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ThePart of speech.

Grammar, someone has said is the art of putting the right words in the right
places..

All the words in English can be put according to the work they do, into eight.They
are the parts of speech: Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Pronouns, Adverbs,
Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections.

When you put words from these words in the right order, you get sentences.

What is a Noun ?

The traditional definition of a noun is the name of a person, place, or thing.In

addition to this, we can say that a noun in English is a word that [1] can be
infected for the plural and the possessive and [2] can be put in certain positions in
the sentences.

1.The Articles: The, a, an

Note: a/an is used when an unidentified specimen is introduced.

A is used when the beginning of a word is consonant.

An is used when the beginning of a word is vowel.

The is used when the noun which follows names an identified specimen,that
is when it is believed that the hearer knows which person,place or thing the noun
refers to.

We don’t use a, an or the in these cases:

(1) Before the names of roads,streets,some titles accompanied be a person

name,and plural common nouns used in general sense.

(2) Before the names of towns,cities,provinces and countries,unless they are

used adjectively.

e.g: the United Arabic Republic

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the People’s Republic of China

the USA, the UK, the USSR,the Netherlands,the Philippine.

Noun : Countable and uncountable:

(a) Countable nouns.

Singular Plural
One table Two tables

One aple Three aples

One chair Ten chairs

Nouns ending in an S sound (s,z,ch,sh) add es rather than S ,simply for reasons of
pronunciation.The ES is then pronounced as a separate syllable.

One brush Two brushes

One boxes Two boxes

Nouns ending Y preceded by a consonant change the Y to I and add

es in the plural ,form however the Y is preceded by a vowel only s is added

.Examples:

One lady ………….two ladies

One fly…………....two flies

One university…two universities

One key………… two keys

One play………..two plays

One ashtray….two ashtrays

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Most nouns ending in O preceded by a consonant ,take es in the plural .

Examples:

One potato……………..two potatoes

One hero……………… .two heroes

One mango…………..two mangoes

One tomato…………..ten tomatoes

Nouns ending in the sound f which change to v and add +es :

Calf…………..calves elf…………….elves

Half…………..halves knife……....knives

Life…………..lives wife……….wives

Leaf…………leaves sheaf………sheaves

Thief…………….thieves wolf………………wolves

A few English nouns have special forms in the plural :

One man…………….two men one woman……………..two

women

Foot……………………feet tooth…………………teeth

Child…………………children goose…………………...geese

Ox…………………….oxen mouse………………….mice

Louse…………………lice deer…………………deer

Fish……………………fish sheep………………sheep

There are a number of common words that exist onlu in the plural: clothes,
riches, thanks, words describing instruments with a pair of similar opposing
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parts such as : scissors, tongs, pliers, tweezers and articles of clothing with
two legs such as pants, trousers, breeches, shorts, slacks,drawers.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS;

1.The article a, an, or numbers cant be put in front of countable nouns.

2.Uncountable nouns are sometimes used as countable nouns.In a

restaurant for example, it is possible that you hear someone says: “two
coffee,please”.

ADJECTIVES

There are some words that go with nouns and tell us something about them
are called ADJECTIVES.

A fat man, a thin man, an old book,a new booka heavy box, a light box, a
red flower, a long lourney, a big dog, a good egg, a bed egg :they tell us
what sort of a noun are called ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY.

This is my cat, that is your cat, look at his cat, look at her cat, have you seen
our cat?, their cat is up the tree.In these sentences you will notice that
there are words that show to whom those various cat s belong.Thes words
are called POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

There are adjectives tha tell you how many or how much like : I have two
eyes, I have many friends, Fatma has much money etc. we called
ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY.

There are also adjectives that point out nouns e.g : I like this car, Fatma likes
that bus etc. we called DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES.

There is also we called INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES , they are used with

nouns to ask questions e.g: What book are you reading now ? Which gircan
answer this question ? Whose house is that?
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So there are four kinds of adjectives they are : ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY,

ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY, DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES and INTROGATIVE
ADJECTIVES.

THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES ( Positive degree, Comparative degree

and Superlative degree) examples:

a.REGULAR WITH ONE SYLLABLE;

Positive degree Comparative

Superlative

Small smaller smallest

Long longer longest

Clever cleverer cleverest

b.WITH ONE OR TWO SYLLABLES 3NDING IN “y”

busy busier busiest

lazy lazier laziest

happy happier happiest

easy easier easiest

pretty prettier prettiest

early earlier earliest

c. WITH TWO OR MORE SYLLABLE

careful more careful most careful

beautiful more beautiful most

beautiful

expensive more expensive most

expensive
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interesting more interesting most

interesting

important more important most

important

necessary more necessary most

necessary

often more often most often

d. WITH TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES ENDING IN “ly”(adverbs)

carefully more carefully most

carefully

clearly more clearly most clearly

easily more easily most easily

quickly more quickly most

quickly

rapidly more rapidly most rapidly

e. IRREGULAR WITH ONE SYLLABLE:

many more most

much more most

little less least

late later latest

late latter last

far farther farthest

far further furthest

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old older oldest

old elder eldest

good better best

bad worse worst

ill worse worst

NOTES; Most adverbs end in LY, ILY, ICALLY, although there are many which
do not e.g very, well, often, worse, seldom, sometimes ,etc. An adverb can
modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Good-Well, Fast-fast, hard-
hard, loud-loudly.

Summary of the adjectives:

a. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY GO WITH NOUNS AND TELLS ABOUT THEM ;

A fat man; a thin man; an old car; a new car; a heavy bos; a light box.etc

b. ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY TELLS US ‘HOW MANY or HOW MUCH’

I have two eyes, Fatma has much money, They have many friends. Etc

c. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES:

1.This car is old.

2.That bus is new.

3.These cars are white.

4.Those buses are big.

d. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES ,USED WITH NOUN TO ASK QUESTIONS;

1. What books are you reading now ?

2. What price is oil palm today ?

3.Which house do you live in ?

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4.Whose car is this ?

ADVERBS : The words that go with verbs are called ADVERBS.

Adverbs go with verbs to tell how an action is done we called ÁDVERBS OF

MANNER. When an action is done we called ADVERBS OF TIME, and where
an action is done we called ADVERBS OF PLACE.There are often made by
adding –ly to the adjective, but there are some exceptions.

These adverbs are called ADVERBS OF MANNER;

The old gentlemen walked SLOWLY along a street.

The little boy ran QUICKLY.

The woodcutter sat SORROWFULLY by the side of the river.

Thes adverbs are called ADVERBS OF TIME ( tell us when the action was
done):

The wood-man lost his axe yesterday.

We mus come to school tomorrow.

Thes adverbs are called ADVERBS OF PLACE (TELL US WHERE AN ACTION

WAS DONE):

I sat down there.

Fatma is living in Fakfak ,West Papua province.

NOTICE ; Adverbs are often formed by adding –ly to an adjective,e.g:

The boy is a quick runner.becomes The boy runs QUICKLY.

The old gentleman was a low walker.becomes The old gentleman walked
SLOWLY
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The bird sang a merry song.becomes The bird sang MERRILY.

But there are some exceptions like:

John is a hard worker.becomes John works HARD.

This is a fast train.becomes It goes very FAST.

Fatma”s behavior was GOOD.becomes Fatma behaved WELL.

SOME ADVERBS OF DEGREE CAN MODIFY ADVERBS,e.g

Richard ran very quickly.He arrived TOO SOON. He answered the question
QUITE EASILY.

Some adverbs of degree modify verbs,e.g:

I HARDLY KNOW him. That NEARLY HIT me. I QUITE UNDERSTAND.

There are also adverbs that express “how often”,we called ADVERBS OF
QUANTITY,e.g:

I went the only once or twice.

Fatma comes here SOMETIMES ( often,daily,weekly,etc)

I NEVER see her now.

Some adverbs are used to ask questions,they are called INTERROGATIVE

ADVERBS e.g:

WHERE are you going ? WHY did you do that ? WHEN WILL Fatma come
here ?

ADVERBS OF QUALITY have degrees of comparison such as:

Positive degree Comparative Superlative

Fast faster fastest

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Early earlier earliest

Well better best

Badly worse worst

Quickly more quickly most

quickly

Happily more happily most

happily or

Quickly less quickly least

quickly

Happily less happily least

happily

ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS

Sometimes the same word may be used as an adverb or as a preposition; it

depends on the work the word is doing.If it is governing a noun or a
pronoun it will be a preposition.e.g

Come and seat near me.(preposition).If it is going with a verb (in which case
it won”t usually have a noun or a pronoun immediately after it) it is an
adverb.e.g: The boy seat near the door.( preposition ). The boy came
near,when he heard the music.( adverb ).

He went into the room BEFORE me.( preposition )

I have been to this place BEFORE .( adverb )

We heard the burglar INSIDE the room. ( preposition )

It is raining, come INSIDE. ( adverb )

The bucket went DOWN the well. ( preposition )

Sit DOWN,( adverb)

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TENSES

1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

3. PRESENT PERFECT

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTIUOUS

5. PAST TENSE

6. PAST CONTINUOUS

7. PAST PERFECT

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

9. FUTURE

10.FUTURE CONTINUOUS

11.FUTURE PERFECT

12.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

13.FUTURE PAST

14.FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS

15.FUTURE PAST PERFECT

16.FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTIN UOUS

NOMINAL SENTENCES

1.Simple Present : I am here everyday

2.Present Continuous : I am here now.

3.Present Perfect : I have been here already.

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4.Present Perfect Continuous : I have been here since l995.

5.Simple Past : I was here yesterday.

6.Past Continuous : I was here.

7.Past Perfect : I had been here.

8.Past Perfect Contiuous : I had been here.

9.Simple Future : I shall be here tomorrow.

10.Future Continuous : I shall be here at this time next year.

ll.Future Perfect : I shall have been here.

12.Future Perfect Continuous : I shall have been here.

VERBAL SENTENCES

1.Simple Present : I learn English everyday.

2.Present Continuous : I am learning English

3.Present Perfect : I have learned English.

4.Present Perfect Continuous : I have been learning English.

5.Simple Past : I learned English.

