LMTD Correction Factors

A.
LMTD Correction Factors

Table A.1 Fouling Factors
Temperature of heating medium ≦ 240°F 240–400°F*
Temperature of water ≦125°F >125°F
Water Water velocity, ft/s Water velocity, ft/s
≦3 ft >3 ft ≦3 ft >3 ft
Sea water 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.001
Brackish water 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002
Cooling tower and artificial spray pond
Treated makeup 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Untreated 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.004
City or well water (such as Great Lakes) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Great Lakes 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
River water
Minimum 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.022
Mississippi 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003
Delaware, Schuylkill 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003
East River and New York Bay 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003
Chicago sanitary canal 0.008 0.006 0.010 0.008
Muddy or silty 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003
Hard (>15 gr/gal) 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005
Engine jacket 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Distilled 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
Treated boiler feedwater 0.001 0.0005 0.001 0.001
Boiler blowdown 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
* Ratings in the last two columns are based on a temperature of the heating medium of 240 to 400°F. If the heating medium
temperature is over 400°F, and the cooling medium is known to scale, these ratings should be modified accordingly.
Table A.1 Fouling Factors (Continued)
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Petroleum Fractions
Oils (industrial) Cracking units
Fuel oil 0.005 Gas oil feed 0.002
Clean recirculating oil 0.001 <500°F 0.003
Machinery and transformer oils 0.001 ≧500°F 0.002
Quenching oil 0.004 Naphtha feed: 0.004
Vegetable oils 0.003 <500°F
Gases, vapors (industrial) ≧500°F
Coke-oven gas, manufactured gas 0.01 Separator vapors (vapors from separator, flash pot, and 0.006
vaporizer)
Diesel-engine exhaust gas 0.01 0.002
Bubble-tower vapors
Organic vapors 0.0005 0.010
Residuum
Steam (non-oil bearing) 0.0 0.002
Absorption units
Alcohol vapors 0.0 0.002
Gas
Steam, exhaust (oil bearing from reciprocating engines) 0.001 0.002
Fat oil
Refrigerating vapors (condensing from reciprocating 0.002 0.001
compressors) Lean oil
0.002
Air Overhead vapors
Liquids (industrial)
Organic 0.001 Gasoline 0.0005
Refrigerating liquids, heating, 0.001 Debutanizer, depropanizer, 0.001
cooling, or evaporating 0.001 depentanizer, and alkylation units
Brine (cooling) Feed
Atmospheric distillation units
Residual bottoms, <25°API 0.005 Overhead vapors 0.001
Distillate bottoms, ≧25°API 0.002 Product coolers 0.001
Atmospheric distillation units Product reboilers 0.002
Overhead untreated vapors 0.0013 Reactor feed 0.002
Overhead treated vapors 0.003 Lube treating units 0.002
Side-stream cuts 0.0013 Solvent oil mixed feed 0.001
Vacuum distillation units Overhead vapors
Petroleum Fractions
Overhead vapors to oil 0.001 Refined oil 0.001
From bubble tower (partial condenser) 0.003 Refined oil heat exchangers, 0.003
From flash pot (no appreciable reflux) 0.001 water cooled † 0.005
Overhead vapors in water-cooled condensers 0.04 Gums and tars 0.003
From bubble tower (final condenser) 0.001 Oil-cooled and steam generators 0.001
From flash pot 0.002 Water-cooled 0.002
Side stream 0.005 Solvent 0.001
To oil 0.002 Deasphaltizing units 0.005
To water Feed oil 0.003
Residual bottoms, <20°API Solvent
Distillate bottoms, >20°API Asphalt and resin
Natural gasoline stabilizer units Oil-cooled and steam generators
Water-cooled
Feed 0.0005 Solvent vapors 0.001
Overhead vapors 0.0005 Refined oil 0.001
Product coolers and exchangers 0.0005 Refined oil water cooled 0.003
Product reboilers 0.001 Dewaxing units 0.001
H 2 S removal units Lube oil
For overhead vapors 0.001 Solvent 0.001
Solution exchanger coolers 0.0016 Oil wax mix heating 0.001
Reboiler 0.0016 Oil wax mix cooling † 0.003
† Precautions must be taken against deposition of wax.
Table A.1 Fouling Factors (Continued)
Crude Oil Streams
0–199°F 200–299°F 300–499°F ≧500°F
Velocity, ft/s
<2 ft 2–4 ft ≧4 ft <2 ft 2–4 ft ≧4 ft <2 ft 2–4 ft ≧4 ft <2 ft 2–4 ft ≧4 ft
Dry 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.003
Salt ‡ 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.006 0.005
‡ Refers to a wet crude—any crude that has not been dehydrated.
SOURCE: Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 2d ed., New York, 1949. Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill
from D. Q. Kern, Heat Process Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.
Table A.2 Approximate Overall Design Coefficients
Values include total dirt factors of 0.003 and allowable pressure drops of 5 to 10 psi on the controlling stream
Hot fluid Cold fluid Overall UD
Coolers
Water Water 250–500 a
Methanol Water 250–500 a
Ammonia Water 250–500 a
Aqueous solutions Water 250–500 a
Light organics b Water 275–150
Medium organics c Water 250–125
Heavy organicsd Water 255–75 e
Gases Water 252–50 f
Water Brine 100–200
Light organics Brine 240–100
Heaters
Steam Water 200–700 a
Steam Methanol 200–700 a
Steam Ammonia 200–700 a
Steam Aqueous solutions:
Steam <2.0 cP 200–700
Steam >2.0 cP 100–500 a
Steam Light organics 100–200
Steam Medium organics 50–100
Steam Heavy organics 6–60
Steam Gases 25–50 f
Exchangers
Water Water 250–500 a
Aqueous solutions Aqueous solutions 250–500 a
Values include total dirt factors of 0.003 and allowable pressure drops of 5 to 10 psi on the controlling stream
Hot fluid Cold fluid Overall U
Coolers
Light organics Light organics 40–75
Medium organics Medium organics 20–60
Heavy organics Heavy organics 10–40
Heavy organics Light organics 30–60
Light organics Heavy organics 10–40
a Dirt factor 0.001.

