Unit One

The Development of Capitalism

1.1 The Development of Industrial Capitalism
(Industrial Revolution).
Industrial revolution has two phases. These were:
a. Phase I: 1750s-1850s
b. Phase II: from 1850s on wards
Features of Industrial revolution in phase II
a. The substitution of iron by steel as sources of raw
material.
b. The replacement of coal by oil, gas and electricity as
sources of energy.
c. The spread of industries to Europe and USA.
d. The development of automatic machines.
e. The radical change of communication and
transportation.
f. Construction of canals.
Major innovations
No. NAME OF innovators INNOVATION YEAR
1 Michael Faraday Electricity and dynamo 1831
2 Alexander Gram Telephone 1876
Bell
3 Rudolf Diesel Diesel engine 1879
4 Guglilmo Marconi Wireless telegraphy 1896

Construction of canals
It was started in Britain. Some of the great canals were:
a. Erie Canal: it is linked Hudson River and New York with
Great Lake. This made New York, the commercial center
of USA.
b. Suez Canal: Linked Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. This
reduces the time and energy from Europe to Asian via
South Africa.
c. Panama Canal: Linked Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
This enables USA to have easy access to farEast.
Consequence of Industrial Revolution
a. Change of people’s way of life.
b. It enables industrial Europe to dominate the world in
the 19th century.
c. The growth of urbanization.
d. Division of societies in to two social classes.
i. Bourgeoisie: the owner of the industries and its
products.
ii. Proletariat: wage workers in the industries.
Working condition
 Workers were worked under strict discipline.
 Long working hour and poor payment.
 Fear of losing jobs and generally there was bad
working condition.
The struggle of Workers
 1)Luddite Movement: Workers were expressed their
grievance through destroying (breakdown) the
machines.
2)Chartist Movement: Workers were expressed
their grievance through presenting their petition
to English parliament.
3)Scientific socialism: It started by German
philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883).
 It was called Socialism, communism or Marxism.
 Marx and his friend Engels wrote a book called
“Communist manifesto”.
e. The expansion of oversea territories (colonialism) in
the 19th c.
f. The emergence of new nation states in Europe. E.g.
German and Italy
g. Change of mode of production.
h. The idea of liberalism, pluralism, nationalism and
democracy.
Liberalism: this is refers to the idea of:
 The right to speech, the right to worship.
 The right to criticize the government, etc.
Nationalism: This is refers to the:
 Advocating common national interest (common good)
and unity.
 Pride by one’s own identity or country.
  Desire for the superiority of one’s own country over
the other nations, etc.
Pluralism: refers to the existence of many people’s having
different political outlook, race, religion and historical
background but living together peaceful in a nation. It also
refers to the existence of multi-party system.
1.2 The Italian Unification
Italy was the center of Rome Empire and renaissance
(Risorgimento).
What were the factors that contributed for the unification
of Italy?
a. The 1848 revolution
b. Nationalism
c. Napoleon war of expansion
How did Napoleon contributed for the unification of Italy?
 Napoleon was organized the different pity states into
two republics. These were Cisalpine and Ligurain.
What were the factors hindered for the unification of
Italy?
a. Foreign power ( France and Austria)
b. The Congress of Vienna: B/c the congress was divided
the two republics into pity states and given to foreign
power.
c. The Pope of Roman Catholic Church.
Why the Pope of Roman Catholic Church opposed the
Italian unification?
 The Pope was feared united Italy might loose his
power over the Papacy (Papal States).
The Congress of Vienna was divided the Italian states in to
8 pity states.
a. Piedmont-Sardinia: as independent states
b. Lombardy and Venetia : Under Austrian rule
c. Two Sicily (Napal and Sicily): Under local rulers
influenced by Austria.
d. Papacy or Papal states: under the Pope of Roam
Catholic Church.
e. Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Romagna under local
rulers.
Important men who were contributed for the Italian
Unification
a. Giuseppe Mazzini: Mazzini was organized the “Young
Italian Movement”.
What was the objective of Young Italian Movement
organized by Mazzini?
 To create democratic republic of Italy.
b. Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi was organized an army
called “Red Shirts” or “Thousands”.
*Using “Red Shirts”, Garibaldi was controlled the Two
Sicily and overthrow King Francis II from his power.
 c. Cavour: he was become the prime minister of
Piedmont. He defeated Austria with the support of
France and regained Lombardy.
In 1859, popular revolution was breakouts in central Italy
and Tuscany, Romagna and Modena were united with
Piedmont.
In 1860, Kingdom of Italy was declared in Turin (capital city
of Piedmont).
In 1866, as a result of Austro-Prussia war, Italy got
Venetia.
In 1870, as a result of Franco-Prussia war, Italy got Rome
and the unification of Italy was completed in 1971.
N.B Piedmont-Sardinia was the leading state during the
unification of Italy.
1.3 The German Unification
What were the factors that hindered for the unification of
Germany?
a. Religious difference b/n Northern and Southern states.
 Northern were the follower of Protestant.
 Southern were the follower of Catholic.
b. Economic difference b/n Western and Eastern states
 Western were depend on industries
 Eastern were agriculturalist.
c. Political difference b/n Northern and Southern states
 Northern were autocratic states.
  Southern were liberalist government.
d. Foreign power i.e. France and Austria.
Why France was worked against the unification of
Germany and Italy?
 France was feared united Germany could be rival to
French power in Europe
Why Austria was worked against the unification of
Germany?
 Austria was dominated the Northern German
confederation
Factors that were contributed for the unification of
Germany
a. The 1848 revolution
b. The idea of liberalism and nationalism
c. Napoleonic War. How? He was established the Rheine
Confederation.
d. The Congress of Vienna. How? The Congress was kept
the Weak Confederation of Rhineland.
Junker: were the rich landlords (aristocrats) of German.
How Germany did was united?
a. Zollverein Treaty (1819)
 It was set up by Prussia in 1819 to create economic
cooperation among German states.
What was the objective of Zollverein Treaty signed among
German states in 1819?
  To eliminate tariff barrier among German states.
N.B Zollverein Treaty was excluded Austria.
b. Blood and Iron (War)
In 1862, Otto von Bismarck becomes the prime minters of
Prussia. He was followed the policy of Blood and Iron to
united Germany. He was fought three major wars to
united Germany.
A. Danish war (1864): In 1864, Denmark was crushed by
Prussia with the support of Austria.
Result of Danish war: *Schleswig was given to Prussia
*Hollestine was given to Austria
B. Austro-Prussia war (1866): Austria was defeated by
Prussia at the battle Sadawa.
Result of Austro-Prussia war:-
 Northern German confederation was created
 Hollestine was given to Prussia
 Austria was excluded from German confederation
 Italy got Venetia
C. Franco-Prussia War (1870/71)
What was the immediate cause for the Franco-Prussia
War?
 The issue of succession in Spain.
In 1870, the French army was defeated at the battle of
Sedan.
Result of Franco-Prussia war
  The unification of German was completed.
 Italy got Rome.
 Bismarck become the Chancellor and William I
become the Keizer of Germany
 French nationality and glory was humiliated
Frankfurt Treaty (1871): agreed b/n France and Germany.
According this Treaty:
 France ceded Alsace and Lorrain.
 France agreed to pay war indemnity.
 France agreed to stay German troops until the war
compensation is paid.
N.B. Prussia was the leading regional state during the
unification of Germany. duytlllllllllll the way of unification
of GRRRRRRRR
1.4 The American Civil War (1861-1865)
What were the causes for the American civil war fought
b/n Northern and Southern states?
a. Economic difference
 Northern were industrial sates.
 Southern were agriculturalists. They need slave for
their agricultural
b. Political difference
 Northern were supported union. They were called
Unionist.
  Southern wanted separation. They were called
Separations.
c. The issue of slavery
 Northern wanted to abolish slavery. They want to
abolish slave
 Southern wanted to preserve slavery. They were
called slave states.
In 1861, Abraham Lincoln (who was anti-slavery) was
become the president of USA. At the same time 11
Southern states were separated from the union and
created their own country called Confederated States of
America under the leadership of Jefferson Davis. War was
started.
The American civil war has two phases
a. Phase I: from 1861-1863
*Slave states (Southern) were victorious
b. Phase II: from 1863-1865
*Northern were victorious and Slave states were
defeated.
What were the causes for the defeat of slave states
(Southern) by the Northern Unionist?
a. In 1863 Abraham Lincoln was introduced two laws.
i. Emancipation proclamation: This law was enacted
to free slaves in the rebel-held territories(
Southern territories)
 ii. Homestead Law: This law gave plot of land in the
western part of USA to slaves
b. The effective military leadership of General Ulysses
S.Grant and William T.Sherman of federal army
(Northern states). In 1865 Southern states were
defeated.
Consequence of American civil war
1. High military casualties (losses) and agriculture
devastation (damage).
2. Slavery was abolished. But social discrimination was
continued in USA until 1960s.
3. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford Theater in
Washington D.C by John Wilkes Booth (agent of slave
states)
4. USA becomes major global power.
5. National unity was preserved.
1.5 The Expansion of European Colonialism
N.B the nature of contact b/n Africa and European was
changed from time to time depending changing the
interest of Europeans.
 Before 1500, European considered Africa as a
“Dark continent”. Why? B/c did not explored & well
know the continent except the western and
Mediterranean coast.
What were the causes for the European colonial rivalries
(competition) in Africa, in the 19th c?
a. The development of industrial capitalism in the 19th c.
Industrial Europe needed:
i. Raw material for their factories and industries
ii. Market for finished goods ( industrial products)
iii. Place of investment i.e. cheap labour, land and
raw material were found in Africa.
b. The mergence of new nation states like Germany and
Italy. This created international completion among
European powers.
c. For prestige(status) and palace of settlement
E.g.
 Britain planed to build colonial empire from Cairo
to Cape Town (North-South)
 France planed to build up colonial empire from
west to east (Dakar- Obock now Djibouti).
Fashoda Incidence (1898)
The two powers (Britain and France) were reached near to
war at Fashoda, in Sudan, in 1898.
What happen after Fashoda Incidence b/n France and
Britain?
a. French army was retreated to west, Chad
b. Britain was controlled Sudan.
The Scramble of Africa
What were the causes for the scramble of Africa among
European powers in the 2nd half of 19th c?
a. The conquest of Egypt by Britain in 1882
b. The involvement of King Leopold II of Belgium in the
competition
c. The involvement of Italy and Germany in colonial
competition
Berlin conference (1884/85)
It was organized by Otto Von Bismarck of Germany prime
minister.
What was the objective Berlin conference held among
European powers?
 To partition Africa among themselves without going to
war or peacefully.
The process of colonial occupation
European was conquered and colonized Africa through the
following stages.
a. Sending European explorers and individuals
b. Missionaries were come to Africa following the
footsteps of explorers
c. Fake treaty with local rulers. E.g. Wuchale Treaty b/n
Ethiopian and Italy.
d. Military conquest
E.g. In 1899, Seyyid Muhammad Abdile Hassen of Somalia
was fought against British colonizers. But he was
defeated.
Ways of colonial administration
a. Direct rule: was followed by France other European
power.
 Rules and rulers were come from Paris.
b. Indirect Rule: followed by Britain.
 Rulers come from London while rulers were appointed
from Africa.
Unit one review questions
1. Luddite Movement was:
A. An agreement signed between the bourgeoisie
and the proletariat
B. The struggle of workers expressed their
grievance through presenting their petition to
parliament
C. The struggle of workers expressed their
grievance through breaking the machine
D. The socialist movement in Western Europe
based on Marxist ideology
2. What was the issue of discussion at Berlin
Conference held among European power from
1884-85?
A. How to increase European economic
assistance to African
B. How to form economically and politically
united colonies in Africa
C. How to partition Africa among European
powers with out going to war
D. How European help each other against
serious African resistance
3. The two European countries that reached
near to war called Fashoda Incidence in
Western Sudan were:
A. Germany and France C.
France and Britain
B. Germany and Britain D. Italy
and Ottoman Turk
4. Which of the following factor was responsible
for the rise of European colonialism in Africa in
the 19th century?
A. The discovery of new sea route that passes
India
B. The growth of legitimate trade with Africa
 C. The opening of Suez Canal in 1869
D. The growth of industrial capitalism in
Europe
5. Who invented telephone?
A. Guglisimo Marconi C. Rudolf
Diesel
B. Alexander Graham Bell D.
Robert Fulton
6. Which of the following factor was aggravated
for European the scramble of Africa in the
1880s?
A. European exploration in the interior part
of Africa
B. Involvement of King Leopold of Belgium in
the competition
C. Ending of Atlantic Slave Trade
D. Development of industrial capitalism in
Western Europe
Unit Two
The formation of Modern Ethiopian Empire
2.1 The Ethiopian Long Distance Trade
Based on the Geographical coverage and people and
regions involved, trade can be divided into two.
a. Local trade: *conducted by local merchants.
*It is the exchange of goods among the same
region and peoples
*This is conducted at market usually on fixed
days.
* It conducted by local merchants.
What was the importance of fixed market day in the 19th
in Ethiopia?
 It enables the merchants to participate in different
market days per a week.
b. Long Distance Trade: *conducted by local and
foreign merchants.
*It is the exchange of goods among different regions
and peoples
*It is includes both import and export items
What were the factors for the revival of long distance
trade in Ethiopia during the 19th c?
a. The expansion of Egyptian power in the Red Sea and
Western Ethiopia
*This created peace and stability in the region.
b. The conquest of Caucasus by Russia. How?
 *This closed supply of some goods and concubine to
the Ottoman Turks. This resulted in an increased
demand for the Ethiopian goods slaves
c. The growth of European interests in Ethiopia.
*Following the growth of industries, European were
began to visit Ethiopia to exploit the raw materials for
their industries and market for their manufacturing
products. E.g.
 Henry Salt met the ruler of Tigray, Ras Welde-Silassie
in 1805.
 Harris signed a Treaty of Commerce and Friendship
with king Sahle-Silassie of Shewa in 1841
 Walter Plowden signed treaty with Ras Alli II of Yeju
Dynastyin 1849.
 Rochet d’Herricourt was sgned treaty with King sahle-
Silassie of Shewa in 1843.
Merchants of the Long Distance Trade
a. Local Merchants:
i. Jabarti: Ethiopian Muslim merchants that
dominated the northern Ethiopia
ii. Afkala: Muslim merchants that dominated in the
Southwestern part of Ethiopia
iii. Afar and Somali: Dominated the East-West
trade routes
 iv. Oromo and Somali: dominated the Southern
and Southeastern part of Ethiopia.
Why the Long distance was dominated by the Muslim
merchants in Ethiopia in the 19th c?
 The Muslim peoples have no enough farmland.
 Most of the Ethiopian external trade was linked with
Middle East. This made easier for the Muslim
merchants to communicate with Muslim Arab
merchants than the Christians.
 The Muslim merchants were used trade to spread
their religion.
N.B *the group of merchants during the long-distance
trade was called Caravan merchants.
*The head of caravan merchants was called Negadras.
What was the responsibility of the Negadras during the
long distance trade in Ethiopia in the 19th c?
1)Mobilizing the group.
2)Fixing date of departure
3)Settling dispute (conflict) among merchants.
4)Preparing camping site
5)Paining tax at custom post
What was the responsibility of women during the long
distance trade in Ethiopia in the 19th c?
1)Preparing provision
2)Household management
 3)Packing goods
b. Foreign Merchants
i. Saffara: Foreign merchants who dominate in the
Ethio-Sudan and Ethio-Somali border
ii. Jalaba: Sudanese merchants that dominate in
Northwest part of Ethiopia along Ethio-Sudan
border
iii. Arabs, Greek, Armenian and other along the
coastal part of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
Items of Long Distance trade
a. Import Items: includes cloth, glass, firearms, etc.
b. Export Items:
i. Musk: was extracted from jangle areas of
Southwestern Ethiopia.
ii. Coffee: was domesticated in the 15th c. It was
begun to export in the 19th c.
iii. Slave: was the main trade item of the long
distance trade.
*The destination of Ethiopian slaves during the
long distance trade was Sudan and Middle East
(Arabs).
*It was extracted mainly from Southwestern part
of Ethiopia.
Sources of slaves during the long distance trade in
Ethiopia in the 19th c
  War captive (prisoners).
 Victim of slave raids.