6.Past Continuous : I was learning English yesterday.

7.Past Perfect : I had learned English.

8.Past Perfect Continuous : I had been learning English.

9.Simple Future : I shall learn English.

L0.Future Continuous : I shall be learning English.

ll.Future Perfect : I shall have learned English.

12.Future Perfect Continuous : I shall have been learning English.

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SENTENCES- CLAUSES –PHRASE

A group of words that makes complete sense is a sentence. A sentence may make
a statement, ask a question, give a commant or make a request. A sentence has a
finite verb in it, but a phrase has not.Sentences may be joined together by a
conjuction or conjuctions.

As sentence that has only one verb in it is called a SIMPLE SENTENCE.examples:

The boy opened the door. (statement)

Did the boy open the door ? (Question)

Open the door,please. (Request)

Open that door at once. (Command)

A sentence that is made of two or more simple sentences joined by a conjuction

or conjuctions is called COMPOUNT SENTENCE.example:

The boy opened the door AND walked into the room.

John works hard BUT Richard is lazy.

Shall I write to him OR will you telephone ?

Mery went to the baker”s shop for a loaf AND Fatma helped her mother in the
house, BUT Sumiati sat listening to the radio.

The sentences in a compound sentence are all of the same importance.But there
are some sentences that are not able to stand themselves. They contain a verb
but they make complete sense only when they are used with another
sentence,they are called CLAUSE.meaning : A CLAUSE is a sentence that does not
make complete sense by itself.It depends on another sentence for its full
meaning.
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NOTES ; CONJUNCTIONS are words that join together words, phrases or

sentences.like:

John AND mery.

Along the street AND round the corner.

Fred works badly BUT he plays games well.

The woodman looked at the gold axe AND he looked at the silver axe AND he
looked at the wooden axe BUT he chose the wooden axe BECAUSE he was an
honest man SO the fairy gave himall the axes.

NOTES; INTERJECTIONS are: HELLO, HURRAH,OH,GOOD HEAVENS,GREAT SCOTT !

HOW PRETTY !

They are words or phrase that we use to express a sudden feeling,like

SURPRISE,PLEASURE, PAIN, etc.

PARTS OF SENTENCE

The word or group of words that we speak about in a sentence is called

SUBJECT.examples:

1. THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON owned a large estate.

2. I can do these exercises,

3. THE POOR WOODMAN lost his axe.

4. THIS BOOK belongs to me.

5. THE BOY laughed.

6. THE LITTLE BOY,WITH A SMILE ON HIS FACE ran down the street.

7. THE WORKMAN is unhappy.

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The word or group of words that we speak about (in a bolt tiped) in a sentence is
called the SUBJECT.

….owned a large estate…, ….can do these exercises…;…lost his axe…,…belongs to

me…laughed.., ..ran down the street…,..is unhappy… is what we say about the
subject.we call that part of sentence the PREDICATE.The predicate of a sentence
is the word or group of words that tells us something about the subject.

You will notice perhaps there is generally a noun or a pronoun in the subject ( the
Duke of Wellington,I,woodman,book,boy). There is also always a verb in the
predicate ( owned, can do, lost, has, ran ). In fact an easy way to find the subject
of a sentence is first of all to pick out the verb and ask it “who” or
“what”.examples: The little boy ran down the street.The verb is “ran” Who ran ?
the answer is “the little boy” so the subject is the little boy.

This book belongs to me. The verb is BELONGS. What belongs ? The answer is is
THE BOOK, so the book is the subject of the sentence.

THE OBJECT OF A SENTENCE.

The object of a sentence is a noun or pronoun which tell us the person or thing to
whom the action of thr verb happened.examples:

This shopkeeper sells bicycles. So the word bicycles is the object of the verb sells.

The dog killed a rat.He killed it yesterday.The words the rat an it are objects of the
verb killed.

NOTE; verbs that have an object are called TRANSITIVE VERBS.

Verbs that do not take objects are called INTRANSITIVE VERBS.examples: The dog
growled. The rat died.

She cried bitterly. Cotton grows in Egypt. Birds fly. The flowers are red.
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NOTES; Words or phrases that are needed to complete the meaning of Intransitive
verbs,such as “be””seem””become”, are called COMPLEMENTS.

NOTES ; ADVERBS biasanya disusun dengan urutan M-P-T (manner-place and

time) examples:

1. We played badminton gladly at school yesterday.

2. We practice English regularly at home everyday.

3. Fatma reads magazine silently in the livingroom at night.

4. She wrote the letter quickly in the office last night.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUSPROGRESSIVE

TENSE

The SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE is used for a repeated or habitual action. THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE is used for an action that still continuous.

The Simple Present says that something was true in the past, it is true in the
present, and will be true in the future.It is also used for general statements
of fact.Examples:

(a) Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

(b) The world is round.

(c) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

(d) Most animals kill only for food.

The Simple Present Tense is generally used for and action that is done
regularly,for an action that happens ,perhaps, everyday.So you often find
words like USUALLY, GENERALLY, EVERY DAY,SOMETIMES and
ALWAYS.etc
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The Present Continuous Tense is one that most truly expresses an action
that is taking place NOW.

NOTES ; CERTAINVERBS SUCH AS , HAVE-LIKE-LOVE-NEED-PREFER-

RECOGNIZE,UNDERSTAND and WANT are not used in the
progressive/continuous tense.With these verbs ,however, the Simple
Present may indicate a situation that exists right now,at the moment of
speaking.

Examples: It”s time to pray now.Fatma needs a prayer mat. We can not
say It is time to pray now. Fatma is needing a prayer mat.

Sumiati wants to eat now because she is hungry. We can not say She is
wanting to eat now because she is hungry.

The other words not used in the Present Contiuous are : SEE, HEAR,
FEEL, TASTE, SMELL and states of mind , felings or relationship e.g; LOVE-
HATE-KNW-UNDERSTAND-REMEMBER-BELIEVE-SEEM-LOOK-APPEAR-
BELONG etc.Examples;

I don”t see anything there.

Do you taste duria n this pudding ?

Sofia loves her friend.

I remember what you told me.

Time signals for Present Continuous Tense are usually indicated by;
NOW-AT THE MOMENT-THIS WEEK, THESE DAYS etc.

NOTES; THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF NOUNS:

1. COMMON NOUNS ; Student, boy, chair, office ,girl, etc

2. PROPER NOUNS ; Indonesia, Indramayu, Malaysia, Brunai, etc

3. ABSTRACT NOUNS : Independece, truth, happiness, welfare, sadness,

etc
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4. COLLECTIVE NOUNS :herd, group, team,family,etc

PRONOUNS ( Kata ganti ) is one of a class of words that function is

substitute (pengganti) for NOUNS or noun phrase.They are :

PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Subject Object + noun -noun

I me my mine
myself

You you your yours

yourself/yourselves

He him his his

himself

She her her hers

herself

We us our ours
ourselves

They them their theirs

themselves

It it its its
itself

GRAMMAR REVIEW

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

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1. The Simple Past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at
a particular time in the past.For examples: We studies English yesterday.

She lived in Jayapura for five years,but now she is living in Fakfak.

2. If a sentence contains WHEN and has THE SIMPLE PAST in both clauses,
the action in WHEN CLAUSE happens first.For examples: I was in the
mosque when “muezzin”began to call to prayer. I stood under a tree when
it began to rain. Whenshe heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.
When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap(pangkuan).

NOTES :PAST TENSE is to express action before now/in the past.Time signals are
: before, this morning, yesterday, last ( week, month,year,etc), a week ago,a
month ago, a year ago etc. lay-laid-laid; lie-lay-lain. Burn-burned/t-burned/t;
dream-dreamed/t-dreamed/t.

Fleet (sekumpulan kapal perang), cattle (sekumpulan ternak), Division

(sekumpulan serdadu) ,Class (sekumpulan murid), Parliament (sekumpulan
anggota dewan) ini termasuk COLLECTIVE NOUNS.

THE FUTURE TENSE

To express action in the future.Put WIIL or SHALL before the VERB , or to be +

going to+verb.example : I will see you tomorrow. ( I am going to see you
tomorrow).Common time markers are ; SOON, IN A FEW MINUTES, TOMORROW,
NEXT (week,month,year) etc.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

The Simple Future Tense

1.The simple future tense is used to express a prediction (perkiraan),prior plan

(rencana terdahulu),and willingness (kemauan) that will happen at one
particular time in the future.For examples; The contribution will expand the field
of Islamization of knowledge and to lay down firm foundations for it. Samples of
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applied studies in these disciplines will be published to make the work of

Muslim-scholars in these disciplines more enlightened.

2.Will or be going to is used to express future time. The use of shall with I shall
or we shall, to express future time is possible but uncommon in American
English.Shall is used much more frequently in Britain than in America.

3.To express a prediction,either will or be going to is used.Ecamples: This will

help to bring home the massage and purpose of the Islamization of knowledge
and to determine how the scholars may best contribute to realizing it. According
to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow OR According the weather
report it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.

4.To express a prior plan only be going to is used.For example:

Why did they buy much paint ? They are going to paint their mosque
tomorrow.In this sentence, the paint buyers have made a plan to paint their
mosque.They intend to paint their mosque tomorrow.

5.To express willingness, only will is used.Example: Tell me your problem, I will
help you.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished.It was used
when we are thinking more about the present result than about the past.

Time signals for Present Perfect Tense are : since, for , this week, up to now, so
far, not yet, already, often, once, twice,etc.The rule : Subject + have/has+Past
Participle.Examples:

1.To express action that took place in the past, and continuing to the present
time.ex: I have taught English for ten years.

2.To express action just concluded when the resulting state is still present.e.g:I
have lost my pen, I am unable to do my exercise.
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3.To express the time of the action is indefitine,e.g: I have seen this film
before.Fatma has written another book.

4.To express an action repeated several times at indefinite periods in the

past.e.g: I have read this novel several times..

5.When the present perfect tense is used with since or for, it expresses
situations that began in the past and continue to the present.e.g: The religion of
Islam has already existed in Australia since l860. I have known Ahmed George,
an Austrlian Muslim, for two years.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

The Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action which took place before
some definite and specified point in the past time.e.g: Adam had taken an
ablution before he began to pray. Asmeni had slept when her husband came
home last night.