bLightorganics are fluids with viscosities of less than 0.5 cP and include benzene, toluene, acetone, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone,
gasoline, light kerosene, and naphtha.
c Medium organics have viscosities of 0.5 to 1.0 cP and include kerosene, straw oil, hot gas oil, hot absorber oil, and some crudes.
dHeavy organics have viscosities above 1.0 cP and include cold gas oil, lube oils, fuel oils, reduced crude oils, tars, and asphalts.
e Pressure drop 20 to 30 psi.
fThese rates are greatly influenced by the operating pressure.
SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Heat Process Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.
Table A.3 Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tube Data
Tube OD, in BWG Wall thickness, in ID, in Flow area per tube, in 2 Surface per lin ft, ft 2 Weight per lin ft, lb steel
Outside Inside
1/2 12 0.109 0.282 0.0625 0.1309 0.0748 0.493
14 0.083 0.334 0.0876 0.0874 0.403
16 0.065 0.370 0.1076 0.0969 0.329
18 0.049 0.402 0.127 0.1052 0.258
20 0.035 0.430 0.145 0.1125 0.190
3/4 10 0.134 0.482 0.182 0.1963 0.1263 0.965
11 0.120 0.510 0.204 0.1335 0.884
12 0.109 0.532 0.223 0.1393 0.817
13 0.095 0.560 0.247 0.1466 0.727
14 0.083 0.584 0.268 0.1529 0.647
15 0.072 0.606 0.289 0.1587 0.571
Tube OD, in BWG Wall thickness, in ID, in Flow area per tube, in Surface per lin ft, ft Weight per lin ft, lb steel
Outside Inside
16 0.065 0.620 0.302 0.1623 0.520
17 0.058 0.634 0.314 0.1660 0.469
18 0.049 0.652 0.334 0.1707 0.401
1 8 0.165 0.670 0.355 0.2618 0.1754 1.61
9 0.148 0.704 0.389 0.1843 1.47
10 0.134 0.732 0.421 0.1916 1.36
11 0.120 0.760 0.455 0.1990 1.23
12 0.109 0.782 0.479 0.2048 1.14
13 0.095 0.810 0.515 0.2121 1.00
14 0.083 0.834 0.546 0.2183 0.890
15 0.072 0.856 0.576 0.2241 0.781
16 0.065 0.870 0.594 0.2277 0.710
17 0.058 0.884 0.613 0.2314 0.639
18 0.049 0.902 0.639 0.2361 0.545
1 1/4 8 0.165 0.920 0.665 0.3271 0.2409 2.09
9 0.148 0.954 0.714 0.2498 1.91
10 0.134 0.982 0.757 0.2572 1.75
11 0.120 1.01 0.800 0.2644 1.58
12 0.109 1.03 0.836 0.2701 1.45
13 0.095 1.06 0.884 0.2775 1.28
14 0.083 1.08 0.923 0.2839 1.13
15 0.072 1.11 0.960 0.2896 0.991
16 0.065 1.12 0.985 0.2932 0.900
17 0.058 1.13 1.01 0.2969 0.808
18 0.049 1.15 1.04 0.3015 0.688
1 1/2 8 0.165 1.17 1.075 0.3925 0.3063 2.57
Tube OD, in BWG Wall thickness, in ID, in Flow area per tube, in Surface per lin ft, ft Weight per lin ft, lb steel
Outside Inside
9 0.148 1.20 1.14 0.3152 2.34
10 0.134 1.23 1.19 0.3225 2.14
11 0.120 1.26 1.25 0.3299 1.98
12 0.109 1.28 1.29 0.3356 1.77
13 0.095 1.31 1.35 0.3430 1.56
14 0.083 1.33 1.40 0.3492 1.37
15 0.072 1.36 1.44 0.3555 1.20
16 0.065 1.37 1.47 0.3587 1.09
17 0.058 1.38 1.50 0.3623 0.978