 People who were unable to pay their debt or tribute.
Why the long distance was dominated trade was
dominated by the young beautiful girls?
 They were easily captured.
 The young beautiful girls have high demand in Middle
East for concubine and wife.
In the 2nd half of the 19th c, slave trade was reached at
zenith (peak or climax) point. Why?
 The frequent war and territorial expansion.
 The introduction of modern weapons. This made
defenseless peoples to fall easily in the hand of
warriors and slave raiders.
Consequences (outcomes) of slave trade
1)Depopulation of the region.
2)Insecurity of life and properties
3)Ethnic animosity (hostility) and regional conflict
4)Economic backwardness. B/c the productive force
was exported and production was decreased.
Trade routes of long distance trade
There were two major trade routes during long distance
trade in the 19th c in Ethiopia.
a. East-West direction:
b. North-South direction :
The origin of both East-west and North-South trade routes
were south-western part of Ethiopia.
Markets of long distance trade
Why peoples went to the market during the long distance
trade in Ethiopia in the 19th c?
1)Look for their lost cattle or property
2)Select a would be lover
3)Settle dispute (conflict)
4)Send or receive message from far away relatives by
the merchants.
5)To follow current affair like new order and decrees
from government authorities.
Medium of exchanges
During the long distance trade in the 19th c in Ethiopia,
there was no uniform medium of exchanges. Some of the
medium of exchanges during the long distance trade in the
19th in Ethiopia were:
1)Barter: It was traditional means of exchange of goods
by goods.
2)Amole (Salt bar): It was widely used throughout the
country.
It was served as payment (salary).
Problems of Amole
 It was easily breakable
 It was heavy for transportation
 3)Maria Theresa Taller: It was silver coin of Austria
imported in the late 18th c by foreign merchants.
4)Beads, cartridge and piece of cloths were also served
as a medium of exchange.
Consequences of Long distance trade
1)It created economic ties and interdependence among
different regions and peoples.
2)Exchange of views, cultures and technologies through
trade
3)It encouraged division of labour and specialization
4)The emergence of powerful leaders. It consolidated
(strengthen) the economic and political power of
different leaders.
5)The political and religious transformation of Gibe
Oromo states
Religiously: The introduction of Islam to the Gibe
Oromo state. Gibe Oromo states were transferred
from traditional to Islamic.
Politically: The emergence of monarchical states in
Gibe region. Gibe Oromo states transferred from Gada
system to monarchical system of government.
6)The territorial expansion of Christian states to
southern region of Ethiopia.
1.3 The reign of Tewodros II (1855-1868)
The second half of the 19th c in the history of Ethiopia was
characterized by two major events.
a. The formation of modern Ethiopian empire or the
revival of imperial government.
b. The struggle against foreign aggression i.e. Egypt,
Mahadist Sudan and Italy.
The period before the coming of Emperor Tewodros II was
called Zemene Mesafint (Era of Princes). The period of
Zemene Mesafint was come to an end with the rise of
Kassa Hailu from Quara later Tewodros II to power in
1855. Kassa Hailu was come to power by defeating the
different regional lords.
Major wars b/n Kassa Hailu and regional lords
No Defeated Battle Year result
regional lord field
1 Dejazmach Gura 1852 -Kassa controlled
Gosshu of Amba Gijjam
Gojjam
2 Biru Aligaz & Gorgora April -
3 war leaders Bchen 1853
3 Ras Alli II (last Ayshal June -End of Yeju
ruler of Yeju 1853 domination in
or Waraseh North Ethiopia
Dynasty)
4 Dejazmach Dersge 1855 a. The End of
Wube of Zemene
Semen and Mesafint
 Tigray b. the
coronation of
Kassa Hailu by
the name of
Tewodros II.
N.B the major program of Emperor Tewodros II was to
restore the Imperial power.
Major reforms of Emperor Tewodros II
A. Administration reforms: Tewodros II was tried to:
*made Ethiopia free from external threat.
*politically united and build strong central
government.
*to have appointed official rather than hereditary
rulers.
B.Military reforms : Tewodros II was tried to:
*build national salaried army.
*hierarchy of military ranks (commanding). E.g. Ye
Asraleqa (commander of ten), Ye Amsaleqa
(commander of fifty), etc.
* he prohibited looting of peasant properties by his
troops.
*to manufacture modern weapons and equip his army
modern weapons.
C. Religious reform: Emperor Tewodros II was declared
Tewahdo as a national faith of Ethiopia.
 *The catholic leader of De’ Jacobin was
expelled from his kingdom.
D. Slavery and slave trade: he was tried to abolish
slavery and slave trade.
The fall of Emperor Tewodros II
What were the causes for the fall of Emperor Tewodros II
a. The strong opposition of regional lords.
To which reform of Emperor Tewodros II did the regional
lords strongly resisted?
 The processes of centralization policy. Why?
*They did not want to lose the political and economic
right enjoyed during the Zemene Mesafint.
b. The conflict with the clergies (church leaders).
What was the cause for the conflict b/n Emperor
Tewodros II and the clergy men?
 The Emperor was reduced the number of clergymen
per church i.e. (2 priests and 3 deacons per church).
 He reduced the church land
Why Emperor Tewodros II was reduced the church land?
 To solve the financial constraint (problem) his plan of
modernization and reforms.
In 1864, the emperor was imprisoned the bishop, Abune
Selama. And the bishop was died in prison in 1867.
c. The conflict with European power
Emperor Tewodros II was wanted to manufacture modern
weapons in his country. To do this he was wrote a letter to
Britain and France to get skilled personnel and technicians.
But Tewodros II was unable to get what he needed from
Europe.
Why European powers were unable to give response the
demands of Emperor Tewodros II?
 European did not want religious solidarity.
 Egypt was more strategic economic importance to
European power than Ethiopia.
 European power did not want the rise of powerful
nation in the Red Sea region. Why? They were
engaged themselves in commercial competition in the
region.
As a result Tewodros II was gathered the European
missionaries in his country and ordered them to
manufacture modern weapons.
N.B The European missionaries were produced cannon
called Sebastopol in Gafat, near Debre Tabor. The Place
where Tewodros II tried to manufacture modern weapon
called Gafat.
In 1868 British send 32,000 troops led by General Robert
Napier to release the missionaries. On 10 April 1868, at
the battle of Eroghe Tewodros ‘s troops were completely
defeated.
What was the cause for the defeat of Tewodros’s army at
the battle of Eroghe by Napier’s army?
 Napier’s armies were superior in number, arms, and
organization.
On 13 April, 1868 Tewodros was committed suicide in
Meqdela.
What was the great legacy of Tewodros II?
 The idea of strong imperial power.
1.3 The reign of Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-
1889)
After the death of Emperor Tewodros II, three contenders
(challengers) were computed to power.
1. Wagshum Gobeze Gebremedhin of Lasta
2. Ras kassa Mircha (Bezbz kassa) of Tigray
3. Nigus Minelik of Shewa
Who was the immediate successor of Emperor Tewodros
II?
 Emperor Tekle-Giyorgis (r.1868-1871).
In July 1871, at the battle of Assem, near Adwa kassa
Mircha defeated Emperor Tekle Giyorgis. Six month later.
Kassa Mircha was crowned by the name of Emperor
Yohannes IV.
What was the major difference b/n Emperor Yohannes IV
and Tewodros II in their administration system?
 a. Emperor Yohannes was followed federal form of
government while Tewodros was followed unitary
system.
b. Unlike Tewodros, Emperor Yohannes was allowed
regional lords to keep their power so long as they
accepted his overlord and paid him annual tributes.
c. Or Yohannes was shared his power with his vassals in
his kingdom.
In 1881, Emperor Yohannes was crowned Adal Tessema of
Gojjam as Nigus Tekle Hymanot of Gojjam and Kaffa.
Why the emperor was crowned Adal Tessema of Gojjam as
Nigus Tekle Hymanot of Gojjam and Kaffa in 1881?
 To check (stop) the advance (expansion) of Nigus
Menelik to southwestern Ethiopia.
Liche Treaty (1878)
Why Emperor Yohannes II was unable to take immediate
action against Nigus Menelik of Shewa immediately after
his coronation?
a. In the first three years of his coronation, he was busy
to strength his power in the north Ethiopia
b. From 1875-76, he was busy too defend the Egyptian
aggression
In 1878, Yohannes made military expedition to Shewa and
got peaceful submission of Menelik ; made agreement at
the place called Liche, near Ankober. According this
agreement:
a. Menelik agreed to drop the title of “king of kings” and
use only title of “king”.
b. Menelik agreed to pay annual tribute to Yohannes IV.
c. Menelik agreed to stop independent foreign contact.
d. Yohannes recognized Menelik and his descendant as
ruler of Shewa.
e. Yohannes allowed to Menelik to control Wollo
f. Both agreed to fight together against common enemy.
Consequence of Liche Treaty
a. It saved Shewa from possible destruction by the
federal army.
b. The autonomous of Shewa was come an ended.
c. Yohannes got recognition his emperorship from his
rival, Nigus Menelik of Shewa.
Who was the most advantegious from the Liche
Agreement?
Nigus Menelik. Why? B/c he was shifted his attention from
northern to rich natural resources southern Ethiopian
regions.
The battle of Embabo (1882)
It was fought b/n the two regional lords of Ethiopia, Nigus
tekle-Hymanot of Gojjam and Nigus Menelik of Shoa in
Wellega.
 What was the result of the battle of Embabo fought b/n
the two regional lords of Ethiopia, Nigus tekle-Hymanot of
Gojjam and Nigus Menelik of Shoa in Wellega?
I. Nigus Tekle-Hymanot was captured by the army of
Shoa.
II. The army of Gojjam was crushed.
III. Shewa was incorporated the rich areas of
southwestern Ethiopia without dispute
IV. The army of Gojjam was deported from the southwest
Ethiopia
What was the reaction of Emperor Yohannes IV after the
battle of Embabo in 1882?
 He was called the two leaders and punished them by
taking Wollo from Menelik and Keffa and Agewmidr
from Tekle-Hymanot.
The council of Borumeda (1878)
It was religious council held 1878among religious leaders.
What were the major decisions of Emperor Yohannes IV at
the Council of Borumeda?
 Orthodox Tewahdo was declared as a state religion or
national faith.
 All Muslim Wollo should convert to Christianity
Why the ordinary people of Wollo were converted to
Christianity?
 Fear of confiscation of their property.
  Fear of persecution of the central government.
The Muslim leaders of Wollo were converted to
Christianity. Why?
 B/c they were feared loosing of their power
Mohammed Ali who took a baptismal name Michael and
Ahmed Liben/ Abba Watew Who become Haile-Mariam.
Some Muslim peoplewere exiled to the far areas of
Gurage , Jimma , Metemma and Arsi. Other Muslim people
were also revolted under the leadership of Sheikh Talha.
But the rebellion was crushed by the joint army of
Yohannes IV and Menelik.
Egyptian expansion in the Horn of Africa
In 1789, Egypt was invaded by Napoleon Bonaparte of
France.
What was the result of Napoleon’s invasion over Egypt in
1789?
 The fall of Mamluk Egypt from power.
 The joint Anglo-Ottoman Turk military operation
What was the result of the joint Anglo-Ottoman Turk
military operation on Egypt in 1801?
 The French army was expelled from Egypt in 1801.
 The rise Mohammed Ali to power in Egypt.
What was the objective of Egyptian expansion in the Horn
of Africa?
  To control the lucrative trade routes in the Horn of
Africa
 To control the gold mine in Sudan.
 To control the sources of Upper Nile.
What was the factor that makes Egypt strategic in the
1870s?
 The construction Suez Canal in 1869.
What was the major objective of Mohammed Ali of Egypt?
 To establish firm economic and political base for his
rule.
 To modernize and transformation of Egypt to a
powerful state.
Mohammed Ali was planned to control Middle East and
Horn of Africa. But his plan to expand to Middle East was
resisted by Britain.
In 1821, Egyptian army was overrun (controlled) Sudan.
What was the cause for the fall of Funji Sultanate of Sudan
by the Egyptian army?
 The conqueror’s (Egyptian) Military superiority
 Internal disunity in Sudan.
Egyptian Expansion over Ethiopia from 1820s-1872
The Egyptian expansion to Ethiopia was begun during the
period of Zemen Mesafint (Era of War Lords) from Sudan.
Who was take responsibility to check the Egyptian
expansion during the period of Zemene Mesafit in
Ethiopia?
 Local ruler notably Dejazmach Wube of Semen,
Dejazmach Kinfu of Quara.
In 1848, the army of Kassa Hailu was crushed in the hand
of Egyptian. What was the result of the battle of Debaki
fought b/n Egyptian army and army of Kassa Hailu?
What was the result of the battle of Debarki fought b/n
the army of Kassa Hailu and Egyptian army?
 It crated the idea of creating strong central
government and national salaried army
Egyptian aggression on Ethiopia from 1875-84
In 1846, Egypt was controlled Massawa.
What did the Egyptian do after they took control over
Massawa in 1846?
 It prevented the import of firearms to Ethiopia.
 She levied heavy tax taxes on Ethiopian merchants
Egyptian ruler Khedive Ismail Pasha (r.1863-1879) planned
to build Greater Egypt in North-East Africa. To do this,
Khedive Ismail was borrowed millions of dollars from
Europe and skilled manpower.
What was the objective of Egyptian aggression on Ethiopia
in the 19th c?
a. To control the lucrative trade route
 b. To control Blue Nile
Why the Egyptian wants to control the lucrative trade
route of Ethiopia in the 19th c?
 To collect large amount of tribute and then after to
pay back its debt (credit) from Europe.
What were the new developments that encouraged
Egyptian aggression on Ethiopia?
a) The success of British military expedition of 1868.
Egyptian believed Ethiopia is weak nation.
b) The Egyptian believed Ethiopia is disunited
following the death of Emperor Tewodris II
c) Ismail saw Europeans as a friend of Egypt.
Werner Munzinger: he was the architect of Egyptian
aggression in Ethiopia from 1872-75.
 He was served as a French consul at Massawa until
1871. In 1871, Ismail was appointed as a governor of
Massawa.
 He was controlled Bogos (Keren) in 1872.
 He was killed by the Afar people at the battle of Awsa
in 1875.
What was the response of Emperor Yohannes IV after the
Egyptian controlled Bogos in 1872?
 Yohannes IV was He wrote a letter to Khedive Ismail
protesting Egyptian occupation of Bogos.
 *He demanded the withdrawal of Egyptian troops
from Ethiopia.
 He wrote a letter to European powers and informed
the unlawful invasion of his country by Egypt. He
accused of planning to Islamize and enslave his
people.
But European did not ready to help Yohannes IV. Why?
 European did not want to risk they trade and
investment in Egypt by supporting Ethiopia.
What was the diplomatic measure of Khedive Ismail
before he invaded Ethiopia?
 He told to Europe his expansion to Ethiopia is desire to
*expand western civilization
*to end slavery and slave trade.
In 1875, The Egyptian invasion on Ethiopia come from
three directions. These were:-
a. From the port of Zeila: Under the leadership of
Mohammed Rauf Pasha controlled Harar in October
1875. And from 1875-1885 Harar was remain under
Egyptian control.
b. From the port of Tajura: under the leadership of
Werner Muznger with 400 troops to control central
Ethiopia. But Munzinger and his force were killed at
Awsa by the Afar people in November 1875.
 c. From port of Massawa: under Denmark mercenary
named Colonel Arrendrup to control northern
Ethiopia. But Arrendriup was killed at the battle of
Gundet.
What was the measure of Khedive Ismail after the defeat
of Egyptian troops at the battle of Gundet and Awsa in
1875?
 He mobilized large army about 15,000 troops under
the leadership of Mohammed Rabit Pasha and
American General Loring as a second in command.
What was the measure of Emperor Yohannes IV after the
battle of Gundet in 1875?
 He continued diplomatic peaceful solution through
European arbitration.
 He warned to Ismail to respect his borders.
B/n 7-9 March 1876, at the battle of Gura, once again the
Egyptian army was defeated.
The result of battle of Gura
a) The Egyptian plan of Expansion to Ethiopia was
destroyed.
b) Heavy human losses from both countries.
c) Ethiopia captured significance numbers of arms and
prisoners.
The Aftermath of Gura
After the battle of Gura the Egyptian was behaved as a
victorious.
What was the factor that delayed the Ethio-Egyptians
peace treaty after the battle of Gura?
 The Egyptian were behaved (acted) as a victorious
After the battle of Gura:
 The Egyptian was demanded free trade b/n Ethiopia
and Egypt.
 They were requested to return arms captured from
battles.
 Emperor Yohannes IV also demanded war indemnity.
Gordon Mission (1877)
In 1877, Ismail sent General Gordon (governor of Sudan on
the behalf of Egypt) to Yohannes IV to negotiate on the
behalf of Egypt. But Gordon Mission was failed.
N.B the period after the battle of Gura to 1884 was called
the period of “No peace, No war”.
The Hewett Treaty (Adwa Treaty) in 1884
During the period of “No peace, no war”, there two
condition pushed the British government to interfere in
the Ehtio-Egyptian conflict. These were:
a. The occupation of Egypt by Britain in 1882. Now the
concern of Egypt becomes the concern of Britain.
b. The outbreak of Mahdist Movement in Sudan. The
Egyptian rule over Sudan was overrun by the Mahdist
 and some Egyptian troops were trapped in the Eastern
Sudan (along Ethio-Sudan border). Then, the British
government intervened on the behalf of Egypt to save
the sandwich Egyptian troops in eastern Sudan.
The British government sent Real admiral William Hewett
to Ethiopia to negotiate with Emperor Yohannes IV. On 3
June, 1884, both Agreed at Adwa. The treaty called Adwa