1.The past perfect tense expresses an activity that occurred before another time
in the past.e/g: I was not hungry at 1:oo P.M. I had already eaten lunch.

2.To express an idea that in direct speech had been in the present perfect
tense.e.g:Direct: He said,Ï have written her a letter.”Indirect : He said that he had
written her a letter.

3.To express a past condition or supposition with an implied negative.e.g:If I had

known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.(but I did not know)

4.To express past wish with such verbs as:wish, hope, expect etc.that was not
realized.e.g: We expected you to stay at least a week.

The rule : SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

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The Future Perfect Tense expresses an action that will have been completed at
or before a time in the future.

The rule : Subject + Will have + Past participle

e.g : I will have finished my work by 8 o”clock. Fatma will have written her novel
by next September.

1.The future perfect tense is formed from the future tense of the verb to have
used as an auxiliary,and the past participle of the main verb ( will+have+verb3 )

2.The future perfect tense is used to describe a future action which take place or
is completed before some definite and specified point in future time.e.g: Fatma
will have slept when her husband comes home tonight. She will have been here
in a few minutes.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

The Progressive (continuous) Tense.

1.The Present Continuous Tense expresses an activity that is in progress

( occurring,happening) right now.The event is in progress at the time the
speaker is saying the sentence.The event began in the past is in progress now
and will probably continue into the future.the rule : Subject + TO BE (is-am-are)
+ VERB ING. e.g: We are studying English now.She is speaking Franch now.I am
teaching English now. Etc.

2.The Past Continuous Tense, expresses an activity that was in progress ( was
occurring, was happening ) at a point of time in the past.The rule is ;

SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB ing.e.g:

1.What were you doing when the bomb explode ? I was passing by when it
exploded.

2.While the Muslim scholars were working on the Islamization of knowledge,the

Institute was rising more fund to support them.
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3.While I was reading a magazine ,my friends were playing chess.

3.THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE,is used to express an action still continuing

in the future.It is used to describe an action which will be continuing or will be
in progress at some point in the future time.The rule form is :

SUBJECT + WILL BE + VERB ing. e.g: I will begin to do my homework at 8

P.M.You will come at 8.30 P.M. so I WILL BE DOING MY HOMEWORK WHEN
YOU COME.

Don”t call me at 8:30 P.P. because I will be busy. So I AM GOING TO BE DOING

MY HOMEWORK.

NOTES; Sometimes there is little or no difference between the FUTURE

CONTINUOUS and the SIMPLE FUTURE, especially when the future event will
occur at an indefinite time in the future.e.g: Be patient. She will be coming
soon.or She will come soon.

QUANTITY WORDS

GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE :

NOTICE : the quantity expressions which are used with the count noun and the
uncountable noun.e.g:

COUNTABLE a.a few apples

b.many apples

c.a lot of apples

UNCOUNTABLE a.a little water

b.much water

c.a lot of water

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Examples in affirmative statements:

COUNTABLE: I want a few apples. UNCOUNTABLE: I want a little water.

I want a lot of apples. I want a lot of water.

Examples in negative statements:

COUNTABLE; I don’t want many apples UNCOUNTABLE: I don’t want much

I don’t want a lot of apples. Water. I don’t want

A lot of water.

Examples in Yes,No questions:

COUNTABLES: Does he have a FEW apples? Does he have MANY apples ? Does he
have a LOT OF apples?

UNCOUNTABLES: Does he have A LITTLE water? Does he have MUCH water?

Does he have A LOT OF WATER?

COMMENTS/NOTES:

1.a few and many are used with the plural forms of count nouns.

2.a little and much are used with uncountable nouns.

3.a lot of is used with uncountable nouns and the plural forms of count nouns.

4.many and much are not generally used in object noun phrases of affirmative
statements.These quantity expressions are used chiefly in questions and negative
statements and in the subject noun phrases of affirmative sentences.

5.a lot of , a great deal of, a large of amount of are regularly used in place of
MUCH and MANY in the object noun phrases of affirmative statements especially
in formal situations.
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6.few and a few, little and a little are slightly different.a few means a small
number and a little means a small quantity.Few means not…MANY, LITTLE
means not…MUCH.e.g:

John has A FEW good friends. John has FEW good friends ( He doesn’t have
MANY good friends).

You made A FEW mistakes. You made FEW mistakes ( you didn’t make MANY
mistakes).

He has A LITTLE time. He has LITTLE time ( He doesn’t have much time )

A LOT OF means A LARGE NUMBER ( count noun), and A LARGE QUANTITY

(uncountable noun).

7.Not Many, Not Nuch, Not All and NONE (not any) can be used in subject
position in sentences:e.g: Countatble ; NOT MANY of the apples are good.Only A
FEW of them are good. NOT ALL of the books are good.Only SOME of them are
bad. NONE OF the apples are good. ALL OF them are bad.

UNCOUNTABLE : NOT MUCH OF the bread is good.Only A LITTLE of it is good.

NOT ALL OF the news is good. Only SOME of it is good. NONE OF the coffee is
good.ALL OF it is bad.

8.ALL and NONE are followed by both singular and plural forms of verbs, see the
examples above.

9.SOME can be used with the plural forms of count nouns.It is also can be used
with uncountable nouns.e.g: COUNTABLE : a book –some books. UNCOUNTABLE :
some ink – some sugar.Exception : some things – something; some days-someday.

NOTES : some words may be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the
pronunciation.The following words begin with a consonant sound and thus must
always be preceded by a. e.g: a European, a eulogy, a euphemism, a eucalyptus, a
university, a universal, a uniform, a union.
 26

\The following words begin with a vowel sound and thus must always be preceded
by an. E.g : an hour, an heir, an herbal, an honest man, an umbrella, an unnatural,
an understanding.

DETERMINERS (PEWATAS.

Determiners or pewatas are words like ANY,MANY, MUCH, SOME, THE, that
comes before a noun to show how the noun is being used.Some determiners can
be used only with count noun.e.g: 1. She gave me a banana and orange last
night.2. Those students bought many books yesterday. 3. My uncle gave me three
magazines last week.But some determiners can be used only with non-count
nouns.e.g: 1.Do you have much information about the terror ? 2. No, we only have
a little information about it. 3. A large amount of water was polluted by toxid.And
some determiners can be used with both count nount and non-count nouns.e.g:1.
A lot of students need a lot of money to buy books.

2.Nowdays,there are more people who are earn more money to survive. 3.None
of the children who knew that none of the fruit left in the fridge.

The word little and few should be put into a little, and a few if they are preceded
by the word only.For example; There are few teachers whose English is good.(Ada
sedikit guru yang bahasa Inggrisnya bagus),becomes Only a few teachers whose
English is good.(Hanya sedikit guru yang bahasa Inggrisnya bagus.)

NOTES ABOUT DETERMINERS:

DETERMINERS WITH COUNT NOUNS: a, an, some, any, this, that,

these,those.none, one, two, three…,many, a lot of, a large number of, a great
number of, few,; fewer…than, more…than.

DETERMINERS WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS ; the , some, any, this, that, none,
much (usually in negatives or questions), a lot of, a large number of, a(little),
less…than, more…than.
 27

A small quantity of = a little; A small number of = a few; A large quantity of = a

lot of,many. A small quantity of = a little. E.g : John drinks a large quantity of
coffee.(John drinks a lot of coffe). I need a small quantity of sugar.( I need a little
of sugar).Fatma has a small number of good friends.(She has a few good
friends).I did not see a large number of students.( I did not see a lot of
students.;I did not see many students).

GRAMMAR REVIEW

THE MODAL AUXILIARIES:A modal verb is a verb used with another verb (not a
modal) to express possibility (kemungkinan) ,permission (izin) and obligation
(keharusan)/kewajiban) . It is also used to express a speaker’s attitude (sikap) or
moods (perasaan hati) tertentu. Related to this, a modal can express that a
speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible or probable; in
addition, it can convey the strength of this attitudes.

A modal is a verb combined with a main verb to express various aspects of

mood, such as intention (maksud) and volition (kemauan).The most common
modals used in English are ; CAN-COULD, MAY-MIGHT, MUST- HAVE TO/HAS TO-
OUGHT TO, SHALL-SHOULD, WILL-WOULD, and HAD BETTER. E.g: You may go if
you want to go.(Anda boleh pergi kalau anda mau pergi).We can not say You
may to go…., because unlike want, may is an auxiliary verb that does not need
to.Notice; that all modals are used infinitives without to.

1.CAN-COULD, basically, we use CAN ( dapat,bisa,boleh) to say something is

possible or that somebody has the ability to do something.e.g: He can speak
English fluently.(Dia bisa berbahasa Inggris dengan fasih ).

However, there are some other usages of CAN as described PERMISSION,e.g:

Can children pray in congregation in the mosque ?Yes, they can.(Bolehkan anak-
anak salat berjamaah di mesjid? Ya, boleh.)

Indicates BEWILDERMENT (kebingunan or INCREDULITY atau keraguan) e.g:CAN

HE BE SERIOUS / or WHAT CAN HE BE DOING ?(Apa yang bisa dia lakukan ?)
 28

Indicates A TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR or STATE, e.g: He can be very tactless

sometimes.(Kadang-kadang dia amat tidak bijaksana). Or She can be very
forgetful ( Dia bisa jadi amat pelupa).

In general, the word COULD is the same sense as the word can, but could is
regarded to be more polite when it is used to indicate permission or
request.e.g:Could I have your name,Sir? Or Could you pray in congregation with
us before you leave ?(Dapatkah Anda salat berjamaah bersama kami sebelum
Anda pergi ?)The other usages of COULD are indicates :RESULT (Akibat/hasil)
e.g:I am so hungry that I could eat a horse.(Saya sangat lapar sehingga saya bisa
makan seekor kuda).Indicates POSSIBILITY (Kemungkinan) e.g: You could be
right, I suppose.(Saya kira anda bisa benar juga.)Indicates SUGGESTION
(saran)e.g: You could pray at home when it rains.