18 0.049 1.40 1.54 0.3670 0.831
Table A.4 Tube-sheet Layouts (Tube Counts)
Square Pitch
3/4-in-OD tubes on 1-in square pitch 1-in-OD tubes on 1 1/4-in square pitch
Shell ID, in 1-P 2-P 4-P 6-P 8-P Shell ID, in 1-P 2-P 4-P 6-P 8-P
8 32 26 20 20 8 21 16 14
10 52 52 40 36 10 32 32 26 24
12 81 76 68 68 60 12 48 45 40 38 36
13 1/4 97 90 82 76 70 13 1/4 61 56 52 48 44
15 1/4 137 124 116 108 108 15 1/4 81 76 68 68 64
17 1/4 177 166 158 150 142 17 1/4 112 112 96 90 82
19 1/4 224 220 204 192 188 19 1/4 138 132 128 122 116
21 1/4 277 270 246 240 234 21 1/4 177 166 158 152 148
23 1/4 341 324 308 302 292 23 1/4 213 208 192 184 184
25 413 394 370 356 346 25 260 252 238 226 222
27 481 460 432 420 408 27 300 288 278 268 260
Square Pitch
29 553 526 480 468 456 29 341 326 300 294 286
31 657 640 600 580 560 31 406 398 380 368 358
33 749 718 688 676 648 33 465 460 432 420 414
35 845 824 780 766 748 35 522 518 488 484 472
37 934 914 886 866 838 37 596 574 562 544 532
39 1049 1024 982 968 948 39 665 644 624 612 600
1 1/4-in-OD tubes on 1 1/16-in square pitch 1 1/2-in-OD tubes on 1 7/8-in square pitch
10 16 12 10
12 30 24 22 16 16 12 16 16 12 12
13 1/4 32 30 30 22 22 13 1/4 22 22 16 16
15 1/4 44 40 37 35 31 15 1/4 29 29 25 24 22
17 1/4 56 53 51 48 44 17 1/4 39 39 34 32 29
19 1/4 78 73 71 64 56 19 1/4 50 48 45 43 39
21 1/4 96 90 86 82 78 21 1/4 62 60 57 54 50
23 1/4 127 112 106 102 96 23 1/4 78 74 70 66 62
25 140 135 127 123 115 25 94 90 86 84 78
27 166 160 151 146 140 27 112 108 102 98 94
29 193 188 178 174 166 29 131 127 120 116 112
31 226 220 209 202 193 31 151 146 141 138 131
33 258 252 244 238 226 33 176 170 164 160 151
35 293 287 275 268 258 35 202 196 188 182 176
37 334 322 311 304 293 37 224 220 217 210 202
39 370 362 348 342 336 39 252 246 237 230 224
Triangular Pitch
3/4-in-OD tubes on 15/16-in triangular pitch 3/4-in-OD tubes on 1-in triangular pitch
Square Pitch
Shell 1-P 2-P 4-P 6-P 8-P Shell 1-P 2-P 4-P 6-P 8-P
ID, in ID, in
8 36 32 26 24 18 8 37 30 24 24
10 62 56 47 42 36 10 61 52 40 36
12 109 98 86 82 78 12 92 82 76 74 70
13 1/4 127 114 96 90 86 13 1/4 109 106 86 82 74
15 1/4 170 160 140 136 128 15 1/4 151 138 122 118 110
17 1/4 239 224 194 188 178 17 1/4 203 196 178 172 166
1-in-OD tubes on 1 1/4-in triangular pitch 1 1/4-in-OD tubes on 1 9/16-in triangular pitch
19 1/4 301 282 252 244 234 19 1/4 262 250 226 216 210
21 1/4 361 342 314 306 290 21 1/4 316 302 278 272 260
23 1/4 442 420 386 378 364 23 1/4 384 376 352 342 328
25 532 506 468 446 434 25 470 452 422 394 382
27 637 602 550 536 524 27 559 534 488 474 464
29 721 692 640 620 594 29 630 604 556 538 508
31 847 822 766 722 720 31 745 728 678 666 640
33 974 938 878 852 826 33 856 830 774 760 732
35 1102 1068 1004 988 958 35 970 938 882 864 848
