or exercituum

The army general has command over a big army

Exercitus / exercitum or exerticus
5th declension feminine endings

+ dies and nerdies

Meaning day and midday which can be masc and fem

1. Dum vīta est, spēs est. (Cicero.)

While there is life, there is hope.

2. Aequum animum in rēbus difficilibus servā. (Horace.)

Fair spirits maintain in difficult things.

3. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plānē est nūlla rēs pūblica. (*Cicero.—plānē, adv., clearly; “plain,”
“explain.”)

Where a tyrant is, there clearly is no republic.

4. Fuērunt quondam in hāc rē pūblicā virī magnae virtūtis et antīquae fideī. (Cicero.)

At that time, they were in this republic great men and ancient believers.

P177 On the use of Ablative can be useful

P181 in the book :

→

Languēbam: sed tū comitātus prōtinus ad mē vēnistī centum, Symmache, discipulīs. Centum

mē tetigēre manūs aquilōne gelātae: nōn habuī febrem, Symmache, nunc habeō!

I was tired, but you Symmanchus came to me straight accompanied by one hundred
students.

Ellipsis frequent in latin especially poetry, word from before does not get repeated

Participles

Four different types in latin

PPA PP Present active

PPP Perfect active
PFA P future active \
PFP P future passive

PPA : addins ns after the root

cantans Nominatif
cantem Accusatif

Except for nom Sing the NS is always part of the participle

Works For masculine feminine and neuter

PPA translating to eing EX: fleing

You can add info like while, when, sincer ro although when it makes sense

PPP

The participle il like a kind of adjective

Ex Marcus, called by his father is comig home

Lets look at the Stnetenciae antiquae 1,2,3

Vives neis praesidiis oppressus

You will lived overpowered by my guard.

2
That extended right hand however, endangered our prosperit. → NOOO
They, stretching their right hand however sealed for a greeting.

Tantalus since he was thirsty desired to touch the river fleing from his mouth. .

PFA’s

Who was about to

The daughter who was anxious who was about o receive her letter from her father who was
about to return.

PFP

ND recogniwable
Also called gerondif

The first two would be kind of important

Cur urbem protègendam neglegis

More practice Wheelock pages 429-430

Number 1

1 tus ppp
2 ns pfa
3 surus pfp
4 ntem ppa
5 pfp
6 ppa
7 pfp
8

Number 2

1 which will be
2

Do the exercises before the exercitationes if it is too difficult

I can send them in and get feedback
New infinties :

Futur infinitif

: Actif infinitif + esse

Infinitives can be used in an indirect statement

Socrates thought that his fellow cityzens were the whole world.

Gaius sais that he has helped her

Gaius said that he had helped her

Gaius says that the letter was written to him.

Gaius says that letter has been written to him.

The student thought that