NOTES : CAN = be able ( I am able,He is able,We are able) , COULD = was

able/were able).

2.MAY-MIGHT

1.We use MAY and MIGHT (boleh-mungkin) to talk about possible actions or
happenings in the future.e.g: I haven’t decided yet where to pray the Jumah, I
may go to the Mesjid Agung.This means ,that I perhaps will go to the Mesjid
Agung to pray the Jumah. Don’t call me at 7 P.M.I might be reciting the Qurán
before doing the Isya prayer.

2.May indicates permission and possibility, and expresses wishes and hopes.e.g:
You may go to Mecca to perform the ümrah whenever you wish. The story of Siti
Nurbaya may not be true.May you both very happy.(Semoga anda berdua amat
bahagia).

3.We use only MIGHT (not may) when the situation is not real.for example: If
we knew Kabayan better, we might invite him to our wedding party. The
situation here is not real because we don’t know Kabayan very well, so we are
not going to invite him.For this reason, the word MAY does not fit the sentence.

3. MUST- HAVE TO/HAS TO

 29

We use MUST and HAVE TO/HAS TO to express that it is necessary to do

something, for example: It’S TIME to pray. You must stop working or You have to
stop working.There are however, some different senses between MUST and
HAVE TO. Must is used to talk about the present or future,not about the past.

past.e.g: We must pray the Zuhr now. Today is Thursday.We must go to the
mosque to pray the Jumah tomorrow. Must is personal.We use MUST when we
give our personal feelings.e.g: Mr.Amin is a polite man.you must talk to him
politely. In contrast, HAVE TO is impersonal.We use have to not for feelings,but
for the facts.e.g: His eyesight isn’t good. He has to wear glasses for reading.
(Pandangan matanya tidak baik.Dia harus memakai kacamata untuk baca.

4.MUST NOT- DO NOT HAVE TO

The meaning of must not (musn’t) and that of don’t have to are completely
not alike.Compare these two examples1) You must pay the Jumah in
congregation.You must not pray alone.(Anda harus salat Jumat berjamaah.Anda
tidak boleh sendirian).2) You can tell me secrecy if you want but you don’t have
to tell me.(Anda bisa menceritakan rahasia anda pada sya jika kau mau,tapi
anda tidak harus menceritakannya pada saya).

5.SHALL- WILL

1. Normally we use SHALL (akan) only with the pronoun I and We. Like WILL,
SHALL is also used to express future time but is uncommon in American
English.Shall is used much more frequently in Britain and some other countries
in which the British English is formally applied.e.g: I shall be very tired this
evening. We shall probably go to the new mosques net Friday.

2. In general, WILL is used to form the future tense that expresses prediction
and willingness.e.g: According to the weather report,it will rain tomorrow. Tell
me your problem, I will help you.

3. Sometimes we use will to talk about now.example: Don’t ask Asmeni to come
now.She ‘ll pray.
 30

6.SHOULD-OUGHT TO

Should (harus/perlu sekali) has the same meaning as OUGHT TO that

expresses advisability.The meaning ranges in strength from a suggestion to a
statement about responsibility or duty.example: 1) You should study Arabic and
English or You ought to study Arabic and English.This is a strong suggestion and
indicates that studying Arabic and English is good idea. 2) Every Muslim should
do fasting in the month of Ramadhan.or Every Muslim ought to do fasting in the
month of Ramadhan.This is s strong suggestion that indicates fasting in the
month of Ramadhan as a duty or responsibility of every Muslim.

7.HAD BETTER

The meaning of had better is more or less similar to that of should or ought to,
but had better is usually stronger.Had better has a present or future meaning
and frequently implies a warning or a threat of possible bad
consequences.eamples: 1) It’S nearly 3 P.M. You had better oray the Zuhr
now.2) You had better not believe in superstition (takhyul) because it harms
your faith.

8.WOULD D

1.Would can be used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the
past.Would, thus ,has the similar meaning to used to (biasanya) .for example:
When I was a child my mother would tell me an exemplary (teladan) story at
night before bed or When I was a child my mother used to tell me an exemplary
story at night before bed.2) We also used WOULD (alangkah) when we imagine
a situation or action, example: It would be nice to fly abroad but I can’t afford it.
(Alangkah asyiknya trbangke luar negeri,tapi aku tak mampu membiayainya).

NOTICE; GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE

WILL………………….Future time……….(be going to )

CAN………………….Ability…………………( be able to, be permitted to)

MAY………………..Permission…………..(be permitted to,possibility,it is possible)

 31

MIGHT……………Possibility…………….(it is possible that )

SHOULD………..OBLIGATION/DESIRABILITY………….( ought to )

MUST ……………INFERENCE,CONCLUSION…………….( I conclude that…)

PROBABILITY/NECESSITY………………(it is very probable that,have

to).

GRAMMAR AND REVIEW.

PAST PERFECT TENSE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

The Past Perfect Tense; to express action before another action or a certain time
in the past,e.g:Ahamd had learned Arabic before he came to Egypt.

To express an idea that in direct speech had been in the present perfect
tense,e.g: Direct: He said,Ï have written her a letter.” Indirect : He said that he
had written her a letter. To express a past condition or supposition with an
implied negative.e.g: If I had known that you wanted the book, I would have
sent it.(but I didn’t know).To express past wish with such verbs as : wish, hope,
expect,etc.that was not realized.e.g: We had expected you to stay at least a
week.

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: to express the action will be completed before a
certain time or another action in the future e.g: I will have finished my work by
8 o”clock. Fatma will have been here in a few minutes.

YES ,NO QUESTIONS

WH questions begin with a question word, such as WHO, WHAT, WHOM,

WHEN, WHERE, WHY, and HOW. To form a WH –questions, we have to
understand the form of YES,NO Question,i.e: AM-IS-ARE-WAS-WERE-DO-DOES-
DID, or soemother auxiliaries is placed before the subject.Then a WH-questions
is preceded.examples:

1.Statement: John likes coffee.

 32

2.Yes,No-question: Does John like coffee?

3.WH-question: What does John like?

1.Statement : John visited the museum yesterday.

2.Yes,No question : Did John visit the museum yesterday ?

3.WH-question : When did John visit the museum?

1.Statement : John will see Asmeni at his school.

2.Yes,No-question: Will John see Asmeni at his school ?

3.WH-question : Where will John see Asmeni?

1.Statement : Mary is going to meet John.

2.Yes,No-question :Is mary going to meet John?

3.WH-question : Whom is Mary going to meet?

1.Statement : Mary has visited New York twice.

2.Yes-No-question : Has Mary visited New York twice ?

3.WH-question : How many times has Mary visited New York?

NOTES: WHO is used to refer to a person as a subject. WHOM is used to refer to

a person as an object. WHAT is used to refer to a thing or an action. WHEN is
used to refer to a time. WHERE is used to refer to place.WHY is used to refer to
reason.HOW is used to refer to reason.

TAG endings.

We use tag endings to ask a question or to invite confirmation of some fact we

already know.We always use a tag ending after an affirmative sentence.We use
an affirmative ending a negative sentence.

Example : He can speak English, can’t he? She is an American,isn’t she? You live
in Jakarta,don’t you?They went home,didn’t they? He can’t speak English,can
 33

she?She isn’t American,is she?You don’t live in Jakarta,do you?They didn’t go

home,did they?

GRAMMAR REVIEW

1.THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (Continuous):is an action that began in

the past and is still occurring in the present may be expressed by the Present
Perfect Progressive.It is usually used to describe the duration of an activity that
is in progress,i.e. how long something has continued to the present time.e.g:

The government has been endeavoring to increase the literacy rate through
direct method.(Pemerintah sudah sedang berusaha keras untuk meningkatkan
angka melek huruf melalui metode langsung).Time expressions with since and
for are used with the present perfect progressive(continuous).

I have been taking an English course for two months.This means that the
speaker began attending the course two months ago and has continued since
that time.In other words the English learning process has been in progress and is
still in progress.

The Muslim jurists (ahli hukum) have been elaborating economic question since
years ago.It should be noted that with some verbs (live,teach,work etc), the
duration can be expressed by either the present perfect or the present perfect
progressive(continuous).

Professor Sum has been teaching Islamic Political Thought for fifteen years.This
sentence has the same meaning as Professor Sum has taught Islamic Political
Thought for fifteen years.The rule : SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS+BEEN+VERB ing…..

2.THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (Continuous): gives the idea that one event
was in progress immediately before another time or event.In general the tense
is used to express the duration of the first event in the past.The rule is: SUBJECT
+ HAD BEEN + VERB ing…. e.g: I had been reciting the Holy Qurán for an hour
before you came .The prophet Muhammad had been teaching the religion of
God for twenty-three years before he passed away.
 34

3.THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (Continuous): usually emphasizes the

duration of an activity or event that will be in progress before another time or
event in the future.e.g: I’LL have been studying English and Arabic for two hours
by the time you come. When the professor retires next month, he will have been
teaching for 45 years.

Sometimes the future perfect progressive and the future perfect give the same
meaning.This sentence,for instance, may be changed without changing the
meaning into when the professor retires next month ,he will have taught for 45
years.It should be noted tha the teaching activity expressed by either of the two
tenses began in the past.The rule: SUBJECT+WILL HAVE BEEN+VERB ing.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

THE GERUNDS, or a verbal noun (kata benda kerja) is formed from a verb by
adding-ing, the same as the present participle.The word read (membaca ) for
example becomes reading (bacaan).In this regard the –ing form is used as a
noun.examples: 1.He often prays together with others, because praying in a
congregation is more rewarding.2. Do not tell a lie, because telling a lie is a
sinning.(Jangan berdusta,sebab berdusta itu perbuatan dosa).

GERUND AS SUBJECT.

A gerund can be used as a sentence subject.e.g: Praying in mosque is more

rewarding.(Salat di masjid lebih berpahala).A gerund (praying) is the subject of
the sentence.The verb (is) is singular because a gerund is singular.Notice that
the sentence is the same meaning as It is more rewarding to pray in mosque.The
word it is used as the subject of the sentence and has the same meaning as the
infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence: it means to pray in mosque.

The understanding of the Holy Quran requires knowledge of Arabic and hadith.