37 1240 1200 1144 1104 1072 37 1074 1044 1012 986 870
39 1377 1330 1258 1248 1212 39 1206 1176 1128 1100 1078
1-in-OD tubes on 1 1/4-in square pitch 1 1/4-in-OD tubes on 1 9/16-in square pitch
8 21 16 16 14
10 32 32 26 24 10 20 18 14
12 55 52 48 46 44 12 32 30 26 22 20
13 1/4 68 66 58 54 50 13 1/4 38 36 32 28 26
15 1/4 91 86 80 74 72 15 1/4 54 51 45 42 38
17 1/4 131 118 106 104 94 17 1/4 69 66 62 58 54
19 1/4 163 152 140 136 128 19 1/4 95 91 86 78 69
21 1/4 199 188 170 164 160 21 1/4 117 112 105 101 95
23 1/4 241 232 212 212 202 23 1/4 140 136 130 123 117
25 294 282 256 252 242 25 170 164 155 150 140
27 349 334 302 296 286 27 202 196 185 179 170
29 397 376 338 334 316 29 235 228 217 212 202
31 472 454 430 424 400 31 275 270 255 245 235
33 538 522 486 470 454 33 315 305 297 288 275
35 608 592 562 546 532 35 357 348 335 327 315
37 674 664 632 614 598 37 407 390 380 374 357
39 766 736 700 688 672 39 449 436 425 419 407
1 1/2-in-OD tubes on 1 7/8-in triangular pitch
12 18 14 14 12 12
13 1/4 27 22 18 16 14
15 1/4 36 34 32 30 27
17 1/4 48 44 42 38 36
19 1/4 61 58 55 51 48
21 1/4 76 72 70 66 61
23 1/4 95 91 86 80 76
25 115 110 105 98 95
27 136 131 125 118 115
29 160 154 147 141 136
31 184 177 172 165 160
33 215 206 200 190 184
35 246 238 230 220 215
37 275 268 260 252 246
39 307 299 290 284 275
Figure A.1 Tube-side heat-transfer curve. (Adapted from Seider and Tate. Reprinted courtesy of
McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.2 Shell-side heat-transfer curve for bundles with 25% cut segmental baffles. (Reprinted
courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.3 LMTD correction factors for 1–2 exchangers. (Standards of Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers Association, 2d ed., New York, 1949. Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q.
Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.9 Crossflow-temperature-difference correction factors: (a) both fluids unmixed; (b) one
fluid mixed, other fluid unmixed; (c) both fluids mixed; and (d) two-pass counterflow, shell fluid
mixed, tube fluid unmixed. (Bowman, Mueller, and Nagle, Transactions of the ASME. Reprinted
courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.10 Tube-side water-heat-transfer curve. (Adapted from Eagle and Ferguson, Proc. Roy. Soc.
A127:540, 1930. Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.11 Tube-side friction factors. (Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association,
2d ed., New York, 1949. Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)
Figure A.12 Tube-side return pressure loss. (Reprinted courtesy of McGraw-Hill from D. Q. Kern,
Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.)