or Hewett Treaty. According this treaty:
a. Free transit through the port of Massawa for all goods
including firearms.
b. Restoration of Bogos to Ethiopia.
c. Ethiopian governments to help in save evacuation of
the trapped Egyptian army via Massawa.
Consequence of Hewett Treaty
 It created two strong enemies on the behalf of one
weak enemy.
*Italy in northern and Mahdist in northwest.
 It was disastrous for the Ethiopian independence.
 Egypt lost its control on the Horn of Africa and
Ethiopia.
 Ethiopia did not regain Massaw. British was secretly
transferred Masssawa to Italy.
 It created enmity (hostility) b/n Mahdist Sudan and
Ethiopia.
In 1885, Yohannes IV sent his general Ras Alula to Western
Ethiopia to help the evacuation of Egyptian troops. He
fought at the battle of Kufit against the Mahdist. By doing
this the Egyptian troops were went to their country via
Massawa, hence Mahdist become ardent enemy of
Ethiopia.
The battle of Sar Waha (January 1887)
It was fought b/n Mahdist Sudan and Nigus Tekle hymant
of Gojjam near Lake Tana.
Result: *The army of Tekle Hymanot was defeated.
*The Mahdist carried out enslavement and
burned many churches.
On 5 February, 1885, Italy took control Massawa.
What did the Italian do after they took control the port of
Massawa?
 It prevented the import of firearms to Ethiopia.
 She levied heavy tax taxes on Ethiopian merchants
The Italian began to expand to the highland region of
Mereb Milash. Ras Alula Engda (Alula Aba Nega) warned
the Italian to clear out from the Ethiopian borders.
The battle of Dogali (1887): 500 Italian troops were
ambushed (attached) and destroyed.
Portal Mission: After the battle of Dogali British sent Sir
Gerald Portal to negotiate with Emperor Yohannes IV on
the behalf of Italian government. By the Portal Mission:
  Yohannes IV asked to apologize for Alula’s “unjust
attack” on the Italian.
 The retention of the regions of Saati and Wia by the
Italian.
 Italian protectorate right over Assawrti and Habhab.
But Portal mission was afiled.
Yohannes IV was declared war on Italian and mobilized
70,000 troops to Saati. But the Ethiopian army was unable
to attack the Italian at Saati and shifted southward b/c of:
 The Italian had built a strong fortification at Saati.
 Ethiopian army faced shortage of food. B/c the
situation was lasted for about a month.
 The Mahdist invasion of Gonder
 The plot of his vassals i.e. Menelik and Nigus Tekle
Hymano of Gojjam.
Yohannes IV was marched southward and punished Nigus
Tekle Hymanot. But he was postponed war with Menelik
and turned to wards Metemma.
The battle of Metemma (1889): It was fought b/n
Emperor Yohannes Iv and Madist Sudan.Intially Ethiopia
got victory but Emperor Yohannes IV was wounded by
unknown bullet and died two days later. The Mahdist was
captured the dead body (corps)of Yohannes IV and
beheaded it.
Consequence of battle of Metemma
  The death of Emperor Yohannes IV and defeat of
Ethiopian army
 Power was shifted from north to south i.e. from Tigray
to Shewa
 The rise of Nigus Menelik to power
 Italy was controlled as far as Merebe Milash.
1.4 The reign of Menelik II (1889-1913)
The formation of modern Ethiopia was started during the
reign of Emperor Tewodros II and and completed during
the reign of Menelik II following the territorial expansion
in the 2nd half of 19th c.
Territorial expansion of Menelik II to south-west, South
and south-east of Ethiopia
To control the different region of Ethiopia Menelik was
followed both peaceful means and forceful subjugated (by
war). The territorial expansion of Mneleik II has three
phases.
Peaceful submitted areas: Shewa Oromo, Christian
Gurage, Oromo Western Ethiopia, Giber Oromo states,
Bale, Sidama, Asossa, Ogaden, Bororna, etc.
Forceful subjugated areas: Welayta, Arsi, Harari, Kaffa and
Muslim Gurage and Silte.
Phase I: when he was Nigus Menelik II Shoa (1875-89)
Nigus menelik was controlled the region like Illibaabur,
Wellega Oromo, Gibe Oromo, Shewa, Arsi, Harari and
Gurage
a. Arsi: after heavy fighting, the Arsi Oromo were
defeated at the battle of Azule in 1886. The battle of
Azule led the conquest of Arsi Oromo and South
eastern Oromo Ehtiopia to Menelik II.
b. Harar: In 1887 at the battle of Chelenqo, the last ruler
of Emirate Harar, Emir Abdulahi was defeated. The
bettle of Chelenqo led :
*the end of the autonomous rule of EmirateHarar.
*the conquest of Harari and Oromo Eastern Ethiopia
to Menelik Empire
c. In 1888: The Muslim Gurage and Silte led by Hassan
Enjamo were resisted until the 1888. But Hassan
Enjamo was defeated in 1888 and Muslim Gurage and
Silte were conquered by Menelik’s army.
What were the motive of Menelik’s territorial expansion
as he was king of Shoa from 1875-89?
a. To control the rich natural resources of Ethiopia
b. To become reach and ready for the imperial power
What were the factors for the success of Menelik’s
territorial expansion as he was king of Shewa?
 a. His commercial relation with Italy. This enables him to
import modern firearms and equips his army with
modern weapons.
b. Lich treaty: this reduce the tension b/n Emperor
Yohannes Iv and Nigus Menelik and later got royal
recognition from imperial power.
c. The battle Embabo in 1882: This enables him to
control the southwestern part of Ethiopia without
disputable.
Phase II: after his coronation to the battle of Adwa (1889-
1896)
He was controlled the regions of Welayta, Sidama and
Bale
Welayta: was conquered after heavy fighting led kawo
Tona (the last king of Walayta)
What was the motive of Mnelik’s territorial expansion
after his coronation (1889-1896)?
 To be ready for the eventual war with Italy
Great Famine (kifu Qen) from 1888-1892
What was the cause for the Great Famine locally known as
Kifu Qen from 1888-1892?
 Cattle epidemic diseases
 Locust invasion
Consequence of Great Famine
 a. It accelerated the territorial expansion of Menelik. The
army of Menelik was strengthened by the newly
migrated people form the northern.
b. Migration of people from the northern to the less
affected of southern Ethiopia
Phase III: in the post Adwa (1896-1900)
Menelik II was incorporated Asossa, Benishangul, Borona,
Ogaden and Keffa.
Kaffa: was incorporated after heavy fighting led by Tato
Gaki Sercho. The Shewan army was led by Ras G/Giyorgs
and supported by Oromo Western Ethiopia like Dejazmach
gebre-Egzi’abher.
What was the motive of Menelik’s territorial expansion in
the post Adwa (b/n 1896-1900)?
 To create buffer zone (military camp) b/n Ethiopia and
European adjacent colonizers.
Fate of newly conquered people to Menelik’s Empire
The fate of newly conquered people to Menelik’s Empire
was depends on the reaction of the people to conquer
or Menelik’s army.
A. Peacefully submitted areas
 Local peoples were free from raid and enslavement.
 Local rulers allowed to keep (continue) in their power
 Regional states were remaining autonomous states.
 Least settlers of Neftegna.
 They were paid fixed annual tribute to the central
government.
N.B Neftegna was the army of Menelik who settled in
the newly conquered areas of Ethiopia.
B. Forceful subjugated areas
 Local rulers were removed from power and replaced
by individual persons who plaid key role during the
expansion.
 Local peoples were enslaved, raided and devastated.
 Harsh neftegn-gebbar reaction was developed
N.B. a. Neftegna-gebbar was the exploitation system in
the newly conquered territories (in the southern
Ethiopia) by the northern settlers following the
territorial expansion of Menlik II.
b. Both the peaceful submitted areas and the forceful
subjugated conquered territories were faced harsh
(feudal exploitation (neftegn –gebbar exploitation).
c. The conqueror was discouraged the tradition, culture
and belief of the local peoples.
1.5 Italian colonial expansion in the Horn of Africa
In 1869, Italian company was bought the port of Asab
from local chief. But in 18ggggggvbgg Asab was
transferred to government.
On 5 February, 1885, Italian government was took
control the port of Massawa.
  Massawa: was served as a springboard for the
colonial expansion in the Horn of Africa.
 Asab: It was the first foothold in the Horn of Africa
for the expansion of Italiahn colonialism.
Italo- Shewan relation: It was started in the 1875.
The first Italian that arrived in Ethiopia called Italian
Geographical Society
A. Italian geographical Society(1875)
The Italian Geographical Society was come to Shewa in
1875 led by Count Antinori
What was the objective of Italian Geographical Society
that comes to Ethiopia in 1875?
 For intelligence work
N.B Nigus Menelik give a place of settlement for the Italian
geographical Society called Let Marefiya.
B.The Treaty of Commerce and Friendship (1883)
It was signed b/n Italian and Menelik of Shewa.
According this treay, both agreed on.
 Free trade
 Free propagation of religion
 Free movement of people
 Consular exchanges
What was the objective of the Treaty of Commerce and
Friendship signed b/n Menelik and the Italian in 1883?
 *To strength Assab-Shoa relation (To strength the
relation b/n Italy and Menelik)
C. The Convention of Neutrality (1887)
It was signed as a result of the battle of Dogali.
According this treaty
1. Italy agreed to give 5000 riffle to Menelik
2. Menelik to stay neutral during the event war b/n
Yohannes IV and Italian
What was the objective of the Convention of Neutrality
signed b/n Mnelik Italy in 1887?
o To weaken Emperor Yohannes IV internally.
D. Wuchale Treaty (2 May, 1889)
It was signed immediately after the death of Yohannes
IV at the battle of Metemma in 1889 and after his
coronation. Both Menelik and Pietro Antoneli in North
Wollo.
Why Menelik want to sign Wuchale treay with Italia?
1. Menelik was difficult to dislodge (remove) the Italian
by force
2. Menelik was feared that any disagreement may lead
the Italian to subversive activities.
Wuchale Rteaty has 20 articles. It was written both in
Amharic and Italy. The amin articles were Article III and
XVII.
Article III: deals about the boundary b/n Ethiopian and
Italian colony of Eritrea.
Additional Convection: It was signed b/n Italian
government Ras Mekonnen who went to Rome for the
ratification of Wuchale Treaty in October 1889. According
to this treaty, Italy was controlled as far as Mereb River.
Article XVII: It is deals about the role of Italy in the foreign
relation of Ethiopia. It wrote both in Amharic and Italic
languages. But there was difference b/n Amharic and Italic
version.
Amharic Version: Ethiopian can use the office of Italy in its
foreign relation with the rest of European countries.
Italic Version: Ethiopia should use all its foreign relation
through the agency of Italy.
N.B The Italian version reduced Ethiopia to the status of
Italian protectorate (semi colony). Except Russian and
France all European power was recognized Italian
protectorate over Ethiopia.
What was the reaction of Emperor Menleik II after the
notified the major European powers that claimed Ethiopia
had become her protectorate?
a. Menelik was asked to King Umberto to correct Article
XVII of Italian Version.
b. In 1893 Menenlik was announced the abrogation of
Wuchale Treaty to European powers.
Mereb Convention (December 1891): It signed b/n Tigrian
princes led by Ras Mengesha Yohannes IV and the Italian.
What was the objective of Mereb Convention signed b/n
Tigrian princes led by Ras Mengesha Yohannes IV and the
Italian in 1891?
 To weaken the power of Emperor Menelik II
internally.
But the Italian subversive activity was failed and Ras
Mengesha was renewed his loyalty for Menelik II.
In 1894 peasant rebellion was breakout in Eritrea.
What was the cause for the peasant rebellion breakout in
Akale Guzay, in Eritrea in 1894?
 The white settlement in the peasant land or (the
Land alienation of peasants by the white settler or
European settler).
Bahta Hagos: was the leader of peasant rebellion in Akale
Guzay
The battle of Adwa (1 March, 1896)
What was the immediate cause for the battle of Adwa in
1896?
 The Italian colonial ambition over Ethiopia
What was the immediate cause for the battle of Adwa?
 The abrogation of Wuchale Treaty.
The battle of Ambalage:- On 7 December 1895 Menelik’s
advancing troops crushed an Italian army.
The Siege of Mekele: The survival Italian troops from the
battle of Amabalage were retreated and fortified at
Mekele.
N.B With the proposal of Empress Taytu, the Ethiopian
troops was closed water and other supply for two weeks
and the Italian troops were surrendered.
On 1 March, 1896 war was started at the morning time.
The Italian force was crushed within a day.
What were the factors for the defeat of Italian at the
battle of Adwa in 1896?
a. High degree of unity and courage from the Ethiopian
side
b. Lack of coordination among the Italian commanders
c. Italian got false information and misleading map from
local spy (secret agent)called Bashay Aw’alom.
What was the role of women at the battle of Adwa?
a. Providing water and arms to the fighters.
b. Carried the wounded to camps
Consequence of the battle of Adwa
a. Heavy military causalities from both sides.
*2000 troops becomes war prisoner, 1500 troops
wounded and 7000 troops were dead from the total
20,000 Italian troops.
*7000 Ethiopian troops were wounded and died with
no prisoner from the total 100,000.
 b. It guaranteed the Ethiopian independence.
c. Internal opposition against the government of
Francesco Crispi (Italian prime minster)
 The government of Crispi was collapsed.
 General Barratry was taken to prison.
Addis Ababa Treaty (October 1896): After the battle of
Adwa Italy was forced to sign the Treaty of Addis Ababa
with Emperor Menelik II. According to this treaty both
agreed to:
I. Italy was recognized the absolute independence of
Ethiopia
II. Italy was agreed the abrogation of Wuchale Treaty
III. Both agreed to observe the boundary along Mereb,
Belesa and Muna
d. The victory of Adwa becomes the symbol of black
dignity and self-rule.
i. It inspired black solidarity and nationalism.
ii. In South Africa, it inspired the emergence of
“religious separatist” movement called Ethiopianism.
The churches formed for anti colonial struggle.
iii. The echo of Adwa inspired the early Pan-African
movement
e. Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country.
*Ethiopia lost het Red Sea ports and access to the sea.
*Ethiopia lost its north of Mereb River territories what
is now Eritrea.
Unit two
1. According the Treaty of Addis Ababa on 26
October, 1896:
A. Italy agreed the total withdraw from all
Ethiopian territories including Mereb Milash
B. Italy officially recognized the absolute
independence of Ethiopia
C. Italy agreed to facilitate the federation of
Eritrea with its mother country of Ethiopia
D. Italy forced to pay war reparation for the
battle of Adwa
2. Who was Werner Munzinger?
A. An Egyptian diplomat who signed Adwa
Treaty with Emperor Yohannes IV
B. An Egyptian general who fought at the ballet
of Gundet and Gura
C. A British diplomat who was appointed by
Khedive Ismael to negotiate with Emperor
Yohannes IV
D. An Egyptian general who controlled Bogos
and died at the battle of Awsa
3. The battle of Embabo in 1882 resulted in:
A. Tekle-Haymanot’s coronation as Nigus of
Keffa
B. The expulsion Shewan army from Giber
regions
C. Menelik’s incorporation of southwestern
Ethiopia
D. Yohannes’s decision to end Shewan
autonomy
4. In 1889, the Mahdist defeated the army of
Tekle-Hyamnot at the battle of
A. Sar Wuha B. Metemma C. Kufit
D. Debarq
5. The main objective Menelik’s territorial
expansion in the post Adwa (1896-1900) was
A. Reincorporate all the medieval territories of
Ethiopia
B. Strength his military power in relation with
the European powers
C. Control the rich natural resourceful areas of
Ethiopia
D. Create buffer zone between Ethiopian and
European adjacent colonizers
5. One of the following is consequence of
Ethiopian victory at Adwa in 1896?
A. Ethiopia got sea outlet for the first time
B. It immediately liberated the whole territory of
Ethiopia
C. It guaranteed the absolute independence of
Ethiopia by European
D. It humiliated the Black Nationalism
6. The main issue discussed in Article XVII of
Wuchale Treaty of May 1889 was:
A. The role of Italy in Ethiopian foreign relation
B. Ethiopia’s relation with neighbor states
C. trade relation between among Italo-Ethiopian
D. The right and duties Italian residence in
Ethiopia
7. The growth of trade and introduction of Islam
in the first half of 19th century was led to
A. The flourish of long distance trade that
connected Port of Zeila with the interior
B. The emergence of Oromo monarchical states
in Giber region
C. The territorial expansion of Christian
Kingdom to the southern and western Ethiopia
D. Inter-state interdependence among different
part of the country
20. Which of the following TRUE about Liche
Treaty of 1978?
A. Yohannes IV was accepted Menelik’s rule over
the country
B. Menelik agreed to use the title of King of
kings
C. Menelik agreed to pay annual tribute to the
Emperor
D. Yohannes accepted Menelik’s independent
contact with European
21. Which of the following is true about
Menelik’s conquest of Welayat, Keffa and Harar?
A. The resistance against Menelik’s army was
led by Emir Abdullahi, Gaki Serch and Kawo
Tona respectively
B. They were peacefully submitted to Menelik’s
army
C. They were subjugated after bloodies war with
Menelik army
D. They were remain autonomous region after
they merged to Ethiopian Empire
22. The Egyptian aggression to Ethiopia in the
2nd half of 19th century was mainly motivated by
A. Abolishing slave trade and slavery from the
region
B. controlling the lucrative trade route of
Ethiopia
C. Knowing the main source of Blue Nile and its
tributaries
D. Expanding Western culture and civilization to
the region
23. Which of the following is correct about
Hewett (Adwa) Treaty of 1884?
A. It paved the way for the development of
friendly relation among Ethio-Sudan
B. It led the restoration of all former territories
of Ethiopia
C. Massawa was returned to Ethiopia
D. It created enmity between Ethiopia and
Mahdist Sudan