Notice that the gerund understanding can not be preceded by the unless it is
followed by qualifying phrase such as of psychology in the phrase the
understanding of psychology.(pemahaman mengenai psikologi).
 35

GERUND AS OBJECT: A gerund can also be used as an object of a verb.e.g:

1.Personal ethics of Islam requires that believers avoid gambling, drinking

alcohol, lying, and stealing.(Etika pribadi Islam mengharuskan para
penganutnya menghindari judi,minum alcohol,berdusta dan mencuri).The
gerund gambling, drinking alcohol,lying and stealing are the objects of the
verb avoid.

2.He was used to drinking liquor before he became a Muslim.The word

drinking is not a present participle or continuous form but the noun or
object of the verb to be used to.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS: There are some verbs commonly followed by

gerunds : ADMIT, APPRECIATE, AVOID, CONSIDER, DENY, ENJOY, FINISH, FORBID,
PRACTICE, QUIT, REGRET, RISK,STOP.e.g: The students enjoy studying Arabic in
the language laboratory. They risk talking to the native speaker from the Middle
East.(Mereka memberanikan diri berbicara dengan penutur asli dari Timur
Tengah).

There are also some phrasal verbs commonly followed by gerunds: ADJUST TO,
APPROVE OF, BE BETTER OFF, BE ACCOSTUMED TO, BE INTERESTED IN, BE USED
TO, CAN’T HELP, COUNT ON, DO NOT MIND, FORGET ABOUT, GET THROUGH,
GIVE UP, INSIST ON, KEEP ON, LOOK FORWARD TO, OBJECT TO, THINK ABOUT,
and THINK OF.e.g:He looks forward to working in England next year. She
approved of her husband’s working abroad despite the serious problem
between them.He likes reading detective story. Fatma hates smoking. The
teachers dislike our cheating during the test.Is there anything worth buying?She
didn’t object to my staying here for a while.The maid denied having stolen the
jewels.Do you mind shutting the door?It is windy.She suggested holding an
experiment to prove that your theory is not wrong.Try to avoid giving the
students a chance to cheat.Did you enjoy spending the holiday in the country?
Stop quarreling,please! I want to go.I have not finished doing this assignment
yet.My neighbor has given up drinking and gambling.I am sorry,sir.I could not
help laughing because he said something funny.You can’t see the manager
 36

now.He is busy talking to his business partner.You have to practice speaking and
reading English everyday if you want to master the language.It is no use advising
him,he is very stubborn.She didn’t remember seeing me before.The wall needs
painting.

NOTES: A gerund is a word derived from a verb and used as a noun.Gerunds end
in –ing.Gerunds may be used as subject of the sentence,complement (predicate-
noun),direct object,object of preposition etc.e.g: PLAYING tennis is her hobby.
(as subject of the sentence),His chief interested is HUNTING.(used as predicate
noun), They like SWIMMING.(used as direct object).She is good at DRAWING.
(used as object of preposition).

GRAMMAR REVIEW:

The Pasive Voice.The passive voice is formed from the verb TO BE including am-
is-was-were-have been-and so on used as an auxiliary, and the past participle of
the main verb, which is transitive (like written etc) not intransitive (like slept
etc).Additionally, the special auxiliaries CAN BE- MUST BE- SHOULD BE and so
forth are also possible to be used in the passive voice.

In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action.example:
Adam used a prayer mat for praying. In the passive voice, the subject is acted
upon by someone or something.Ex: The prayer mat was used by Adam.

Normally the passive voice is used only when the agent (pelaku) who performs
some action is not known or is not important.e.g: English is studied all round the
world.The Republic of Indonesia was established in l945.The final exam will be
held next week.

We use an active verb in active voice to express what the subject did or
does.Example:Professor Shihab was a writer.He wrote this book in 2000.This
sentence can be put into passive voice;This book was written by Professor
Shihab in 2000.

Notice: that the use of the passive voice for some tenses, such as the future
progressive tense is not common in English.
 37

1.The Simple Present.

Active: The teacher teaches students the religion of Islam every Friday.

Pass : The religion of Islam is taught to students every Friday.or Students are
taught the religion of Islam every Friday.

2.The Simple Past.

Active : The teacher taught students the religion of Islam yesterday.

Passive : The religion of Islam was taught to students yesterday.or Students

were taught the religion of Islam yesterday.

3.The Simple Future.

Active : The teacher will teach students the religion of Islam tomorrow.

Passive : Students will be taught the religion of Islam tomorrow.or The religion
of Islam will be taught to students tomorrow.

4.The Present Continuous.

Active : The teacher is teaching students the religion of Islam now.

Passive : The religion of Islam is being taught to students.or Students are being
taught the religion of Islam.

5.The Past Continuous.

Active : The teacher was teaching students the relgion of Islam when I came
yesterday.

Paasive: Students were being taught the religion of Islam when I came.or The
religion of Islam was being taught to students when I came.

6.The Present Perfect.

Active : The teacher has taught students the religion of Islam.

 38

Passive: The religion of Islam has been taught to students.or Students have been
taught the religion of Islam.

7.THE PAST PERFECT.

Active : The teacher had taught the religion of Islam before I came yesterday.

Passive: The religion of Islam had been taught before I came.

8.THE FUTURE PERFECT.

Active : The teacher will have taught the religion of Islam before he teaches
Arabic tomorrow.

Passive: The use of passive voice form of the future perfect tense is less common
in English.

9.CAN BE, SHOULD BE.

Active : The teacher should teach the religion of Islam perfectly.

Passive:The religion of Islam should be taught perfectly.

10.INFINITIVE:

ACTIVE:He is going to write a letter. Passive:A letter is going to be written

He is going to write two letters. Two letters are going to be written.

He has to write a letter. A letter has to be written.

He has to write two letters. Two letters have to be written.

ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE PATTERNS:

a.SIMPLE PRESENT.

Active :He writes a letter. Passive: A letter is writeen.

They write a letter. A letter is written.

He writes two letter. Two letters are written.

 39

b.SIMPLE PAST.

He wrote a letter. A letter was written.

He wrote two letters. Two letters were written.

c.PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

He is writing a letter. A letter is being written.

They are writing a letter. A letter is being written.

d.PAST CONTINUOUS:

He was writing a letter. A letter was being written.

They were writing a letter. A letter was being written.

e.PERFET.

He has written a letter. A letter has been written.

He has written two letters. Two letters have been written.

He had written a letter. A letter had been written.

He had written two letters. Two letters had been written.

f.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

He has been writing a letter. A letter has been being written.

They have been writing two letters. Two letters have been being written

GRAMMAR REVIEW

CONDITIONAL SENTENCEs; There are two types of conditional sentences;The

real conditional sentences, and the unreal conditional sentences.

1.THE REAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCE: are used when the speaker expresses an
action or situation which usually occurs (present) or will occur (future) if the
circumstances in the main clause (if clause) are met.
 40

2.THE UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCE; The unreal conditional sentence

expresses a situation that could take place or would have taken place if the
circumtnaces expressed were or had been now or in the past.This type of
conditional sentence is also called the contrary to fact,or the hypothetical
(bersifat dugaan) conditional sentence.The rules:

1.Real Present:

CONDITION:a.If Hasan hurries Result:a.He will catch the bus.

b.If the students are clever b.Their teachers are happy.

c.I the Dean asks you c.Tell him the truth.

2.Unreal Present.a.If Hasan hurried a.He would catch the bus.

b. If all the students were clever. B.Their teacher would be happy.

3.Unreal Past:a.If Hasan had hurried. a.He would have caught the bus.

b.If the students had been clever. b.Their teachers would have been happy.

Some patterns:e.g

a.TO BE :1.If the weather is good,we will go to the beach.

2.If”Mercedes Benz”were cheap, I would buy one.

3.If the weather had been better,the plane would have been left the
airport earlier this morning.

b.VERB(HAVE):1.If you have a problem with the lesson, I will help you.

2.If you had a problem with money,I would help you.(but I don”t
have trouble with money).

3.If he had had a chance last year,he would have entered UI.

c.VERB:1.If I receive money now,I will go to Bali.

 41

2.If I won First Prize now,I would buy a palace.(How can he win.He
doesn”t buy any lottery).

3.The accident would have never happened,if the driver had seen the
red sign.

d.AUXILIAY; CAN and MUST.

1.If I can solve the problem myself, I will not ask for your help.or (If I am able to
solve the problem myself, I will not ask for your help).

2.If I could solve the problem my self, I would not ask for your help.or (If I were
able to solve the problem my self,I would not ask for your help).

3.If I had been able to solve the problem my self, I would not have asked for
your help).

4.If you MUST leave now,I will depart with you by plane.or ( If I HAVE TO leave
now,I will depart with you by plane.

If I HAD TO leave now, I would depart with you by plane.

If you HAD HAD TO leave yesterday, I would have departed by plane with you.

ADDITIONAL “WISH” to express a desire that cannot be fulfilled.

e.g :I hope I can………. I wish I could.

I hope she came…..I wish she came.

I hope he came last night………I wish he had come last night.

I wish I were rich.

I wish I entered University of Indonesia.

I wish my teacher were here now.

I wish I HAD KNOWN the answer two days ago.

I wish I HAD STUDIED the Qurán well when I was a student.

 42

NOTES: The IF-clause can come first or last in the sentence with no change
meaning.However, when the IF-clause come first,it is followed by a comma.e.g

IF you need help,please tell me. Or Please tell me IF you need help

SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

A.SPECIAL EXPRESSI0N.

1.USED TO,USE, describes an habitual past action, which is no longer in

effect.example; John USED TO smoke. He USED TO smoke 40 cigarettes a day;
(this sentence means that he smoked regularly for sometimes in the past, but he
does not smoke now).

USED TO + INFINITIVE is always past..there is no present form.We can not say I

USE TO DO for present, we use the present simple I DO.Compare these
sentences:Past: He used to smoke.We used to live. Present: He smokes. He uses
my pencil.We use a knife to cut something. Do you Use a per to write a letter?
The normal question form is “did….use to?.Example: Did you use to come late to
school when you were a secondary school student?Did she use to eat out with
her family? The negative form is ‘Didn’t use to’.example: I didn’t use to go out
when I was a senior high school student. They didn’t use to play tennis.