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A.

LMTD Correction Factors

Temperature of heating medium ≦ 240°F 240–400°F*

Temperature of water ≦125°F >125°F

Water Water velocity, ft/s Water velocity, ft/s

Sea water 0.0005 0.0005 0.001 0.001

Brackish water 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002

Cooling tower and artificial spray pond

Treated makeup 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002

Untreated 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.004

Great Lakes 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002

Minimum 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.022

Mississippi 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003

Delaware, Schuylkill 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003

Chicago sanitary canal 0.008 0.006 0.010 0.008

Muddy or silty 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003

Hard (>15 gr/gal) 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005

Engine jacket 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Distilled 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

Treated boiler feedwater 0.001 0.0005 0.001 0.001

Boiler blowdown 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Table A.1 Fouling Factors (Continued)

Oils (industrial) Cracking units

Fuel oil 0.005 Gas oil feed 0.002

Clean recirculating oil 0.001 <500°F 0.003

Machinery and transformer oils 0.001 ≧500°F 0.002

Quenching oil 0.004 Naphtha feed: 0.004

Vegetable oils 0.003 <500°F

Gases, vapors (industrial) ≧500°F

Organic 0.001 Gasoline 0.0005

Refrigerating liquids, heating, 0.001 Debutanizer, depropanizer, 0.001

cooling, or evaporating 0.001 depentanizer, and alkylation units

Brine (cooling) Feed

Atmospheric distillation units

Residual bottoms, <25°API 0.005 Overhead vapors 0.001

Distillate bottoms, ≧25°API 0.002 Product coolers 0.001

Atmospheric distillation units Product reboilers 0.002

Overhead untreated vapors 0.0013 Reactor feed 0.002

Overhead treated vapors 0.003 Lube treating units 0.002

Side-stream cuts 0.0013 Solvent oil mixed feed 0.001

Vacuum distillation units Overhead vapors

Overhead vapors to oil 0.001 Refined oil 0.001

Overhead vapors in water-cooled condensers 0.04 Gums and tars 0.003

From flash pot 0.002 Water-cooled 0.002

Side stream 0.005 Solvent 0.001

To oil 0.002 Deasphaltizing units 0.005

To water Feed oil 0.003

Residual bottoms, <20°API Solvent

Distillate bottoms, >20°API Asphalt and resin

Natural gasoline stabilizer units Oil-cooled and steam generators

Feed 0.0005 Solvent vapors 0.001

Overhead vapors 0.0005 Refined oil 0.001

Product reboilers 0.001 Dewaxing units 0.001

H 2 S removal units Lube oil

For overhead vapors 0.001 Solvent 0.001

Solution exchanger coolers 0.0016 Oil wax mix heating 0.001

Reboiler 0.0016 Oil wax mix cooling † 0.003

† Precautions must be taken against deposition of wax.

Table A.1 Fouling Factors (Continued)