61. Which of the following was the

consequence of battle of Adwa?
A. Ethiopia able to get an outlet to the sea for
the first time
B. Menelik was encouraged to expand his
territory to the south
C. The force of Egypt and Britain from the
Sudan
D. European gave recognition to the
independence of Ethiopia
62. After the occupation of Massawa in 1846
and 1885 by the Egyptian and Italian,
What measure did they take in order to
weaken Ethiopia? They:
 A. Isolate from other European countries
B. Prohibited the imported precious goods
C. Imposed heavy tax on the export goods
D. Prohibited the imported firearms
63. Which of the following measure did
Menelik II take the action in 1907 in order
to
solve the power struggle in the palace?
A. Strengthen the imperial guard with loyal
soldiers
B. Requesting the neighbor colonizers to
respect the boundary of Ethiopia
C. Announcing Lij Iyasu as his here to the
throne
D. Establishing ministerial system to run the
government effectively
1. Which of the following was not the major
reason for the revivals of European interest on
Ethiopia & the Horn of African the second half of
the 19th c?
A. The need to control the strategic position of
the region C. To control the area of raw
material
B. To control the vital area of the Red Sea trade
D. for missionary activity and geographical
knowledge
______2. The Sudanese merchant that
dominated the Ethio-Sudan border along the
Metemma border were:
A. Jalaba B. Jeberti C. Saffara D. Afkala
______3. What was the major objective of
Egyptian aggression over Ethiopia in the 19th
century?
A. to expand westernization C. To
end slavery slave trade
B. To control the lucrative trade route & Blue
Nile D. To Islamize the Ethiopian people
4. Which one of the following was correct about
Hewett (Adwa) Treaty?
A. It ked to the return of Bogos to Ethiopia C. It
made Britain an ally of Ethiopia
B. It ended Ethiopia’s conflict with Sudan
D. It enable Ethiopia to get sea outlet
______5. . Which one of the following region was
not peacefully submitted area to Menelik’s
army?
A. Wellega Orormo B. Arsi Oromo C.
Jimma D. Bale and Sidama
_______6. Which one of the following was wrong
about the Liche Treaty of 1878?
 A. Menelik agreed to stop working with the
Italian
B. Yohannes IV accepted Menelik’s rule over
Wollo
C. It enables Menelik to shift his attention to the
rich natural recourses of Southward
D. Menelik was agreed to drop the title of king of
king and to use only king
______7. In the territorial expansion of Menelik II
to the South, SW & SE of Ethiopia fixed annual
tribute was paid by the
A. peacefully submitted to Menelik’s army C.
abundance natural resources
B. subjugated after bloodies war D.
depend on the pastoralist way of life
________8. Which one of the following was true
about the relationship b/n the central state &
newly conquered regions of Ethiopia in the last
quarter of 19th c?
A. The development of harsh Neftegna-gebbar
relation in the newly conquered territories
B. The resisted people were remain autonomous
states but paid heavy tribute to the central state
C. The nature of administration was different on
their response to the conquest
D. The peacefully submitted areas were paid
fixed annual tribute
_______9. What was objective of Menelik’s
territorial expansion in the post Adwa
period?
A. To prepare & collect the large amount of
recourse to the eventual war with Italy
B. To become wealthy & ready for the imperial
power
C. To create buffer zone b/n Ethiopia and the
European adjacent colonizers
D. To expand Christianity to the pagan people of
Southern Ethiopia
_______10. The port that was served for the
Italian colonial expansion in the Horn of Africa
was:
A. Assab B. Massawa C. Tajura D. Zeila
_______11. Which one of the following was true
about the Wuchal Treaty stated in Article III?
A. It deals about the role of Italy in the foreign
relation of Ethiopia with the rest of European
powers
B. It concerned the boundary b/n Ethiopia and
Italian colony of Eritrea
C. It reduced the Ethiopia independence to the
status of protectorate
D. It deals about the boundary b/n Ethiopia and
its neighbor states
______12. Which one of the following the out
come of the battle of Adwa?
A. The recognition Ethiopia’s independence
C. disruption of British colonial of expansion
B. Disillusion of colonialism from east Africa
D. End of colonialism from the Horn of Africa
_____13. Which of the following was correct
about the Great famine (1888-1892)?
A. It hindered the territorial expansion of
Menelik to Southern Ethiopia
B. It led the migration of people from northern to
the less affected area of southern Ethiopia
C. It was caused by stroke and locust invasion
D. It was known as Hidar Beshta
______14. The major factor for the victory of
Ethiopia at the battle of Adwa in 1896 was:
A. High degree on unity & courage C.
military tactic & use of cannon
B. use of modern weapons D.
involvement of church leaders & women
_______15. The Anglo-Ottoman Turk military
expedition to Egypt in 1801 was led to the:
A. The expel of French army from Egypt C.
The restoration of Turkish nominal power over
Egypt
B. The end of Mamluik rule in Egypt D.
The rise of Mohammed Ali to power

Which one of the following was WRONG about

the Emperor Tewodros II and Emperor Yohannes
IV?
A. Both rulers have closer relation the church
men
B. Tewodros II was followed centralized
administration (unitary) while Yohannes IV
allowed regional lords so long as they accepted
his emperorship
C. Both rulers were fought against the Egyptian
aggression
D. Tewodros II was entered conflict with the
church b/c of his land reform while Yohannes IV
was united the doctrinal difference in the
church.

64. Which of the following is correct

regarding Menelik’s expansionist move while
he
was king of Shoa from 1875-1889?
A. Yohannes IV was opposed the expansion
of Menelik after the battle of Embabo
B. King Menelik used both peaceful
submission and forceful subjugation to conquer
local rulers
C. Lich agreement was undermined the
expansion Menelik to south
D. The army of Menleik was strongly resisted by
the Oromo Western Ethiopia
78. Which of the following is correct about
the Council of Borumeda in 1878?
A. The outbreak of Muslim resistance against
the central government led by Sheikh Talha
B. The resistance of local rulers against the
new religious order
C. Religious toleration was declared through
out the country by the emperor
D. The Ethiopian Muslim was allowed to
practice their religion
43. All of the followings are correct about
the Great famine of Ethiopia commonly
known as Kifu Qen from 1888-1892 EXCEPT
one. Which one?
A. It was caused by cattle epidemic diseases
followed locust invasion
B. It facilitated territorial expansion of
Menelik II to southern
C. Migration of people from northern to less
affected of Southern Ethiopia
 D. It enables Italy to control as far as Mereb
Milash
45. On 20 March 1878, Menelik and Emperor
Yohannes IV was signed the Treaty of
Liche. In this treaty Menelik was agreed
to:
A. Pay annual tribute to the emperor
B. Continue and maintain Shoan autonomy
C. Make independent foreign contact with
foreigners
D. Stop the title of King
44. Which of the following was contributed
for the growing of new urban center in the
in the first half of 19th century in the
eastern corridor?
A. Railway line C. Air line
B. Postal service D. Road
construction
46. What factor determined the treatment of
peoples and local rulers of newly
incorporated regions during Menleik’s
territorial expansion in the late 19th
century?
A. The peoples’ reaction to the conquering
army
B. The fertility of land in the conquered areas
C. The presence of trade items in the
conquered areas
D. The existence of natural resources in the
conquered areas
74. All of the following were reason why
European interest increased in Ethiopia at
the beginning of 19th c EXCEPT one. Which
one?
A. Desire to establish Christian alliance
against Islam
B. Determination to identify the commercial
potential of the country
C. Aspiration to establish control over the
source of Blue Nile
 D. Interest to control the strategic
importance of the region that connected the
Middle East and India