2.TO BE USED TO

To be used to means to be accostumed to or to be in the habit of. To be used to

is followed by a noun construction because the To in this case is not the sign of
an infinitive but a preposition.The structure of the sentence is TO BE USED TO
+VERB+ING. example: I AM USED TO STUDYING with John and therefore don’t
wish to change teachers. A naughty student IS USED TO COMING late to
school.he has to change his habit. My father IS USED TO RECITING Al-Qurán .He
has to continue this good habit.

The normal question formis:……USED TO+VERB+ING. example: Is he USED TO

COMING late? Are you USED TO TALKING to the teacher? Are they USED TO
EATING lunch late?
 43

The negative form is…..IS NOT + VERB + ING.example:We are NOT USED TO
STAYING late at night. They are NOT USED TO LISTENING to the radio. I AM NOT
USED TO PLAYING tennis.

3.HAVE + GOT in place of HAVE.

The present perfect verb HAVE + GOT is a frequent substitute for the simple
present of HAVE as a main verb.example:

HAVE: She has a bad cold. HAVE GOT: She has got a bad cold.

We have a lot of work. We have got a lot of work.

We don’t have any time. We have not got any time.

Do you have English-Indonesian dictionary? Have you got English-Indonesian

dictionary?

In the past we don’t normally use got. In the past question and negative
sentences,we say:DID you have a car when you lived in London? He didn’t have
an umbrella, so he got wet in the rain.

HAVE for ACTIONS: example: I HAVE breakfast with my family. We really HAD a
good time last week. DID you HAVE a long holiday last year? John usually KAD
a cup of coffee for breakfast when he was at work.

4.HAVE or GET in CAUSATIVE FORM.

We use an appropriate formof TO HAVE or TO GET and the past participle of the
verb when we wish to show that we caused someone else to perform an
action,Meanwhile we can also use the Simple Form of the verb preceded by
HAVE to show that the Subject asks or causes to someone else to do
something.Example:Simple Present Tense: He often shines his shoes.I repair my
watch.We bring the radio to the house.

Causative Form: He often HAS his shoes SHINED. I GET my watch REPAIRED.We
HAVE them BRING the radio to the house.
 44

In the first two example, the past participle SHINED and REPAIRED are used
because the shoes are shined and the watch is repaired by someone not
mentioned.I the third example,the Simple form of the verb BRING is used
because we BRING the radio.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

1.In a DIRECT QUOTATION, we give the words of the speaker exactly as he has
spoken then.Examples:

John said,’I am going away on Wednesday.”

He said,”I have to finish this report by five o”clock”.

Mary said, “I have to write a letter.”

He said, “I will be here at noon”.

My sister said,”I have told father about the story”.

When we wish to report someone’s words indirectly we must change all

pronouns to agree with the new sentence.examples:

John said THAT HE WAS GOING away on Wednesday.

He said that HE HAD TO finish that report by five oçlock.

Mary said that SHE HAD TO write a letter.

He said that HE WOULD BE here at noon.

My sister said that SHE HAD TOLD father about the story.

2.INDIRECT SPEECH.

When we report a question in indirect speech using WH questions such as

WHEN,WHY,or WHERE ,we express the original question in a statement
form.e.g:Direct: Mother said,”When do you leave for New York?. Indirect:
 45

Mother asked when I left for New York.Direct: I asked,”Why are you
crying?.Indirect: I asked why she was crying.

Notes: If the question is not introduced by some question word (yes,no

IF.example:John asked,’Does Mary live here?.becomes; John asked WHETHER
Mary lived her”.and John asked IF Mary lived here.

3.INDIRECT SPEECH (COMMANDS) We express order or commands in indirect

speech by using the infinitive form.example:

Direct; He said to me,”Wait for me”. Indirect: He told me to wait for him.

Direct:She said to me,”Don”t wait for me”. Indirect: She told me not to wait for
her.Direct: She asid to me,”Wake me up at five o’clock “.Indirect: She told me to
wake her up at five o’clock.

NOTES; 1.Sometimes in spoken English, no change is made in the verb forms if

the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after is was said,e.g:
What did Fatma say? I didn’t hear her.The immediate reporting for this question
is,e/g; She said she wants you to come to her birthday party.

2.The present tense is always retained in both formal and informal English when
the reported sentence deals with a general truth.e.g:Our teacher said that the
world is round. He said that Islam is God’s religion.

3.The use of that (bahwa) is usually optional after say and tell. However, it is
usually obligatory after declare, mention, report and state when introducing
another clause.e.g: 1.Our president declared that everyone had to be a law-
obiding citizen.(warga yg.taat hukum).2. The cognitive researcher reported that
brain was more important for learning than organs.

NOTICE:

QUOTED SPEECH:

1.Ali said,” I study English everyday”.

2.Ali said,”I am studying English.”

 46

3.Ali said,”I have studied English”.

4.Ali said,”I studied English”.

5.Ali said,”I will study English”.

6.Ali said,” I am going to study English “.

7.Ali said,”I can study English”.

8.Ali said,”I may study English”.

9.Ali said,”I might study English”.

10.Ali said, “I must study E#nglish”.

11.Ali said,”I have to study English”.

12.Ali said,”I should study English”.

13.Ali said,”I ought to study English”.

14.Ali said to me,”Study English”.

15.Ali asked,”Do you study English?”

16.Ali Asked,”What do you study,Fatma?”

REPORTED SPEECH:

1.Ali said (that) he studied English everyday.

2.Ali said that he was studying English.

3.Ali said he had studied English.

4.Ali said he had studied English.

5.Ali said he would study English.

6.Ali said he was going to study English.

Ali said he could study English.

 47

8.Ali sais he might study English.

9.Ali said he might study English.

10.Ali said he had to study English.

11.Ali said he had to study English.

12.Ali said he should study English.

13.Ali said he ought to study English.

14.Ali told me to study English.

15.Ali asked me if I studied English.

16.Ali asked her(Fatma) what she studied.

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

THE SENTENCE; All people need to express their thought and feelings to
others.Expression may take many forms other than words.For example; a smile
or the face may show happiness.A shrug of the shoulders may express
uncertainty.A siren indicates a fire or an accident.An arrow points out a one-way
street. Of course, the two most commons forms of communication –speaking
and writing depend on words.When words are combined in a meaningful
arrangement, or pattern,communication takes place.The pattern used in
speaking and writing often differs.When we speak ,we very often depend on
gesture and facial expressions to help communicate thoughts and ideas.But
when we write, we have only words and punctuation.To make ideas clear and
easy to read, we must construct good sentences and punctuate them properly.

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES.

A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought.eg.

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 48

Noun People work.

Pronoun Asmeni works.

Clause What makes a man is employment.

Phrase That tall man has been working hard.

Uderstood subject (you) Do it well.

A sentence generally does one of the three things:1.It makes a statement (He is
teaching you English). 2.I asks a question.( Do you understand his English?) 3.It
gives a command or makes a request.( Bring your book here. Please help me
with my work.)

Simple Sentence: A simple sentence has two essential parts: one simple subject,
and one simple predicat, or it has a compound subject and a compound
predicate. SUBJECT PREDICATE

A heavy rain has spoiled our plans.

PREDICATE SUBJECT

I the distance were low lying black clouds.

The Predicate.The predicat of a sentence is the part ,which says something

about the subject.The complete predicate is the verb with its modifiers and the
words that complete its meaning.The verb is the principal word or group of
works in the complete predicate.e.g: Ralf bought a new type writer.The teacher
teaches his students English.

When helping verbs are used, the verb in a sentence is a group of words.e.g:

Helen HAS REVEALED the secret. My father WILL HAVE the house painte. They
ARE LEARNING to read the Arabic texts. That dog IS BARKING at a stranger. Ralf
WILL probably SELL his old machine.
 49

THE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT.A subject complement is a complement that

describes or explains the subject.

SUBJECT PREDICATE COMPLEMENT

You are the winner.

He is a captain.

Sumiati looks pretty.

That must have been a surprise.

A subject complement maybe compound; that is may have two or more

parts.e.g: The script was SHORT and POWERFUL. The young lady looks ELEGANT
and PRETTY.

There are two kinds of subject complements, the predicate nominative, and the
predicate adjective.Both occur in the predicate of a sentence of a sentence and
both refer to the subject.

1.The Predicate Nominative; A predicate nominative is one kind of subject

complement.It is a noun or pronoun that explains or identifies the subject of
the sentence.It follow the lingkingverb.The words in bolt type are predicate
nominatives.e.g:

This piece of stone maybe an old ARROWHEAD. By night the sleet had become
SNOW.Porpoises are MEMEBRS of the whale family. A good dictionary is a
valuable TOOL for homework assignments.That unlucky swimmer might have
been YOU.

2.The Predicate Adjective; A subject complement is called a predicate adjective if

the subject is modified with an adjective.The subject is followed with linking
verb.e.g: The girls were HOARSE from cheering. (Hoarse is a predicate adjective
modifying the subject GIRLS). Iced tea tastes GOOD on a hot day.( GOOD is a
predicate adjective modifying the subject ICED TEA ).The cake was LIGHT and
DELICIOUS are predicate adjective modifying the subject CAKE).Like predicate
 50

nominatives, predicate adjectives always follow linking verbs.Common linking

verbs are: be (all forms)-appear-become-feel-grow-look-remain-seem-smell-
sound-stay-taste.

THE DIRECT OBJECT; A direct object receives the action of the verb or names the
result of this action.Only action verbs have direct objects.The verbs action
maybe either physical or mental.It answers the question “what”or “Whom”after
an action verb.e.g: Roy KNOCKED THE BALL into the stands.(physical action).
You CAN IMAGINE the result.(mental action).She BROUGHT one of the new
rackets.(what). Jack HAS INVITED you and me to his party.(whom).That shop
manufactures small parts for jets engines.(Parts is the result of the action of the
verb MANUFACTURE).A direct object can never follow a linking verb, since a
linking verb does not express action.You should notice, also, that a direct object
is never in a prepositional phrase.e.g: Augusta Savage WAS a sculptor during the
Harlem Renaissance.( the word WAS does not express action; therefor, it has no
direct object.)She learned a lesson in safety.(Lesson is the direct object of the
verb;SAFETY is the object of the preposition IN ).Direct object may be
compound,example: We bought RIBBON,WRAPPING PAPER and TAPE.(The
compound direct object of the verb is RIBBON,WRAPPING PAPER,and TAPE).

