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    Final Exam Slutin

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    Final Exam Slutin

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    Final Exam Slutin

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    of 12

     Mohammad Sohel(202080040125)

    Answer to the question no:2

    Soil stabilization occurs when lime is added to a reactive soil to generate


    long-term strength gain through a pozzolanic reaction. This reaction
    produces stable calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate
    hydrates as the calcium from the lime reacts with the aluminates and
    silicates solubilized from the clay.

    Water resistance The lime stabilised layer forms a water resistant barrier
    by impeding penetration of moisture from above and below. Thus, the
    layer becomes a working platform shedding water and allowing
    construction to proceed unaffected by weather.Which lime is used for
    stabilization? Quicklime Many types and qualities of lime have been
    successfully used as soil stabilizing agents for many years. However, the
    most widely used and best performing limes in soil stabilization are the
    quicklime (CaO) and hydrated (Ca(OH)2) lime.

    Answer to the ques no:3

    (1) Specific gravity and bulk density: A specific gravity and bulk density of
    standard cement 3.1 is usually 1300 kg / m3.

    (2) Fineness: Refers to the particle thickness of cement. Fine particles,


    faster hardening and higher initial strength.

    (3) Strength: Cement strength must comply with national standards.

    (4) Volume stability: refers to the uniform performance of the volume


    change of cement during the hardening process. Cement contains more
    impurities and will produce uneven deformation(7) Standard
    Adjustment: This refers to the adjustment of cement paste during the
    standard test rod sinking resistance.

    Answer to the ques no :4


    The inspection of the evenness of the cement volume changes in
    hardening can determine whether the cement can be used or not. The
    test method is boiling method which is mainly used for the inspection of
    the poor dimensional stability produced by the disassociated calcium;
    pat test and Le Chatelier soundness test can be used as the
    determination methods, and if there is conflict, the Le Chatelicr prevails.
    Pat test means to observe the changes of the shape after the boiling of
    paste pat in order to check the soundness of cement; Le Chatelier is
    used to determine the expansion value after cement paste is boiled
    between the Le Chatelier needles. (2) Apparatus and Equipment 1)
    Boiling box: its effective capacity is 410mmX240mmX310mm; it contains
    grid plate and heater inside; it can heat the inner water from room
    temperature to boiling within 30 min f 5 min, and the boiling can be kept
    for 3h without adding water. 2) Le Chatelier needles: is made of copper
    material (see Test Figure 3.5). Le Chatelier soundness test should accord
    with the following requirements: when the root of a needle is hung up
    to a wire or nylon yarn and 300g weights are added to the other one, the
    increase of the distance between the two needles’ pointers should be
    within (17.5 f 2.5)mm, namely, 2~-I 7.5 k 2.5mm.

    Answer to the question no: 5

    Cheap: raw materials are abundant and available. More than 80% of
    them are sand and stone whose resources are rich,energy consumption
    is low, according with the economic principle. Sakawath Hossain Sajid

    .Main components of common concrete:

    Concrete is made up of two components, aggregates and paste.


    Aggregates are generally classified into two groups, fine and coarse, and
    occupy about 60 to 80 percent of the volume of concrete. The paste is
    composed of cement, water, and entrained air and ordinarily constitutes
    20 to 40 percent of the total volume..

    Answer to the Ques no:6 and 7


    To determine the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of low-
    carbon steel is to provide means and basis to identify and test the
    mechanics and processing properties of steel.

    (2) Major Apparatus and Equipment

    Universal material testing machine, steel ruler, vernier caliper,


    micrometer,

    Answer to the question no :9

    1) The steel-bar specimens with the diameter of 8-40mm do not need


    turning (see Test Figure 8.1).

    2) If the test machine has tonnage restrictions, the steel bar with the

    diameter of 22-40mm can be made into turning samples,

    3) Draw a straight line on the surface of a specimen parallel to its axis


    with a pensile, and dot endpoints (punches) of gauge length on the line,
    and draw 10 equal division pointsalonggauge length with oil paint.
    Appendix Tests of Building Materials 405 4) Measure the gauge length
    10, accurate to 0.1 mm.

    5) For the unturned specimen, the cross-sectional area A0 can be


    calculated

    by mass method.

    In the equation: A0 is the cross-sectional area (cm2 ), converted into


    mm2;

    Ao=ml7.85 L

    mis the mass of the specimen (6);

    L is the length of the specimen (cm);

    7.85 is the density of the steel bar (g/cm3

    Answer to the ques no :13


    The aggregate gradation refers to the collocation distribution of particles
    with different diameters. Good gradation will not only reduce the
    amount of cement but also improve density, intensity and other
    properties of concrete. The aggregate coarseness refers to the average
    coarseness of the particle mixtures in different diameters.

    (1) Grain Gradation and Coarseness of Sand

    The grain gradation and coarseness of sand are determined by screen


    residue analysis. Grading region and fineness modulus can be used to
    express the gradation and the coarseness of sand particles respectively.
    A set of square-hole sieves whose diameters are 4.75mm, 2.36mm,
    l.l8mm, 0.60m, 0.30mm and 0.150mm are adopted specifically. Screen
    500g dry sand obtained by sample splitting device from coarseness to
    fineness, then weigh their screen residue, and calculate their percentage
    ul, u2, u3, u4, US, a6 (which means the mass of screen residue to the
    mass of the total sample sand) and the percentage of cumulative screen
    residue Al, A2, A3, A4, As, A6 (which refers to the screen residue of one
    sieve to the sum of all the unit screen residue percentages whose sieves
    are thicker than it). The relationship between the cumulative screen
    residue and the unit screen residue is shown is Table 5.4. The cumulative
    screen residue in each group represents a gradation. According to GBn-
    14684-2001, there are three grading regions of sand when it is
    calculated by the percentage of the cumulative screen residue of
    0.60mm square-hole sieve, shown in Table 5.5. Compared with the
    standard indexes in Table 5.5, the real gradations of sand particles are
    allowed to exceed the limits slightly (except 4.75mm and 0.60 sieves),
    but the total 5 Concrete 87 I Ilole Size (mm) percentage should not be
    more than 5%. Taken the cumulative screen residue percentage and the
    size of sieve holes respectively as the ordinate and the abscissa, the
    numbers regulated in Table 5.5 can be drown into sieve-analysis curves
    of the upper and the lower limits of three grading regions,The sand of
    zone I1 is proper for the preparation of concrete; if the sand of zone I is
    selected, the sand ratio should be improved and the amount of cement
    should be enough to satisfy the workability of concrete; if the sand of
    zone IT1 is used, the sand ratio should be lowered properly to guarantee
    the strength of concrete.

     Other question Answer…

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