UNIT THREE
THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE FROM 1906-1935
3.1 The power struggle of Ethiopia in 1906
What were the causes forthe power struggle in Ethiopia in
the 1906?
a. The illness of Menelik II
b. The death of Ras Mekonnen Wolde Mikael (the cousin
of Menleik ). Ras Wolde Mikael was expected to
become the successor of Menelik II.
The Tripartite Treaty (December 1906)
It was signed among Britain, France and Italy. They were
defined their respective interest in Ethiopia. According to
this treaty
 France: control the eastern part of Ethiopia (Ethio-
Djibouti railway)
 Britain: to control the Western part of Ethiopia (Blue
Nile and its tributes)
 Italy: to construct railway that would link its colonies
of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland
What was the objective of Tripartite Treaty signed among
European power in 1906?
 To partition Africa among their sphere of influence
What was the cause to sign the European powers to sign
the Tripartite Treaty in 1906?
 The opening of German Legation in Addis Ababa in
1905
 The illness of Menelik II. The death of Mnelik might
affect their economic and political interest in Ethiopia.
What was the measure of Emperor Menelik II to solve the
internal power struggle?
 In October 1907 Menelik was established the Council
of Minister.
  In May 1909, Menleik announced Lij Iyasu as his heir
(successor) at the age of 12 years. Ras Bitweded
Tessema Nadew was selected as regent of Lij Iyasu.
3.2 The power struggle b/n Shoan nobilities and
Empress Taytu
What was the cause for the power struggle b/n Empress
Taytu and the Shoan nobilities after the illness of Mnelik II
after the 1906?
 Taytu was threatened the political supremacy of
Shoan nobilities.
 She eroded the political supremacy of Shewan
nobilities
 She was tried to dissolve the Council of Minister.
What was the objective Empres Taytu political marriage
among her relatives and the royal families?
 To keep the political power among her relatives and
respect her political influence in the country.
Empress Taytu was made political marriage b/n Zewditu
and her nephew Ras Gugsa Wolle Bitul. Taytu also
preferred Zewditu to become the successor of Menelik II.
The father of Lij Iyasu, Ras Mikael of Wollo was allied with
the Shoan nobilities against Empress Zewditu. Why? To
defend the power his son, Lij Iyasu. Iyasu was the
grandson of Menleik II (son of Shewareged Ras Mikael of
Wollo).
Who was exercised great power during the illness of
Menelik II?
 Empress Taytu
In 1920, Taytu was removed from her power.
What was the measure of Empress Taytu after she was
dismissed from her power in 1910?
 She was requested for self-exit to her birth place of
Wollo
 She appealed for the intervention the legations and
the churches of Addis Ababa. But her request was
failed.
In 1913 Menelik was died and Empress Taytu was exiled to
Entoto and she was stayed until her death in 1918.
3.3 The period of Lij Iysu (1913-1916)
Immediately after the death of Emperor Menelik, power
struggle was started b/n Lij Iyasu and the old Shoan
nobilities. Why? B/c:-
 Lij Iyasu was refused to accept any other regentto
replace Tessema.
 The death of Ras Bitweded Tessema in April 1911.
Reforms of Lij Iyasu
a. He was modified tradtion al methods of tithes (asrat)
collection.
*formerly Asrat was determined before harvesting by
government official.
b. He outlawed Lebashay system: the refers to traditional
type of criminal detection
c. He outlawed Quragna system: refers to both the
accuser and the accused were chained together until
just is given given.
d. Iyasu established Trunbulle (the modern municipal
policy): they were consisting of former soldiers of Italy
in Libya.
e. Iyasu established separate department of education
f. Isayu established auditing system to protect
government (public) property.
g. He was followed more liberal policy towards Ethiopian
Muslim. He established marriage alliance with local
Muslim dynasties.
The collapse of Lij Iyasu
What were the causes for the collapse of Lij Iyasu in 1916?
a. The conflict with old Shewan nobilities
What was the cause for the conflict b/n Lij Iyasu and
the old Shoan nobilities?
 *he appointed his father as a governor of Tigray and
Wollo in 1914 and Begemidir and Gojjam in 1915
*He undermined the power of old Shewan nobilities
b. Lack of attention in the capital
c. His polygamous marriage
d. His conflict with the European adjacent colonizers i.e.
Britain, France and Italy.
What was the cause for the conflict b/n Iyasu and the
European adjacent colonizers?
 He was pro-Ottoman Turk and Germany
 He was gave both moral and material support to
Somalia nationalist against Italy and Britain.
On 27 September 1916, Iyasu was deposed by the Shewan
nobilities when he was visiting in Harar. In September
1916, at the battle Meiso, near Asebe teferi (Chero) of
Iyasu was defeated by the army of Shewa. And hew fled to
Wollo.
On 27 October 1916, at the battle of Segele in Shewa
fought b/n Ras Michael and the army of Shewan nobilities.
What were the results of the battle of Segele in 1917?
a. The end of Wollo autonomous administration
b. The restoration of Shewan supremacy the fall of Ras
Michael in the hand of Shewan nobilities
In 1921, Iyasu was captured in Tigray imprisoned in Fiche
later transferred to Garamlata in Harerghe and stayed
until his in 1936.
3.4 Diarchy (Dual) Rule (1918-1930)
On February 11, 1917 Shoan nobilities were nominated
Zewditu as Empress and Ras Teferi Mekonnen as an heir.
But shortly afterward he assumed the power of regent.
Who was the first woman took the imperial crown in
Ethiopia?
 Empress Zewditu.
Why the Shoan nobilities were preferred Zewditu as
empress of Ethiopia?
 She was less political ambitious
 As a daughter of Menelik, she could maintain their
interest.
But after short period of time, power struggle was
continued b/n traditionalist and progressive groups.
A. Traditionalist (Conservative) Groups: They were
consists of:
*Council of ministers *Old Shoan nobilities
Church men *Empress Zewditu (the leader
of the group)
N.B the traditionalists were supported the existence of
socio-economic and political system of the country. They
were opposed socio-economic changes in the country.
B.Progressive Groups: They were consists of:
*Ras Tafari (the leader of the group) *elites
(intellectuals)
*the commercial strata
In 1918, Ras Tafari ri was removed the Council of Ministers
from their power except Fitewrary Habte Giorgs (the war
minister and chair man of council of minister).
N.B the old Council of Ministers was replaced by Crown
Council. They were served only an advisory group.
Who was the Crown Council appointed by Ras Tafari in
1918?
 The relative and favorite or friends of Ras Tafari.
How did Ras Tafari removed the Council of Ministers
from they power in 1918?
 Through underground agitation (protest) against their
corruption and public demonstration of Mehal Sefari.
N.B Mehal Sefari were soldiers and civil servants closely
attached to the palace.
The elites were criticized the traditionalist using news
paper called Berhanena Selam.
Refroms of Ras Tafari
a. Modern education was further expanded.
b. In 1923, Tefferi Tafari made Ethiopia member of
League of Nation.
What was the precondition given to Ethiopian
membership of League of Nation?
*To end slaver and slave trade
c. In 1924, Ras Tafari made tour to Europe with some
prominent nobility.
d. In 1926, Fitewrary habte Giorgs and Abune Matheos
were died by natural death. This enables Tefferi to
control the land and the troops of Ethiopia.
e. In 1927, Dejazmach Balcha Safo was surrendered.
f. In 1928, Abba Wuqaw (the commander of palace
guard) was surrendered and sentenced to death.
g. In October 1928, Ras Tefferi was crowned as Nigus
Tefferi.
h. On 31 March 1930, at the battle of Anchim, the army
of Ras Gugsa was defeated.
What was the result of the battle of Anchim fought b/n
Ras Gugsa Wolle and Nigus Tefferi in 1930?
a. The end the autonomy of Begemidir.
 b. Gugsa was died in the war
c. The death of Empress Zewditu after two day
d. The coronation of Nigus Tefferi as Emperor H/Sillasie I
on November 1930.
N.B The death of Empress Zewditu in 1930 led the end of
Diarchy rule in Ethiopia.
3.5 The Emergence of Autocracy in Ethiopia
(1930-1935)
The term autocracy is refers to concentration of power in
the hand of one ruler.
The 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia: this was the first
written constitution of Ethiopia.
Why Emperor H/Silassie I was drafted the 1931
constitution?
a. To establish friendly relation with European powers.
b. To consolidate (strength) his power.
c. To reduce the challenges (oppositions) of regional
lords
What was the major objective of the 1931 constitution?
 To consolidate (strength) his monarch.
The 1931 constitution was introduced two houses. These
were:
 a. The Chamber of Senates (Upper House)
They were elected by the emperor from the higher
lords.
b. The Chamber of Deputes (Lower House)
They were elected by the higher lords from the lower
lords.
N.B a. The 1931 constitution was introduced property
qualification for the election of Chamber of Deputes.
b. The 1931 constitution was abolished the traditional
political right of Ethiopia.
c. The 1931 constitution was respected the economic
privilege (interest) or the right over the land.
Military Reforms: The modern military reform was started
during the reign of Tewodros II.
In 1930-the Imperial Bodyguard was trained by Belgium.
In 1934-the Holleta Military Academy was trained Sweden
officers. But these military reforms were intercepted b/c
of the Italian invasion in 1935.
Administration Reforms: The autocratic government of
H/Sillasie was followed strong centralized power i.e.
unitary form of government.
Why the autocratic government of H/Silasie I was followed
the policy of strong centralized government?
a. To eliminated the possible challenges (opposition) of
regional lords.
b. To consolidated his monarchical power
Different autonomous states were replaced by newly
appointed Shoan nobilities. E.g.
 In 1916-the autonomy of Wollo was come to an end.
 In 1930- the autonomy of Begemidir was come to an
end.
 In 1932- the autonomy of Jimma was come to an end.
 In 1934- the autonomy of Gojjam was come to an end.
Tigray was the only autonomous state ruled by the
grandson of Emperor Yohannes IV namely Ras Seyoum
Mengesh and Ras Gugsa Araya. The emperor was followed
marriage alliance rto keep the loyalty of Tigrean princes.
The Socio-Economic Development of Ethiopia from
1906-1934
Urbanization: In southern Ethiopia, urbanization was
started in the last quarter of the 19th c.
What was the factor that contributed for the mergence
of towns in southern Ethiopia in the last quarter of 19th
century?
  The military garrison on Menelik II. The military
garrisons were later developed into small towns
(ketema).
The foundation of Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa was founded by Empress Taytu in 1886.
What were the factors that make Addis Ababa as
permanent capital city of Ethiopia?
a. The peace and stability in the post Adwa.
b. The settlement of foreign merchants and
Ambassadors in the city.
c. The introduction of Eucalyptus to the city. This solved
the shortage of firewood in the city.
The completion of Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway
In 1917, Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway was completed.
What was the effect of Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway in
1917 on Ethiopia?
a. The growth of small towns into big commercial center.
E.g. Adama, Bisheftu, Dire Dawa, Minjo,
b. The introduction of foreign culture, ideas and
technology to Ethiopia
c. The revival of external trade via Djibouti
 d. The Ethiopian economy was linked to the global
economy.
Generally, telephone, telegraphy, and postal system were
introduced.
 In 1904- First motor car was introduced
 In 1905- Bank of Abyssinia was opened
 In 1908-Menelik II school was opened
 In 1910-Menleik II hospital was opened
 In 1917- Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway was completed
 In 1929-first airline was introduced
At the beginning of 20th c, the following progresses were
witnessed.
 In 1923, slavery was abolished.
 In 1924, Gebbar system was modified.
 Coercive labour (forced labour) was abolished.
 External trade was revived.
 Craft men were obstructed (discouraged) and look
down, they were considered as an evil eye.
Unit thee
_____20. What did the League of Nation do
after the Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935?
A. Supported Ethiopia on military
firearms.
B. Imposed economic sanction on both
nations.
C. Mediate the two countries to avoid
further war.
D. Remain neutral in the event of the war

_____21. The fall of Addis Ababa in the hand

of Petro Badolglio on 5 May, 1936 led to
A. The wide spread of black opposition in
Africa.
B. The beginning of Fascist occupation of
Ethiopia.
C. Emergence of organized patriotic
resistance
D. End of fascist rule in Ethiopia
_____22. Which one of the following is true
about the inner patriots commonly known
as Yewsit Arbognoch during the fascist
occupation from1936-1941?
A. Ethiopian who sided with the Italian
at the event of the war
B. Ex-askaris soldiers fought against
fascist rule in Ethiopia.
C. Ethiopians who supply information,
firearms, and medicine for the patriots.
D. Ethiopians who provided information
about the location and plan of patriots
to Italian. .

_____23. Who was the overall commander of

Ethiopian army in the Northern Front
during Italo- Ethiopian war of 1935/36?
A. Ras Kassa Hailu C. Ras Imru
H/Silassie
 B. Ras Mulugeta Yigezu D. Ras
Seyoum Mengesha
_____24. In Which battle did the well trained
Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard and the
Emperor were participated directly
during the Italo-Ethiopian war of
1935/36?
A. Shire B. Temben C. Aradom
D. Maichew
_____25. Which of the following is correct
about the fascist occupation over Ethiopia
( 1936-41)?
A. The Italian East African Empire had
six administrative divisions.
B. The first Italian viceroy of Italian East
Africa was D’Aosta.
C. It saw a period of great expansion of
education to the mass.
D. It was characterized by decentralized
efficient administrative system.
_____26. Which one of the following is true
about the second phase of patriotic
resistance?
A. It was led by Dejazmaches like Belay
Zeleke, Abebe Aregay and Amoraw.
B. It was centered in Urban Areas.
C. It was led by the Holleta military
cadets.
D. Its objective was to liberate Addis
Ababa from Fascist rule.
_____27. The event that marked the
beginning of second would war in 1939 was:
A. The invasion of France by German
B. The air attack of German on Britain
C. The invasion of Poland by German
D. The attack of USSR by Nazi troops
_____28. Which one of the following was
created favorable condition for the
liberation of Ethiopian form the Fascist Rule
during the second world war?
 A. The entrance of Italy on the side of
German to the war.
B. The defeat of Nazi force in North
Africa.
C. The defeat of Nazi force at the battle
Kursk.
D. The entrance of USSR to the war.
_____29. Which one of the following is effect
of World War II?
A. Emergence of Cold War
B. Establishment of balance of power
among Europeans.
C. End of socialist government in Eastern
Europe
D. Foundation of the League of Nation.
_____30. The book which was entitled Maine
Kampf was presents about the
A. Causes for the defeat of German in the
World War I
 B. Objective of the attempt of military
coup of 1923
C. Future plan and philosophy of Hitler
D. Weakness of German government

19. An officials who was given to share in the

production of peasantry were
A. Bale-gult B. Bale-rist C. Gult system
D. Rist
20. In the 1930, the Ethiopian Imperial
Bodyguard was trained by
A. Sweden B. Belgium C. France
D. Britain
21. Which of the following is correct about the
Tripartite Treaty of the 1906?
A. Member of the signatory power were agreed to
open their legation in Addis Ababa
B. Ethiopia was allowed to discus on the
agreement regarding the boundaries
C. The were agreed the expel the German
Legation from Addis Ababa
D. They were agreed to partition Ethiopia among
their own sphere of influence

UNIT FOUR
AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO COLONIALISM AND THE
WORLD WAR I
4.1 The Early African Resistances
The struggle of African resistance to colonialism during the
European colonial conquest from 1870s-1914 was called
Early African Resistances.
Some of the Early African Resistances were:-
A. Samori Toure
Samore Toure was fought against the French colonial
expansion in the West Africa. He was called Napoleon
West Africa. Why?
B/c of his military leadership & administration ability
Finally, Samori was captured in 1898 by the French troops
and take to French colony of Gabon.
 B.Ahsnti Empire
The Ahsnti (Asante) Empire was emerged as a nation in
the 17th c in the present day of Ghana. Asantehene were
the kings of the Ashanti Empire. Finally, the British was
conquered Ashanti Empire in 1900.
C. The Urabi Pasha Rebellion in Egypt
What was the cause for the Urabi Pasha rebellion in
Egypt?
Br & Fr were controlled the Egyptian finance
Why Br & Fr were controlled the Egyptian finance in
1880s?
To collect their loan or Egypt was unable to pay back
its credit to European power.\
As a result the Egyptian gov.t was faced financial problem.
To solve this problem, the gov.t was cut the salary of
Egyptian military officers. Urabi Pasha was the colonel of
Egyptian army. Urabi Pasha rebelled against the
European imperialist and the puppet Egyptian
rulers.
In 1882, at the battle of Tel El-kabir Urabi pasha was
defeated by the British army
What was the result of the battle of Tel El-Kabir?
 The fall of Egypt under the British colonial rule