THE INDIRECT OBJECT. The next kind of complement, besides a direct object, is
the indirect object.Some verbs have both direct and indirect objects.When they
do, the sentence base consist of SUBJECT,VERB,INDIRECT OBJECT, and DIRECT
OBJECT.Like all complements, the indirect object helps to complete the meaning
begun by the subject and verb.A direct object answer questions WHAT and
WHOM after an action verb.An indirect object answers the question TO WHAT
or TO WHOM os FOR WHOM after a certain action.The indirect object always
comes before the direct object in the sentence.e.g: Pratiwi left THE WAITER a
tip.(WAITER is the indirect object of the verb left.It answer the question:’For
whom did she leave a tip).Despite her nervousness,Suprapti gave the audience a
quick glance.(Audience is the indirect object of the verb gave.It answers the
question: To what did she give a quick glance?).

A COMPOUND SENTENCE.
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A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more simple

sentences,usually joined by a connecting word.When two or simple sentences
are joined into one sentence, they form a compound sentence.The word; qnd,
but, or ,not, and yet are used to combine simple sentences into a compound
sentence.Those words are called connecting words or conjunctions.e.g:

In the last fifty years scientists have conquered many diseases,BUT the common
cold persist.Citrus fruits AND green vegetables should be a part of everyone”s
diet,for they supply needed vitamins. He called the children to supper BUT
John refused to leave the ball game,AND Joice didn’t hear.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

The complex sentence is a sentence that consist of two (or more) sentences,
which are called “Clause” One sentence is called the main sentence or the main
clause (induk kalimat) and the other is subordinate sentence or subordinate
clause (anak kalimat). In English there are three kinds of subordinate clause
namely; NOUN CLASUE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, ADVERB CLAUSE.

A.NOUN CLAUSE: Is a subordinate clause used as a noun.It functions as a noun

in the sentence.e.g:1. He noticed her NERVOUSNESS (noun).He noticed THAT
SHE WAS NERVOUS. 2. WHO wrote the letter? We know WHO WROTE THE
LETTER.(noun clause). 3. They know THE WAY. They know WHICH WAY THEY
WENT.(noun clause).4.What happened? We asked WHAT HAPPENED.(noun
clause).5, What time was it? We know WHAT TIME IT WAS.(noun clause). 6.WHO
came her ?. We know WHO CAME HERE.(nounclause). 7. Allah is great. We
believed THAT ALLAH IS GREAT.( noun clause ).Those examples that show NOUN
CLAUSE may be introduced by relatives pronoun like: WHO-WHAT-WHICH-
WHOM-WHOSE WHOEVER-WHICHEVER-WHATEVER-WHERE-WHEN-HOW-WHY-
WHETHER and THAT.

A noun clause is very often the object of a sentence.e.g: Fred dreamed A

DREAM.(object) I know ARITHMATIC.(object) Asmeni said A FEW WORDS.
(object).Now instead of using nouns for the objects of those verbs we will use a
clause.e.g: Fred dreamed THAT HE WAS TRAVELLING TO THR MOON (object).I
 52

know THAT TWO AND TWO MAKE FOUR (OBJECT). Asmeni said THAT SHE WAS
WEARING A NEW DRESS. (object). These clauses are object of verbs.Those
clauses then are doing the work of a noun.They are NOUN CLAUSES.Almost
every noun clause you meet will be the object of a transitive verb ,usually a
verb like;SAY,THINK,BELIEVE etc.Sometimes nouns are the subject of a verb
like:YOUR WORK (subject) seems very difficult. THE PRISONER’s ESCAPE
(subject) is a complete mystery.WHAT YOU ARE DOING (subject) seems very
difficult. HOW THE PRISONER ESCAPED (subject) is a complete mystery.

NOTES: A clause that does the work of a noun in a sentence is a NOUN CLAUSE.A
noun clause is generally the object or the subject of a verb.

B.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE; The adjective clause must go as near as possible to the

noun it describes.e.g: I like a story THAT IS GOOD. That is a boy WHO IS CLEVER.
Is this your kitten WHICH WAS LOST? We helped the sailors WHO WERE
SHIPWRECKED. Each of the se sentences ( that is good-who is clever-which was
lost-who were shipwrecked) does the work of an adjective.But none of them
makes complete sense by itself.These sentences make complete sense only
when they are with the other sentence.So they are clause.And because they are
do the work of an adjective,they are called ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.The other
sentences on which they depend for their meaning ( I like a story –That is a boy-
Is this your kitten?We helped the sailor are called PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.

Adjective Clause is a dependent clause as an adjective, it therefore modifies a

noun or pronoun.Adjective clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns;
WHO-WHOM-WHOSE-WHICH- and THAT.e.g:

1.Krakatau,WHICH IS AN ISLAND IN INDONESIA,EXPLODED in l883.(adj.clause)

2.People WHO LIVED 3,000 MILES AWAY HEARD THE NOISE.(adj.clause)

3.This is the teacher WHO TAUGHT ME FRENCH.(adj.clause)

4.Give us the reason WHY THIS DISASTER HAPPENED.(adj.clause)

5.They told us WHEN THE EXPLOTION HAPPENED.(adj.clause)

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A Relative pronoun does the work of a pronoun and of a conjunction. It stands

instead of a nounand also joins an adjective clause to another clause in a
complex sentence.The three most commonly used relative pronouns are WHO
(used for people), WHICH (used for things) and THAT (used for people and
things).Here are examples to show you how these relative pronouns join simple
sentences together to make complex ones.

SIMPLE SENTENCE1)This is Mrs.Suprapti. (2) Mrs.Suprapti couldn”t eat any

lean.becomes COMPLEX SENTECE : This is Mrs.Suprapti WHO couldn’t eat any
lean.

Simple sentence: Here are the passangers.They want to travel by this

plane.becomes Complex sentence: Here are the passangers THAT want to travel
by this plane.Simple sentence: I have a book.It teaches English
grammar.Complex sentence: I have a book WHICH teaches English grammar.

But when you are making complex sentences like this, remember to put the
adjective clause next to the noun it describes.

Simple sentence;The book teaches me grammar.It is a new one.becomes

Complex sentence:The book that teaches me grammar is a new one.

Simple sentence: The man couldn’t eat any fat.The man is called Jack Sprat.

Complex sentence; The man who couldn’t eat any fat is called Jack Sprat.

3.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE:

An adverb clause is one that does the work of an adverb.Clauses that tell HOW
an action is done are ADVERB CLAUSES OF MANNER,:those that tell WHEN an
action is done are ADVERB CLAUSES of TIME; and those that tell WHERE an
action is done are ADVERB CLAUSES OF PLACE..e.g:

MANNER: John did that work AS IT SHOULD BE DONE. The man ran AS IF
WOLVES WERE CHASING HIM. Answer the questions AS YOU HAVE BEEN

TAUGHT. He fought AS brave man should fight.

 54

The thief ran away,WHEN HE SAW THE POLICEMAN. WHEN I HAVE FINISHED MY
WORK,I shall go out to play.The tooth stop aching, WHEN THE DENTIST CAME IN.
A cold wind sprang up ,JUST AS THE SUN WAS SETTING. Fatma decided to
wait,UNTIL THE TRAIN ARRIVED. (ADVERB OF TIME)

PLACE ;Sumiati put the meat,WHERE THE CAT COULDN’t reach it.The sailor went,
WHERE THEYEXPECTED TO FIND THE TREASURE. WHERE THERE ARE
FLOWERS,you will generally find bees. WHEREVER PRATIWI GOES,Asmeni is sure
to go.NOTES FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE: An adverbial clause is a dependent clause
used as an adverb; it therefore can modify a verb, an adjective, a verbal, and
another adverb.e.g:

1.He studies HARD.(adverb).He studies AS ALL HIS BROTHERS BEFORE HIM HAVE
STIDUED.(adverb clause).

2.He went home EARLY.(adverb of time).He went home AS SOON AS HE COULD.

(adveb clause of time).

3.He read Islamic books ONCE IN A WHILE.(adverb of time).He read Islamic

books WHENEVER HE HAD THE CHANCE.(adverb clause of time).

4.You can learn English in LIA.(adverb of place.)You can learn English WHEREVER
YOU LIKE.(adverb clause of place.).

In short there are several kinds of adverb clause,they are :

1.Adverb clause of time by using one of the following connectives; when,

whenever, while, since, after, befor, until.e.g: He came home AFTER THE SUNSET,
My teacher read a book WHILE HE TAUGHT IN THE CLASSROOM. My sister had
worked AS A TEACHER BEFORE SHE FINISHED HER EDUCATION.

2.Adverb clause of reason, purpose, cause; introduced by conjuctions : because,

as, since, so that, in order that, for fear that etc:example: You do not need to
study that chapter BECAUSE YOU HAVE ALREADY UNDERSTOOD IT. You have to
master chapter twelve of the book SO THAT YOU CAN EXPLAIN IT TO YOUR
CLASSMATE. I read that chapter IN ORDER THAT I will be prepared to take the
 55

examination. You should read that lesson several times FOR FEAR THAT YOU
MIGHT FAIL IN THE EXAMINATION.

3.Adverb Clause of Condition, it is usually introduced by conjunctions IF,

UNLESS, WHETHER, PROVIDED THAT, ON CONDITION THAT, AS LONG AS:e.g:He
will come to the party IF HE IS INVITED. UNLESS HE IS INVITED, he will not come
to the party. He will consider the after PROVIDED THAT ALL HIS CONDITIONS
ARE GRANTED.

4.Adverb Clause of Result: introduced by conjunction : SUCH…THAT SO…

THAT.e.g: The day is SO HOT THAT HE DECIDED TO STAY HOME. It was SUCH AN
INTERESTING EVENING THAT I decided to go out for dinner.

5.Adverb Clause of Contrast:concession, : introduced by conjunctions

ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, NO MATTER IF
,WHENEVER,WHEREVER,WHATEVER.e.g: He decided to accept the offer,
EVENTHOUGH HE WOULD RECEIVE LOW SALARY. I always corrected the mistakes
of others, EVEN IF THEY OBJECTED. I wanted to buy the car, NO MATTER IF IT
COST ME. WHENEVER I SPOKE, they always laughed at me.WHATEVER YOU MAY
THINK, I will do the work.

GRAMMAR REVIEW OF THE ADVERBS.

Adverbs (kata keterangan) is word that adds more information about

circumstances,manner, place, and time.There are generally adverb of manner,
adverb of time and adverb of place.Examples:

1.Adverb of Manner; is word that tells us how somebody does something or

how something happens.Many adverbs of manner are derived from adjectives.
(careful-carefully; happy-happily; slow-slowly etc.)The word friendly-lively-
elderly-lovely-silly are not adverbs but adjectives.The word lately(akhir-akhir ini)
isnot the adverb of late; and hardly (hampir tidak) is not the adverb of hard.

2.Adverb of Place; is used to answer the question where about the action of the
verb.It comes after the verb.Common adverbs of place are : away-Bandung-far-
far away-here-there etc.
 56

3.Adverb of Time; usually follow the verb; however, they may also introduce the
sentence for reasons of style or for emphasis.Adverbs of time are early-
everyday-late-tomorrow etc.

4.Order of Adverbs; when different adverb types occur together,the order is

usually manner, place, time.This order,however may be changed into : manner-
time-place or time-place –manner for emphasis.e.g:He prays conscientiously in
the mosque everyday.(Setiap hari dia salat khusuk di mesjid itu).Pratiwi went to
school gladly today, or Today Pratiwi went to school gladly.(Hari ini Pratiwi pergi
sekolah dengan riang).

MOOD.

The mood of a verb that shows the mode or manner in which the action is
shown.There are three MOOD, the Indicative Mood, Imperative Mood, and The
Subjunctive Mood.The most frequently used mood, by far, is the Indicative.The
Indicative Mood is used to make statements and ask questions,e.g:

Statements: “I heard a noise”. “The train is coming into the station.” “The earth
moves round the sun”.

Questions: “Did you hear that noise?”.”Are you Miss Brown”. “Have you
understood the lesson?.”The Imperative Mood is used to give commands or
make requests.e.g: Commands: “In the name of the law open the door,””Come
here and speak to me.””Don’t make a noise.””Run !.”

With a request we usually add “please”” examples: “Please don’t forget to write
to me.” “Don’t make a noise, please.””Please give Fatma my best wishes.” “Let
me help you.”

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word used to join grammatical elements together.It joins

words, phrase, and clauses or sentences.There are two types of conjunction,
coordinate and subordinate.A coordinate conjunction joins words or groups of
 57

words of equal value.The most common coordinate conjunctions are; and, but,
or, nor,for ;e.g : He and I are old friends. We wnet but they stayed home.

A sub0ordinate conjunction joins a dependent (subordinate) clause with an

independent (main) clause.Common subordinate conjuctions are : when,while,
where, since, because, if, unless, that, whether, although, as soon as ,etc.e.g: He
lay in bed because he was ill. We eaited until it stopped raining.

1.But/however/nevertheless/on the other hand.: are alike in the sense that

show direct opposition between two ideas or situation.Instead of saying Fatma
is rich.Pratiwi is poor.We can make a sentence: Fatma is rich but Pratiwi is poor;
or, Fatma is rich however Pratiwi is poor. Or Fatma is rich,nevertheless Pratiwi is
poor.or Fatma is rich.Pratiwi,on the other hand ,is poor.

2.Despite/In spite of; means regardless of / irrespective of (terlepas

dari/meskipun) .They are used to express two opposing or contrasting
statements;example:Despite thirst and hunger, a good Muslim never quits
fasting in the month or Ramadhan.or In spite of thirst and hunger, a good
Muslim never quits (berhenti) fasting in the month of Ramadhan.

3.Provide that; Providing that / provided that means only if (hanya

jika/asalkan).Provided expresses the idea there is only one condition that will
cause a particular result.for example; Samsu will remarry to his ex-wife provided
she does not hurt him anymore.(Samsu mau rujuk dengan mantan isterinya
asalkan dia tidak menyakiti lagi).

4.Therefore; means consequently or as a result.They are called conjunction

adverbs that connect the ideas between two sentences.Instead of saying Kaslan
failed the test because he didn’t study.We can say either : Kaslan didn”t
study.Therefore, he failed the test. Or Kaslan didn’t study.Consequently, he
failed the test.

5.Unless: unless is as same as if…not (jika…tidak/ kecuali kalau ) It is often used

to introduce an afterthought, that is, something added to the main statement.
Notice that wiil is not used after unless or provide. The present tense is
 58

commonly used after the two words.Example: You won’t be allowed to be a

prayer leader or an imam unless you can recite the Qurán frequently.

PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS.

The correlative conjunctions or paired conjunctions are words that conjunct

or join like entities.The like entities (satuan kalimat yang sama/setara) must be
used together (noun with oun, adjective with adjective, and so on)All forms
must be parallel; they are:

1.BOTH …and ; means in additionto (selain itu/dan/juga) This correlative

conjunction appears as a pair in a sentence and takes either a plural or a singular
verb.e.g:BOTH my mother and father are here. Amir is BOTH talented and
handsome. Fatma writes BOTH correctly and neatly.(rapi). The qalb is the same
sense as BOTH essence and intelligence or mind.

Note: Both…and can be changed into the conjunction AS WELL AS.example;

Fatma studies English as well as Arabic.

2.EITHER….or; is used to show a choice of two alternatives.The verb used in the

sentence may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following
or is singular or plural.The formula is EITHER + NOUN (singular or plural) + or +
singular noun + singular verb.example: EITHER Ahmad or Hamid is going to
study abroad. The qalb in Indonesia is akal and akal itself is thought of as EITHER
ingatan OR mental. NOTE : that if the noun after or is plural, its verb must also
be plural.example: EITHER Ahmad or his friends are going to study abroad.

3.NEITHER..nor; means NOT…AND NOT….or NOT ONE or THE OTHER OF

TWO.This conjunction applies the same rule as that of EITHER…
or.example:Psychology, neither heart nor liver is the same sense as qalb.(secara
psikologis baik jantung maupun hati tidak sam artinya dengan qalb).NEITHER
Pratiw nor her friends are going to study abroad.(Baik Pratiwi maupun teman-
temannya tidak akan belajar ke luar negeri).

4.NOT ONLY….BUT ALSO; has the same meaning AS BOTH…and, and as well as.
The conjunction NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO is used as a pair in joining like entities
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that must be used together ( nou with oun, adjective with adjective, the word
ALSO can be omitted, but it is preferable not to omit it.The formula of this
conjunction is SUBJECT + VERB + NOT ONLY +
NOUN/adjective/adverb/prepositional phrases + but also +
noun/adjective/adverb/prepositional phrases.example: Asmeni speaks not only
Arabic but also English.She is not only smart but also honest.She speaks not only
fluently but also honestly.

GRAMMAR REVIEW.

ADJECTIVES; 1.Fact and Opinion Adjective.Adjective is a word that indicates a

quality of the person or thing referred to by a noun.In general,there are two
kinds of adjectives; fact adjective, and opinion adjective. Fact adjective gives us
factual information about the age (e.g.young), color (e.g.white) and so
on.Opinion adjective tells us what somebody thinks about something or
somebody else like eautiful,handsome,charming,interesting and
important.Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.e.g:

There is a striking tradition difference between the abangan and santri.He is an

interesting young lecturer. She is a beautiful slim secretary.

2.-ing and –ed Adjective.There are many adjectives ending in –ING like
BORING,and BORED.e.g: Her husband’s behavior is boring.She bored with him.
David is interested in Islam because Islam is very interesting.The Slametan
conducted bay abangans may be satisfying but santris are not satisfied with it.

REFERENCES:

1.A PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR,Second Edition,by A.J.Thomson and

A.V.Martined, The3 English Book Society and Oxford University Press,l975

2.GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND USAGE IN ENGLISH,Second Edition,by A S

Hornby,The English Language Book Society and Oxford University Press,l975

3.THE KEY TO ENGLISH l and 2,Collier Macmillan International,Inc,New Yor,l976

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4.THE KEY TO ENGLISH ADJECTIVES 1-2 ---------idem-------

5.THE KEY TO ENGLISH TWO WORD VERBS……..idem……….

6.THE KEY TO ENGLISH VERBS………………………….idem……….

7.THE KEY TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY……………...idem………..

8.THE KEY TO ENGLISH FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION..idem…….

9.THE KEY TO ENGLISH NOUNS………………………...idem……….

10.THE KEY TO ENGLISH LETTER WRITING………..idem……….

11.OXFORD LEARNER’S POCKET DICTIONARY,Alan Evison,Oxford University

Press,l987,New York

12.BRIGHTER GRAMMAR AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WITH EXERCISES,Book 1,2,3,4

by C.E.Eckersley,MA and Margaret Macauly,MA, Longman Group Limited,
London,l974

13.IMPROVING READING SKILL IN ENGLISH FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS,Book

1,2,3 by Team of Five,Kencana ,2008,Jakarta.

14.ISLAMIC ENGLISH A Competency-Based Reading and Self-Study reference,by

DR.Muhibbin Syah.M.Ed.PT.Remaja Rosdakarya,Bandung,2009

15.PenuntunPelajaran Bahasa Inggris untuk SMA berdasarkanKurikulum l974-

GBPP l987,by Drs.Artono Wardiman,Ganeca Exact,Bandung l988

16.ENGLISH For Islamic Studies,by Drs.Djamaluddin Dawis.MA, PT Raja Grafindo

Persada-Jakarta ,200l.

17.GRADED DRILLS AND EXERCISES In English Structural Words And Sentence

Patterns, by Drs.Yuslizal Saleh,Tirta Yasa-Palembang,l972, Book 1,2,3.