D. The Mahdist Movement in Sudan

The leader of Mahdist Movement was Muhammad
Ahmed Ibn Abdullah. The Mahdist defeated the force of
Gordon (the governor of Sudan assigned by Egypt)
defeated & general Charles Gordon was beheaded.
In 1898, at the battle of Omdurman, The Mahdist was
defeated by the joint army of Aglo-Egyptian.
The leader of joint Anglo-Egyptian was called General
Kitchner
The Mahdist leader was led by Khalifa Abdulahi.
Britain and Egypt were established joint control over
Sudan known as Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
Mahdist movement was both religious & political
movement.
*Politically, to liberate Sudan from Egyptian colonial
rule.
*Religiously, to show the correct way of practicing
Islam.
E. The Maji Maji Rebellion
The leader of early resistance to the Gr in Zanzibar was
called Bushiri ibn Salim (an Arab Sugar planter). But
Bushiri was defeated by the Gr and the Gr were controlled
the mainland of Tanganika which led for the outbreak of
Maji Maji rebellion in 1905.
What was the cause for the Maji maji rebellion in
Tanganyika?
The local people were forced to produce cotton for
export
4.2 The First World War I (1914-1918)
What were the main (major) causes for the outbreak of
WWI?
a. The growth of Industrial Revolution in Europe.
European computed to control the world raw material
for their factories & market for their finished goods
(manufacturing products).
b. Nationalism.
Nationalism: - This created tension b/n Fr& Gr. Fr
wanted to avenge ሕነንምፍዳይ its defeat in the Franco-
Prussia war & to regain its lost territories of Alsace &
Lorrain. ኣልሳስን ሎሬይን ንምምላስ
Balkan nationalism:- Balkan countries fought against
ottoman Turk to gain their independence.
c. Moroccan crisis of 1905 & 1911.
 In 1904 Fr & Br made an agreement called Entente
Cordial. Against Gr. Both agreed on:-
*Fr got free hand in Morocco
*Br got free hand in Egypt & Sudan.
How did the 1st Moroccan Crisisግጭት (1904) & 2nd Moroccan
crisis (1911) was resolved b/n Gr & Fr?
1st Moroccan crisis was resolved by international
conference
2nd Moroccan crisis was resolved when Fr allowed Gr
some part of the Congo.
d. Balkan Crisis:- The Bosnia crisis: Bosnia Herzegovina
was part of the Ottoman Turk. But it was seized
(controlled) by Austro-Hungary in 1878. This was
created tension b/n Austro-Hungary & Serbia.
 What was the cause for the Balkan War of
1912?
To get their independence from Ottoman Turk.
e. The creation Military Alliance
Triple Allianceሰሉሳዊሕብረት: was formed in 1882 among
Gr, Italy & Austro-Hungary. In 1914, Ottoma Turk &
1915, Bulgaria were joined to Triple Entente. And,
Triple Entente was renamed Central Power ሓይልታት
ማእከል
 Triple Entente: First in 1904, Br & Fr were formed
Entente Cordial. In 1907, Russia was joined & Entente
Cordial was renamed To Triple Entente. Later more
than 20 countries were joined like USA, Portugal,
Rumania, Japan, and Union of South Africa. And Triple
Entente was renamed Allied Power ሓይልታት ሕብረት.
f. Owning mutual suspicion እርስ በርስ መጠራጠር : This led
European power to engage in arms race.
 What was an immediate cause for the
outbreak of WWI?
The assassination of Francis Ferdinand (The
Archduke/Crown Prince)ኣልጋ ወረሽ of Austro-Hungary.
Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a
Serb nationalist.
What was the measure of Austro-Hungary after the
assassination of Francis Ferdinand?
It was send an ultimatum (final warning) to Serbia that
demands:
I. Serbia should stop anti-Austria propaganda.
II. To allow Austria to investigate the plot ውዲት of Serbian
that led for the assassination of Francis Ferdinand.
The Course of the WWI
 I. On July 31, Russia mobilized its force to sup[port
Serbia
II. August 1 & 2 Gr declared war on Fr & Russia to
support Austria
III. August 4, Br declared war of Gr.
IV. August 6, Austria declared war on Russia
Schilieffen Plan : It was designed by German chief military
leader called Alfred Von Schilieffen.
What was objective of Schilieffen Plan?
I. To attack France through Neutral country Belgium. Or
II. To occupy Paris within 6 weeks in a “Swinging Door”.
Or
III. To defeat Fr first and to turn against Russia in the east.
What was the cause for failure of Schilieffen Plan?
I. The rapid mobilization of Russia army & and attached
the Gr.
II. The high resistance Belgium
Trench war: It was a war of attrition using poison gas,
tank & airplane.
N.B The space b/n the two opposing force in the WWI was
called “No Man’s Land”.
In 1917, USA was joined to the WWI.
What was the cause for the entrance of USA to the WWI in
the 1917 on the side of Allied Power?
The sank of American commercial ship by Gr U-
boat.
Why Br was declared war on Gr in 1914?
The invasion of Neutral country of Belgium.
The consequence of WWI
USA & Soviet Union become leading power
The 3 European dynasties were dethroned
*Hohenzollern of Gr, Hapsburg of Gr, &
Romanov of Russia
The emergence of new nation states in central Europe.
e.g. Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Czechoslovakia.
The Ottoman Turk was disintegrated.
*Turk become a state
*Arab territories were taken away By the Allied power
mainly By Fr & Br as a mandate territory.
The League of Nation was established to keep the
world peace.
It hastened the process of decolonization in Africa.
The Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
It was signed b/n the Allied power & Gr. According this
treaty:-
1. Gr was lost its oversea colonies & they were dived
among the allied power.
Gr East Africa (now Tanzania) given to Br.
South West Africa to South Africa
Cameroon & Togoland divided b/n Fr & Br
Samoan island to New Zealand
New Guinea to Australia
Marshal island To Japan
The Mandatory powers were entrusted to prepare those
colonies for self-government & independence.
2. Gr military power was limited
3. Rheiland was agreed to occupy for the next 15 years by
Allied Power.
4. The unfair Treaty of Brest-Litovisk signed b/n Russia &
Gr was canceled.
5. Gr was required to pay war indemnity.
N.B. a. The Gr colonies were given to Allied power as
mandatory.
b. the American president Woodrow Wilson had
forwarded his “Fourteen Points”. The “Fourteen Points”
proposed the right of self-determination for the nation
Europe.
4.3 The Russian Revolution
What were the causes for the Russian revolution?
a. Russia was ruled by the absolute government of
Romanov Dynasty.
b. The defeat of Russian in the WWI
c. Russia was feudal nation.
In 1861 Czar Alexander II was declared Edict of
Emancipation. The decree was freed all serfs &
allowed the peasants to own land in Russia.
B/c of the feudalism and autocratic rule of czarist rule of
rule of Romanov gov.t, different political parties were
emerged in Russia.
A. Social Revolutionary Party (SRP)
The objective of the SRP was:-
 To create democratic parliamentary gov.t in
Russia
 To redistributed land for the peasants
N.B The SRP was encouraged the peasants to rebel against
the Czarist gov.t.
B.Russian Social Democratic labour Party (RSLDP)
 It was formed in 1898 but in 1903 the RSLDP was split
(divided) into 2.
1. Bolsheviks (Majority):- It was led by Lenin whose
real name was Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov.
2. Mensheviks( Minority)
What was the major difference b/n the Bolsheviks &
Mensheviks?
 Bolshevik wanted to have a party with small number
and dictated members only; While Mensheviks
wanted to include in their party all supporters of
Marxist idea.
In the first two decades of 20th c, three revolutions were
occurred in Russia.
A. The fist Russian Revolution ( The 1905 revolution)
What was the immediate cause for the first Russian
Revolution of 1905?
 The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japan war of 1904-
05
On Sunday 21, January 1905, peaceful demonstration was
held by priest father Gapon to present their petition. The
troops of Nicholas II were killed many people from the
demonstrators. This event is known as Blood Sunday.
What was the effect of the Bloody Sunday?
 It eradicated the belief of the Russian people that
Nicholas II as a “Father of people”.
What was the consequence of the First Russian Revolution
of 1905?
 Nicholas II was forced to have Duma ( parliament)
B. The March Revolution of 1917 (the Second Russian
Revolution)
What was the immediate cause for the Match Revolution
in Russia of 1917?
 The defeat of Russia in the WWI
 Shortage of food & price inflation
Gregory Rasputin:- He was the Holy man and advisory of
Czarina Alexandra ( wife of Nicholas II).
He was caused for the March revolution.
On the 3rd March of 1917, Nicholas II was deposed.
What was the effect of the March Revolution in Russia?
 Nicholas II (the last ruler of Russian czarist or Romanov
dynasty) was deposed.
 The establishment of Provisional government
N.B a. In September 1917, General Kornilov (the
commander-in-chief of Russian army) made an attempt to
take power.
b. At the same time peasants, soldiers, workers were
formed Soviet (Council or coordinating committee)
The Bolsheviks have popular slogan i.e. “All power to
soviet” & “peace, land & bread”
C. The October Revolution (The Third Russian Revolution)
The October Revolution was called the Bolshevik
Revolution. The Bolsheviks were took control the power.
Lenin becomes premier & Leo Trotsky become war
minister.
What was the result of the October Revolution in Russia?
 The collapse of the provisional gov.t
 The rise of Bolshevik to power
The Major reforms of the Bolsheviks
o Industries & factories were nationalized.
 8 working hour was introduced.
o The land of landlords was confiscated (nationalized).
 Farmland was distributed to the peasants.
o Russia was withdrawn from the WWI.
  In 1918, Russia & Gr signed the Treaty of Brest-
Lithovisk
The Russian Civil War (1918-1921)
The Russian civil war was fought b/n The Bolsheviks &
Mensheviks.
A. Bolsheviks were supported By:-
Peasants, workers & soldiers
Bolshevik’s army were called Red
Army
B.Mensheviks were supported by:- Ex-czarist
officers, & landlords
USA, Japan & Western European
power
Mensheviks army was called
White Army
In 1922, the white army was defeated.
Economic Reforms in Russia
In 1918, Russia introduced New Economic Policy. The New
Economic Policy was:
 Allowed to the peasants to sail their grain for their
own profit
 Small enterprises were restored to the owners.
o In 1918, new state was established called Union of
Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).
 o Cheka were the secret police force established by
Bolshevik gov.t.
What was the objective of Cheka?
 To suppress counter Revolution.
In 1924, Lenin was died & Joseph Stalin was come to
power. B/n Stalin was carried Great Purge within the
Soviet Communist party.
What was the objective of the Great Purge carried out by
Joseph Stalin b/n 1928-1940?
 To strength his totalitarian regime
 To eliminate his opponents within the party.
Joseph Stalin was introduced different economic plan.
The Fist Five year Economic plan (1928-1932):- During this
economic plan:-
 All foreign industries were nationalized
*Russian industries were showed rapid progress &
production was increased
 Forceful collectivization was introduced.
*The Forceful collectivization was opposed by the
rich Russian farmers called Kulaks.
The Second Five Year Economic Plan (1935-1940)
During this economic plan, Russia was transferred from
agrarian economic system to modern industrialized state.
The Third economic plan: It was begun when the Nazi Gr
attacked Russia in 1941.
 The Consequence of the Russian Revolution.
1. It inspired anti-colonial struggle in Africa & Asia.
2. Russia becomes super power mainly after the WWII.
4.4 Anti colonial struggle during the inter-war
period in Africa
WWI was inspired the anti-colonial struggle in Africa.
How the WWI was inspired the anti-colonial struggle in
Africa?
 It gave sense of identity & feeling of nationalism.
What kind of struggle was carried out by the African
during the Inter-war period against colonialism?
 Through self-help association ( Welfare
Association)
 Through political parties
N.B. The self-help (Welfare) Association were demanded
the restoration of farmland for the native (African) people.
A. Young Kikuya Association in Kenya
The Young Kikuya Association was established by the
African workers in urban & white farmland.
What was the cause for the emergence of Young Kikuya
Association during the inter-war period?
 The fertile highland of Kenya was taken by the white
(British) settlers
  The salary of African workers was cut by the white
farmers.
N.B. The founder of Young Kikuya Association was called
Harry Thuku.
What was the objective of Young Kikuya Association
emerged in Kenya during inter-war period?
 To restore the land expropriated (taken) by the white
farmers to the native people.
B. The Bataka Association in Uganda
 Bataka was the title used by the clan leader of
Buganda.
 Kabaka was the chief of Buganada kingdom
 Lukiko the representative of Uganada in the colonial
assembly.
N.B. a. The Bataka association was established by the
Young educated African people.
b. Bataka Association was against the Kabaka and the
British colonial rule over Uganda.
The emergence of political parties and the struggle
against colonialism during the inter-war period in
Africa
A. African National Congress (ANC)
ANC was established by the Young African workers came
from Basutoland (Lesotho) and Swaziland in 1912.
What was the major cause for the emergence of ANC?
  Racial discrimination
 White minority rule over the majority black Africans
 Economic oppression by the white settlers
What was the major objective of the ANC?
 To get the independence of South Africa from
colonialism
 To respect the right of South Africa.
B.National Congress British West Africa (NCBWA).
NCBWA was established by J.E Casely Hyford in Nigeria in
1920.
What was the objective of NCBWA during the inter-war
period?
 To have African representative (local chief) in local
affair (colonial Assembly)
C. Wafd Party in Egypt
In 1919, the wafd party headed (led) by Sa’ad Zaghlul
Pasha led delegation to Versailles Peace Treaty. Wafd
means delegation.
What was the demand or objective the Wafd Party?
 It demanded the independence of Egypt.
What was the response of British after demand of Wafd
party for the independence of Egypt in 1922?
 The British deported (expelled) Sa’ad Zaghlul Pasha to
the Malat Island in Mediterranean Sea.
N.B. British was recognized the independence Egypt in
1922.
D. Neo-Dastura of Tunsia
Dastura means Party of Constitution. It was led by Habib
Bourgiba.
What was the objective of the Neo-Dastura party in
Tunisia?
 To win (get) the independence of Tunisia from French
colonial rule
E. The Riff community of Morocco
It was fought against the French & Spanish colonial rule in
Morocco. It was led by Abdel el-Kerim.
N.B. a. The Riff community of Morocco was based on the
armed struggle with out political party.
Unit four
1. Which one of the following was NOT TRUE
about the Mahdist Movement?
A. It was successfully defended its country
from European colonizers
B. It was fought against Egyptian colonizer in
Sudan
C. It was defeated at the battle of Omdurman
by the Anglo-Egyptian joint army
 D. It was both religious and political
objectives
2. Who was the leader of the Early African
resistance against German in Zanzibar?
A. Ibm Bushri salim C. Urabi pahsa
B. Khalif Abdulah D. Samori Toure
3. The dual military alliance formed b/n France
and Britain in 1904 was referred as_____
A. Dual Entente B. Entente Cordial C. Dual
Alliance D. Allied power
4. Which one of the following was major cause
for the out break of the First World War?
A. The growth of industries in Europe
C. colonial rivalry
B. The creation of Military alliance D.
assassination of Austrian Archduke
5. What was the cause for the frailer of
Schilleffen Plan in the First World War?
A. the entrance of USA to the war C.
The strong resistance of Belgium
B. the entrance of Italy on the side of Allies
D. The delay of Russian mobilization
6. What happen the German colonies and the
Ottoman Turkish Empire of Arab countries?
A. They were achieved their independence
immediately after the end of the First World War
I
B. They were remain under the control of
their former colonial masters
C. They were divided among the allied power
as mandate territories
D. They became under the direct control of
the League of Nation for the next 15 years
7. Which one of the following was wrong about
the African National Congress?
A. It was demanded to have African
representative in colonial government
B. It was emerged as a result of racial
discrimination and white minority rule in South
Africa
C. It was established by the African workers
came from neighbor state
D. It was worked fro the independence of
South Africa from colonialism
8. Who was the leader of the Riff Community of
Morocco between two world wars against French
& Spanish colonizers?
A. Sa’ad Zaghlul B. Casley Hayford
C. Habib Bourgiba D. Abdel el-Kerim

48. Which one of the following was the

outcome of World War I?

A. Restoration of Ottoman Turkish Empire in

Middle East

B. Establishment of League of Nation in 1919

C. Conquest of Eastern European nations by

Russia

D. Emergence of Austro-Hungary Empire as

a major power in the mainland of Europe

49. After the establishment of USSR in 1918,

The Bolsheviks set up a secret police to
suppress Counter Revolution. This secret
policy was:

A. Dumma B. Kulaks C. Pravda

D. Checka

22. Which of the following was correct about the

October Revolution of Russia of 1917?
A. The soviets were took the power through
social insurrection
B. The last Russian Czar Nicholas II was
overthrow from his power.
C. Russia monarch was forced to Dumma
(parliament)
D. General Kornilov was come to power through
coup de’tat
23. Which of the following is direct outcome of
the World War I?
A. intensification of colonial conquest C.
emergence of two super powers in the world
B. formation of the League of Nation D.
emergence of cold war
24. What was the objective of the Welfare
Associations during the inter-war period in
Africa?
A. To fight against the European colonizer for
the independence of African people
B. To have Africans representative in colonial
government or Assembly
C. To respect the right African worker in the
white farmlands
D. To restore the expropriated land by the white
settlers or European colonizer
25. Which of the following political party worked
for the independence of Tunisia during inter-war
period?
A. Wafd B. Neo-Dastra D. African
National Congress D. Maji Maji Movement
26. Which of the following is not correct about
Versailles Treaty signed in 1919? It
A. It created balance of power among European
states
B. Put limited the military power of Germany
C. Forced Germany to give up its colonies to
allied power
D. Restored Alsace and Lorain to France
27. According to Schelleffen Plan Germany was
planned to:
A. invade Britain through the English canal
B. attack France through the neutral country
Belgium in the northern
C. control Paris through the Franco-Germany
border in the eastern
D. attack Russia and France at the same time
28. Which of the following was contributed for
the growth of towns in Southern Ethiopia in the
last quarter of the 19th century?
A. The expansion communication and
transportation system to the region
B. The establishment of military garrison by
Menelik’s army
C. The construction of Ethio-Djibouti railway
D. the expansion of modern school in the region
29. What was the cause for the Maji Maji
rebellion in Tanganyika against the German
colonizers in the early African resistance?
A. local peoples were forced to produce cotton
for export
B. Unfair payment of the colonizer for the black
workers
C. colonizers were imposed their culture on the
local people
D. Harsh tax imposed on the local people
30. The immediate cause for the outbreak of
World War I was:
A. The growth of industrial revolution C.
The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at
Sarajevo
B. The creation of hostile military alliance D.
Arms race competition among the two blocks

UNIT FIVE
ITALO -ETHIOPIAN WAR (1934-1941) AND WORLD
WAR II (1939-1945)
 5.1. Italo-Ethiopian relation 1906-1934)
What were the causes for the Italo -Ethiopian war (1934-
1936)?
a) Italy wanted to remove the scar (shameful) of battle of
Adwa
Italy wanted to rake revenge the defeat of Adwa.
b) To reduce population pressure in the Italian
Peninsula
What were the indications (sign) of revival Italian colonial
interest in Ethiopia in the post Adwa?
a) Italy plan of building railway connecting her colony of
Eritrea & Somalia in the Tripartite Treaty
b) After the end of WWI, Italy demanded to take-
over (control) the British Somaliland & French
Somaliland (Djibouti) as well as Bank of Abyssinia &
Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway.
c) The fascist ruler Benito Mussolini promised to the
people to restore the “glory” of the Roman Empire &
to avenge the defeat of Adwa. Why?
*to win mass support
*To divert its people from internal problem by
entering to the war of expansion.
d) By the Anglo-Italian agreement of the Italian agreed to
give diplomatic support to Britsh plan building dam on
Lake Tana.
What were the major events that show the “Friendly” the
Italo-Ethiopia relation b/n 1906-1934?
a) Italy gave diplomatic support to Ethiopia’s
membership in the League of Nation.
b) Italian official gave warm reception when Ras
Teferi made tour to Europe in 1924.
c) In 1928, Italy signed the Treaty of Peace & Friendship
with Ethiopia.
What was the immediate cause (pretext) for the Italo-
Ethiopia war of 1935/36?
 The Walwal Incidence. Walwal is water wells located
in Ogaden.
On 5,Dec 1934, The Italian troops opened fire on the
Anglo-Ethiopian Boundary Commission in Walwal. As a
result 30 Italian troops were died & threefold 3 ዕፅፊ from
Ethiopian side. This event is known as Walwal Incidence.
What did Ethiopia do after the Walwal Incidence?
 Ethiopia took the matter to the League of Nation
Why Ethiopia took the conflict of Italo-Ethiopia of 1934 to
the League of Nation?
 Ethiopia (H/Silassie) trusted the league of nation could
provide fair justices
What was response of the League of Nation to the Italo-
Ethiopia conflict of 1934?
  The League was imposed sanction on both Ethiopia &
Italy.
Why Br & Fr were failed to take fair measure against the
Italian aggression on Ethiopia in 1934?
 B/c, Br & Fr feared Italy might get to alliance with Gr.
5.2 The Italo-Ethiopia war of 1935-36
The Italian aggression was come from two directions i.e.
Eritrea in north Front & Italian Somaliland in Southern
Front.
A. Northern Front: - Marshal Emilio De Bono was the
Italian troops but later replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
The Ethiopian counter-offensive መልሶ ማጥቃት came very
late. Why?
a) Ethiopia trusted the Leagued of Nation &
international al community provided fair justice
b) Ethiopia wanted to stretch the Italian line of
supply by allowing to proceed deep in to interior
On the Ethiopia side the northern front has three
directions.
i. Eastern Direction: it was led by Ras Mulugeta Yegezu
(The Ministry of War). Ras Mulugeta was died in the
war
ii. Central Direction: led by kassa Hailu & Ras Seyoum
Mengesha. They were defeated at the battle of
Temben. Kassa Hailu was the over all commander of
the Northern Front.
iii. Western Front (Shire front):- It was led by Ras Imru
H/Silasie.
On 31 March 1936, the battle of Maichew, The well
trained Imperial Bodyguard led by Emperor H/Silassie
fought against the Italians. But Ethiopia was defeated in all
fronts.
B.Southern Front: - General Rudolf Grazziani was the
leader of Italian troops in Southern front.
The Ethiopian force was under the command of Dej.
Nasibu Zeamanuel, Dej. Desta Damtew Dje. Balcha
Safo & Dej. Mekonnen Endalkachew.
N.B. On 5 May 1936, Italian army was controlled Addis
Ababa. This event was marked the beginning of Italian
occupation on Ethiopia.
What were the factors for the Ethiopia in the 1935/36 by
the Italy?
a) Italy’s military superiority.
Italy used 400 air plain i.e.330 in northern front & 100
in southern front.
Italy used poison gas, tanks, latest military technology
& highly trained commanders.
b) The arms embargo on Ethiopia imposed by the
European.
c) The process of centralization antagonized some
regional lords. And become collaborated with Italy.
These were Ras Hailu of Gojjam, Dej. Ayalew Biru of
 Semen, Abba Jiffar of Jimma, Dej. H/Silassie Gugsa of
Tigray.
5.3 Fascist Rule & Patriotic Resistance.
Fascist Rule
Ethiopia was merged (united) with Eritrea & Italian
Somaliland. The 3 country become known as Italian East
Africa. The first viceroy(መመሓደሪ) of Italian East Africa was
Petro Badoglio→Then Grazziani un l February
1937→Amadeo Umberto D’aosta (the last viceroy of
Italian East Africa).

Italian East Africa has 6 administrative

divisions
Administrative
regions Capital city
a. Tigray
a. Asmara
& Eritrea
b. Harar
b. Harar &
c. Jimma
Dire Dawa
d. Addis
c. Orormo
Ababa
& Sidama
e. Gonder
 d. Shewa f. Moqadisho
e. Amhara
f. Ogaden &
Somalia

Characteristics of fascist rule

a. Violence & corrupt
b. Highly centralized & inefficient
c. Limited to urban. Why? The nation wide opposition
of the patriotic resistance
Consequence of the Fascist Rule
a. The expansion few factories & building
b. Road construction. Why? To control its control its
colony effectively.
c. The young educated Ethiopian were executed (killed)
d. The expansion of hotel & prostitution (ሰተኛ ኣዳሪ)
Patriotic Resistance

The patriotic resistance has two phases (stages):-

Phase I:- it was the continuation of the major war of the
1936.
It was led by the upper nobility.
 It was centered in urban
It was based on conventional war (direct war)
Its objective was to liberate Addis Ababa
Black Lion Organization: It was led by Ras Imru H/Silaasie.
It was established by the Young educated of Holleta
Military Academy
Its objective was to liberate Addis Ababa
It was established in Gore, Illibabur.
But the Black Lion Organization was defeated by the
Fascist troops near Gojeb River in Kaffa. Ras Imru was
caught & deported to Italy.
The second attempt to librate Addis Ababa was carried out
in summer led by notable (famous) lords. Some of them
were Ras Kassa hailu, Dej. Abera & Asfawosen Kassa, Dej.
Balcha safo, Ras Abebe Aregay, Dej. Fikremariam. But they
were easily crushed by the Italians. Why?
Lack of coordination among the leaders
N.B Abune Petros, unifying figures one of the leaders was
caught & executed in Addis Ababa.
Phase II: It was started from Grazziani Massacre to the end
of Fascist Rule.
It was led by the lower nobilities
It was based on guerrilla warfare (fighting)
It was centered in rural areas
On 19 February 1937, two young Ethiopian namely Moges
Asgedom & Abraha Deboch were made an attempt to
assassinate Italian viceroy, Grazziani. Grazziani was
wounded and many other officials were killed.
What was the response of Fascist troops after the
attempt to assassinate the Italian viceroy Grazziani on
19 February 1937 in Addis Ababa?
 The Fascist troops were carried out whole massacre
on the Addis Ababa residence. Within 3 day more that
30,000 peoples were killed. This event is known as
Grazziani Massacre or February Massacre.
Who were the major Targets of Grazziani Massacre?
 The young educated Holleta Military Academy.
What was the effect of Grazziani Massacre?
 It created nation wide opposition.
 It marked the beginning of second phase of patriotic
resistance
 The shift of patriotic resistance from the urban areas
to the rural areas.
 It created vacuum (gap) of educated people in
Ethiopia in the post (after) libration.
What were the factors that helped the patriots to harass
(destroy) the Fascist troops?
 The knowledge of terrain (መለከኣ ምድር)of their country

The ability to disperse & to regroup (ምብታን መሊሰካ ምጉጃል)
Some of the patriotic leaders in the second phase were
  Amoraw Wubneh in Gonder
 Belay Zeleke in Gojjam,
 H/mariam Mammo, Abebe Aregay, Geresu Duki,
Bekele Woya in Shewa.
Patriotic resistance was strong in Shewa, Gojjam &
Begemidir.
Inner patriots (yewust Arbognoch)
These were patriots who lived & often worked with the
Italian in town & passed
N.B. They were used as underground intelligence to the
patriots. They provided useful information, food, firearms
and supply to the patriots.
Some of them were Shewareged Gedle in Addis Alem,
Kebedech Seyoum of Shewa (grand daughter of Emperor
Yohannes IV), Shewynesh Abera of Lasta, Abebech
Cherqos of Gonder, Lekyelesh Beyan in Jirru.
Problems of the patriots were:
 Lack of food, firearms, medicine
 Lack of coordination among themselves
 There were collaborators(ተሓባበርቲ) with the Italians
called Banda
*Banda was provided information about the location
& plans of the patriots to the Italian.
5.3 The Second World War (1939-1945)
WWII was fought b/n military blocks known as Allied
Power & Axis power
 Allied power were Fr, Br, USSR & USA
 Axis power were Gr, Japan & Italy
What were the causes for the WWII?
1. Appeasement policy. B/c it was unfair treaty to Gr.
This was followed by Br & Fr towards the Nazi Gr & Fascist
Italy. This policy was allowed to the Fascist states to
control some territories and to avoid war.
2. Versailles Treaty.
3. The weakness of League of nation.
In 1933, Japan was controlled Manchuria, Northeastern of
China. The league was condemned Japan.
In violence (against) the treaty of Versailles, Gr was began
 Rapid rearmament activities (ጦር መሳርያ ማሳደግ )
 In October 1933, She was withdraw from the League
of Nation
 Gr reoccupied the demilitarized zone (free from
military activities) of Rhineland
 Gr started national conscription (ወታደራዊ ምልመላ)
In all the League was unable to stop the aggressor nations.
4. The rise of Fascist rulers to power
 Fascist Party led by Bento Mussolini took power
in Italy in 1922.
  Nazi party led by Adolf Hitler took political
power in Gr in 1933
 Militaristic Japan took power in 1930s.
What was the cause for the rise of fascist to power in
Europe in the post WWI?
The international economic crises called Great
Depression. Great Depression was started in USA and
spread to Europe.
Characteristics of Fascism or Nazism
 Totalitarianism i.e. state is an absolute
 They were favored dictatorship and nationalism
 They advocated national chauvinism, violence (ብጥብጥ)
and imperialism (territorial expansion).
 They were opposed democracy.
Background of Adolf Hitler: - He was born in Austria
and joined to Gr army in the WWI. In 1919 Hitler was
joined to the Nazi Party (National Socialist German
Workers’ Party) & become leader of the party later. In
1923 Hitler made an attempt of Coup d’état with his army
Called Brown Shirt. Hitler Was Imprisoned.
N.B. In His Prison Hitler wrote a Book Entitled Meine
Kampf (My Struggle) which presents his philosophy
and future plan.
In March 1938 Adolf Hitler incorporated Austria under the
pretext of uniting Austrian Germans with Gr In March
Hitler annexed (controlled) part of Czechoslovakia under
the pretext of uniting Sudeten Germans united with Gr.
Munich Deal(ስምምዕ)፡- In September1938 Br, Fr & Gr
signed the treaty called Munich Deal. According to this
treaty, Gr allowed to control part of Czechoslovakia
inhabited by Gr speaking Sudeten’s.
Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact:- was agreed b/n Gr
& USSR in September 1939.
What was the immediate cause for the outbreak of the
WWII?
The invasion of Poland by Gr in 1939.
Course of the War
Gr was invaded Poland within 3 weeks. The Gr called they
invasion over Poland Blitzkrieg (Lightening War) (የመብረቅ ጦርነት)
.
Gr annexed western Polan & the eastern Poland was
controlled By Russia.
In 1940, Gr invaded France through Maginot line. And
France was divided in to two.
a. Vichy Fr:- was a puppet gov.t established by Gr in the
unoccupied Southern fr4ance led by Marshal Petain at
Vichy.
b. Free France:- was established in Br by Charles de
Gaulle to liberate Fr
In 1940 Italy declared war over Br. In 1941, Nazi Gr started
was of expansion over Russia.
What was the cause of the entrance of USA to the WWII
in 1941?
Japan was destroyed US naval power at Pearl Harbour
in Hawaii Island in Dec 1941.
Allied counter offensive(የህብረቶች መልሶ ማጥቃት)

First Allied Victory: - In 1942/43 at the battle of

Stalingrad & Kursk, the Nazi force was destroyed by
Soviet Union (Russia) Red Army.
Second Allied Victory:- Br, Fr & USA drove Gr & Italian out
of North Africa.
In 1944, France was librated. In 1945 Russia entered to
Berlin. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide(self killing).
On 6th& 9th August 1945, USA dropped atomic bombs on
two Japan cities called Hiroshima and Nagasaki
respectively. On September 1945 US force occupied
Tokyo.
What were the causes for the defeat of Axis Power?
 The force of Axis power was stretched to vast territory
that could not protect it.
 The entrance of USA & USSR on the side of Allied
power
 Allied power have superior in human power & natural
resources
Consequence of WWII
 USA & USSR become super power of the world
  The emergence of Cold war
 The formation of UNO in place of League of nation
The libration of Ethiopia from the fascist rule
Why Britain was supported the libration of Ethiopia from
the Fascist rule in 1940?
 To defend its colonies of East Africa
 Italy was declared war over Britain in 1940
 Italy was entered to the WWII on the side of Gr.
The joint Anglo-Ethiopian force was launched from Sudan
& Kenya.
a) General William Platt- From Sudan occupied Eritrea
b) Major General Orde Charles Wingate& Brigader
General Daniel Sanford together with Emperor
H/Silassie from Sudan entered to Gojjam.
N.B The joint Anglo-Ethiopian army come from Sudan
were called Gedeon Force.
C) General Sir Allan Cunningham: from British East Africa
(Kenya) controlled Addis Ababa on 6 April 1941.
N.B 5 May 1945 considered as liberation of Ethiopia
from the Fascist rule. Why?
B/c Emperor H/Silassie I was re-entered to Addis Ababa.
British domination over Ethiopia (British decade)
1941-1950)
After the libration of Ethiopia, Britain was set up Occupied
Enemy territory Administration (direct control) over the
Ethiopia region called Ogaden & Eritrea.
The First Anglo-Ethiopian treaty (1942):- According
this Treaty Britain was allowed to
 Control the Police force & the financial system.
 Handle the Italian prisoners
 Give permission for the emperor to declare war or to
end war
 Assigned the British citizens in key position as a
advisors
Second Anglo-Ethiopia treaty (1944): In this Treaty Br
promised:
 To restore Ogaden to Ethiopia. But Ogaden was stayed
until 1954 under British control.
 To use Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway
 To train the Ethiopian military force
 To the Emperor to employ non-British foreign
personnel (workers)
What was the factor that enables the British
government to exercise considerable power over
Ethiopia in the post libration?
The First Anglo-Ethiopian treaty of 1942.
Unit five
9. Who was military leader of Ethiopian army
that was died at the battle of Amba Alage during
the Italo-Ethiopian was of 1935/36?
A. Ras Kassa Hailu B. Ras Muluget Yigezu
C. Seyum Mengesha D. Ras Imru
H/Silassie
10. The place that was served as an immediate
cause for the Italo-Ethiopia war of 1936/36 was:
A. Qorahe B. Wal Wal C. Jigjiga
D. Genale
11. Which of the following was true about the
Italian colonial occupation over Ethiopia from
1936-1941?
A. it was showed the decline of prostitution
in the country
B. Italy was massively financed for the road
construction
C. the rapid growth of industrialization in
Ethiopia
D. The growth of the number Young
educated people in the country
12. What was the contribution of the inner
patriots which were called Yewst Arbognoch in
the history of Ethiopian patriotic resistance
against Fascist rule?
A. Supply on modern military techniques
C. recruiting new force from the urban
B. underground intelligence, shelter, arms &
medicine D. Poisoning the senior fascist
leaders
14. The commander of Italian army that was
controlled Addis Ababa on May 5, 1936 was
A. Duke of AostaB. Grazziani C. De Bono
D. Badoglio

41. During the Italian occupation of

Ethiopia, Fascist rule was limited to the
urban
centers only. This was because of:

A. Lack of infrastructure in the rural areas of

the country

B. The strong nation wide opposition and

patriotic resistance
 C. Lack of Italian interest to control the rural
areas

D. Fear of pandemic diseases in the

countryside

71. Which of the following is the result of

Second World War?

A. Emergence of new nation states in central

and eastern Europe

B. Emergence of cold war

C. Establishment of the Language of Nation

to keep world peace

D. Emergence of European political and

economical domination in the worl

75. Which of the following was contributed

for the liberation of Ethiopia from the

Fascist rule in 1941?

 A. The entrance of Italy on the side of
Germany enables Ethiopia to secured
military
support of Britain
B. The invasion Nazi force on Soviet Union
secured Ethiopia military
Support of international community

C. The entrance of USA on the side of Allies

enables to defeat the Fascist force in Africa

D. The destruction of American naval power

at Peril harbor

UNIT SIX
 POST COLD WAR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
6.1 The Emergence of UNO
Atlantic Charter: was declared by Weston Churchill (prime
minister of Britain) and Roosevelt (US president) at
Atlantic coast in Canada.
N.B Atlantic Charter served a base for the foundation of
UNO.
What were the major objectives of UNO?
 To maintain international peace and security
 To respect human right
 To increase cooperation among nation of the world
in solving international humanitarian problem.
 To develop among nation friendly relationships.
Structure of UNO

International court and Justice

Security Council

Trusteeship Council General Assembly Economic and social council

east

Secretariat Special agencies

 WHO UNESCO FAO IFM

The function of branches of UNO

General Assembly: All members of the UNO are the
members of general Assembly.
Function of General Assembly
 It elects non-permanent members of Security Council
and Economic and Social Council.
 It appoints the Secretary General
Security Council: It is the leading organ of UNO. It has 5
permanent and 10 non-permanent members. The 5-
permanenet members of Security Council are Britain,
France, USA, Russia and China. The five permanent
members of Security Council are called Veto Powers. The
ten non-permanent members of Security Council are
elected per two years.
Function of the Security Council
 It imposes economic sanction and arms embargo
against offending nations.
 It control the election of Secretary General
 It contro9l the admission of new members to the
organization
 It has the power to investigate problems areas of
conflicts or crisis
Secretariat
Its headquarter is New York
Duties of Secretariat
 Implement the decision of the Assembly and Council.
 Bring issues to general Assembly
 Draw annual report to the organization
 Coordinate activities and direct funds for the special
agencies.
The Secretary General: Secretary General is elected by the
general Assembly based on the recommendation of
Security Council for the period of five years. The UNO
secretary General were
 Trygive Lie of Norway- the first Secretary General of
UN.
 Dag Hammarskjold of Sweden- was died crushed in
plane crush while trying to mediatethe Congo Crisis in
1960.
 U-Than of Burma
 Kurt Waldeim of Austria
 Perez de Cuellar of Peru
 Butros Gali of Egypt: The first UN Secretary General
from Africa.
 Kofi Anan of Ghana
The Economic and Social Council
It is assigned by the General Assembly for three years
term. It is responsible to handle related with economic
and social affairs. It has special agencies like FAO, WFP,
UNESCO, ILO, WHO, and others.
The success and limitation of the UNO
Success:
 It stopped civil war in Greece and Korea.
 It halted bloodshed religious war b/n India and
Pakistan.
 It mediate Arab Israeli war
 It adopted Declaration of Human Right and Genocide
Convention in 1948.
Limitation
 The UNO failed to establish permanent international
armed force
 Lack of unity within the members.
6.2 COLD WAR
Cold War was refers to the post World War II struggle b/n
Western block and Eastern Block
Western Block- was headed by USA. They were capitalist
states.
Eastern Block: was headed by USSR. They were socialist
countries.
What was the cause for the Cold War?
 The economic and political goals b/n the super powers
of the world.
What were the features of the Cold War?
 There was no direct armed clash (war) among the
super powers
 It was war of propaganda (war of words) and arms
race competition
 Development of nuclear weapons
Russian Satellite: During the Cold War the communist
countries of Eastern Europe were called Russian satellite.
These were Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania,
Czechoslovakia, Poland and East Germany.
N.B. Yugoslavia was the only communist states free from
the domination of USSR under the leadership of Marshal
Tito.
The Western Reaction
 a. Containment: It was planned to end the communist
expansion in the world. It was also called Truman
Doctrine.
N.B. Truman Doctrine was made military and financial
assistance to any nation under communist pressure.
This was direct intervention in Greece, Turk, Korea,
and Indo-China countries.
On April 14, 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) was formed with the initiative of USA. Originally,
the headquarter of NATO was Paris, later moved to
Brussels.
What was the objective of NATO established in 1949?
 To defend the communist expansion in the world.
b. Marshal plan: This was announced by George C.
Marshal of US secretary state.
What was officially declared of Marshal Plan?
 To strength or rebuild European economy from
the ruins of the war.
What was the objective Marshal Plan declared by USA in
1947?
 To block the expansion of communist in Europe
c. strengthening non-European economic defense
 Under the Truman’s doctrine of Point Four Program
USA and its allies were provided financial and
technical assistance to improve their natural resource
and agriculture. This was denoted to Africa and Asian
countries.
6.3 The Chinese Revolution
The last Chinese dynasty was called Manchu (Ching)
dynasty ruled China from 1644-1911.
What were the causes for the Chinese revolution?
 The despotic and exploitative feudal economy of
Manchu dynasty
 The ineffective Manchu dynasty to defend Chinese
interest in the world.
The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party
KMT was founded by Dr. San Yat-Sen. In 1911 the
nationalist party was overthrow the last ruler of Manchu
called Pu Yi. In 1925, Dr. Sat Yat-Sen was died and
replaced by Chiang Kai-Shek.
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP): it was established by
Mao Tse-tung ( Mao Zedog).
Long March: In 1931, Chiang Kai-Shek was decided to
destroy the CCP in their base Kiangsi region. Mao and his
follower were made an epic retreatment to escape from
the Chiang kai-Shek attack known as Long March.
What was the result of the Long March?
 Three quarter of the Red Army of CCP party was lost
in the long march
 Mao set up Yenan Soviet in northwest China.
B/n 1945-1949 blood civil war fought b/n the KMT and the
Communist Red Army.
What was the result of the Chinese civil war fought b/n
1945-1949?
a. Chiang Kai-Shek’s army was defeated.
b. Chian kai-Shek and his nationalist party were fled to
Formosa (Taiwan).
c. Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist party were formed
nationalist government in Taiwan with the support of
USA.
d. China becomes communist country under the
leadership of Mao in Beijing.
Reforms of CCP
 Land was distributed to the peasants.
 Industries and business enterprise (commune) were
put under state control.
 Anti corruption was carried out.
The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution (1966)
What was the objective of Great Proletariat Cultural
Revolution introduced by Mao in China in 1966?
 To fight against reactionary idea and to transfer
Chinese culture
 To fight against corrupt party state authority
The major objective of Great Proletariat Cultural
Revolution was to eliminate Mao’s opponent and
“revisionists”. Revisionists was refers to those who going
back to capitalist trend and pro USSR.
What was the cause for the Sino-Russo conflict in the
1960s?
 Both were computed for the leadership of communist
world.
6.4 The Korean War (1950-1953)
From 1910 to the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was
under the control of Japan.
What was the decision of major power of USA, Britain and
China in Cairo in November 1943?
 Korea to become free and independent state.
At the end of World War II, Northern Korea was liberated
by USSR while southern was liberated by USA.
What happen Korea after the end of World War II?
 Korea was divided in capitalist government southern
and communist government northern
In 1950, Northern Korean troops invaded Southern Korea
crossing the 380 parallel.
Which country was directly involved in the Korean War on
the side of Northern Korea?
 China. Why? The UN peacekeeping force advanced
closer to Chinese border.
In 1953, armistice (ceasefire) was signed b/n the two
Koreas and 380 parallel become dividing line b/n Northern
and Southern Korea.
N.B. Ethiopia was send peacekeeping mission for the first
time to Korea.
6.5 The Vietnam War
Indo-China was under French colony since 1880s until the
outbreak of WWII. Indo-China was made up of Cambodia,
Laos and Vietnam.
What was the policy of F54rance after the end of WWII?
 France was wanted to regain her ex-colonies of Indo-
China
Ho Chi Minh: was the leader of national liberation
movement started in 1941. He established Democratic
Republic of Vietnam in the 17th parallel ( 170 North
Latitude).This state was recognized by USSR and China in
1950.
The battle Dien Bien Phu (1954): the French army was
crushed.
What was the result of the battle of Dien Ben Phu fought
in 1954?
a. It led the end of French colonial rule in Indo-China
b. The independence of Indo-China countries from
French colonial rule.
Geneva Agreement (1954): was agreed b/n France and
Vietnams. According this agreement:
a. French colonial rule in Indo-China was come to an end.
b. temporary division of Vietnam in communist Northern
and Capitalist Southern
In 1955, capitalist government was set up under the
leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem as a president.
National Liberation Front (NLF): was the opposing
communist force of Southern Vietnam. It was assisted by
Northern Vietnam. The Military wing of NLF was called
Viet Cong.
What was the objective of NLF of Vietnam?
a. NLF was aimed to unite the two Vietnams
b. NLF was worked for the evacuation of foreign troops.
Vietnamization: It was a policy introduced by the
President Nixon of USA.
What was the objective of Vietnamization introduced by
President Nixon of USA in 1969?
 The plan was to enable the Southern Vietnam to
defend their state with out much external support.
In 1969, Ho Chi Minh was died. USA was bombed Northern
Vietnam.
Which country was served as abase by the Viet Cong to
attack Southern Vietnam and the foreign power?
 Cambodia
Why did USA fought in the Vietnam War and Korean War?
 To defend the communist expansion in Indo-China and
Korea.
Finally, Vietnamese were emerged victorious and the two
Vietnam were united under communist state.
6.6 The Arab-Israeli War
Palestine was a part Ottoman Turk until the end of WWI.
What happen the Arab countries after the end of WWI?
They were divided b/n Allied Power mainly France and
Britain as a mandate territory.
 Palestine, Iraq and Trans-Jordan were given to Britain
as a mandate territory
 Lebanon and Syria were given to France as a mandate
territory.
Balfour Declaration: It was declared by British which
paved the way for the establishment for Jewish national
homeland in Palestine.
Zionism: was an organization established by the
international Jewish to establish national homeland in
Palestine. The first Zionism Congress was held in
Switzerland led by Theodore Herzel.
What was the cause for the establishment of Jewish
organization called Zionism?
 The growth of Jewish national feeling and anti-
Semitism in Europe
In 1947, British was presented the case of Palestine to the
General Assembly of UNO.
What was the decision of UN General Assembly on
Palestine in 1948?
 a. The partition of Palestine in to two independent Arab
and Jewish state
b. Jerusalem was recognized as an international city.
On 14 May, 1948 with David Ben Groin (the first prime
minister of Israel) declared the state of Israel. And on 15
May, British troops were evacuated from Palestine
The Frits Arab-Israeli War (1948-1949)
It was started by the offensive Arab forces of Egypt, Syria,
Iraq and Trans-Jordan was declared war on Israel.
What was the result of First Arab-Israeli war breakout in
1948?
 Arabs countries were crushed.
 Israel controlled new territories i.e. half of Jerusalem
and Northwest coast of Mediterranean Sea
 Trans-Jordan controlled West Bank
The Second Arab-Israeli War (1956)
It was called Suez Canal Crisis (Suez War).
What was the cause for the Second Arab-Israeli war called
Suez Canal Crisis breakout in 1956?
 President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez
Canal.
Israel was began an offensive attack on Egypt.
N.B Britain and France also involved in the war on the side
of Israel.
The second Arab-Israeli war was stopped by the UNO,
USSR and USA pressure.
The Third Arab-Israeli War (The Six-Day War) in 1967
The Third Arab-Israeli war was fought b/n 5-10 June 1967
b/n Israel and Syria, Iraq, Trans-Jordan and Egypt.
 USA, Britain and West Germany was assisted Israel
 USSR was assisted Arab countries
What was the result of the Third Arab-Israeli War of 1967?
 Arab countries were defeated
 Israel was occupied much territories:
*Golan Height from Syria
*West Bank from Jordan
*Sinai Desert and Gaza from Egypt
N.B The new occupied territories were used as a buffer
zone (military camp) by Israel.
The Four Arab-Israeli War (The Yom kipper War)
The Arab countries began war of offensive on the Jewish
religious celebration called Yom Kippur in 1973. Once
again Arab counties were defeated.
In 1967 the Palestine Libration Movement (PLO) continued
their struggle against Israel through the Fedayeen
(guerrilla fighters).
Camp David Agreement (1978): It was signed b/n Egyptian
President Anwar al-Sadat and Israel Prime Minister
Menaaihem Begin at Camp David at Washington D.C. It
was prepared by American President Jimmy Carter.
According this agreement
a. Egypt gave recognition for the state of Israel
b. Israel restored the Sinai Desert of Egypt
Non-Alignment Movement
Non-Alignment is referred to as neutralism in international
relations.
Who was started the Non-Aligned Movement during the
Cold War?
 The Third World countries ( the developing countries)
Why the Third World countries (the developing countries)
were followed the policy of Non-Aligned Movement in the
Cold war?
 To avoid the possible devastation (destruction)by the
super powers
  To get military and financial aid from both military
blocks
N.B. i. The Policy of Non-Aligned Movement was started
by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of
India, President Sukarno of Indonesia and President Josef
Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.
II. The first conference of Non-Aligned Movement was
held in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955.
What was the common outlook of Non-Aligned movement
during the Cold War?
 Anti-colonialism
Why the Non-Aligned Movement was lost its significance
and influence in the 1980s?
 The end of Cold war and relaxation tension b/n the
two world blocks.
Unit six
14. Which of the following is correct about Non-
Aligned Movement?
A. They were supported neo-liberalism of
western ideologically
B. They were supported all sorts of colonialism
as a principle
C. They were first held their conference in
Bandung and Malaysia
D. They were stand against imperialism and
communism
13. Which of the following was true about The
Third Arab-Israeli War called Six Day War in
1967?
A. Israel was assisted by Britain, France and
USA C. Arab countries were emerged victories
B. Arab countries were supported by USSR
D. Jordan was took control Jerusalem
12. What was the decision of Geneva Agreement
of 1954 regarding French colony of Vietnam &
Indo-China?
A. The establishment united independence of
Vietnam and end of French colony in Indo-China
B. Temporary Division of Vietnam in to North
and South in 170 parallel
C. Restoration of French colonial rule in Indo-
China countries
D. Establishment of capitalist government and
communist government
10. Which of the following correct about
Vietnam’s war?
A. USA was successfully defeated the National
Libration Front using extensive air force
B. Vietnamese succeeded to defeat US using
Cambodia and Laos as a base to attack the US
force
C. The policy of Vietnamization was intended to
unit the two Vietnams
D. The objective of National Liberation Front was
to establish capitalist government in Northern
Vietnam
16. Which one of the following is correct about
Korea after the end of World War II?
A. It was set up an independent united state
under communist government after the end of
the war
B. The country become UN Trusteeship territory
until the 1950
C. It was divided in to communist government
northern and capitalist government southern
D. It was continued under the colony of Japan
in the post war
17. Which of the following correct about the
peasant rebellion in Bale in 1963?
19. In 1947, American President Harry Truman
issued the policy of Containment. What was its
aim?
A. Assisting members of European Union to
rebuild their economy
B. Providing financial assistance to eastern
European communist countries
C. Protecting the further expansion communism
in the world
D. Providing military assistance to Asian
countries only

30. According to Camp David Agreement in

Washington D.C:
A. Egypt become the first Arab country to
recognized to the state of Israel
B. Israel was restored all the occupied territories
from Arab states
C. Both agreed the station UN peace keeping
force along their border
D. Israel agreed that Jerusalem should restore
West bank Palestine

42. In 1945, UNO was established in:

A. Washington C. San Francisco

B. New York D. Los Angeles

50. According to Nixon’s policy of

Vietnamization, It:

A. was aimed to enable South Vietnam

defend themselves with little external support

B. Proposed the unification of Northern and

Southern Vietnam

C. Required American to adopt Vietnam’s

culture

D. Involved an increase the numbers of

American troops in South Vietnam
54. What was the major goal of Turman’s
Doctrine announced in 1948?

A. Providing financial aid to rebuild

European economy

B. Bringing an a end of colonialism

C. Facilitating financial aid for the growth of

industrialization in Africa

D. Contain the expansion of communism in

the world

56. Which of the following was correct about

the Chinese civil war from 1945-1949?

A. After the end of the civil war, the

Nationalist party was took control the main land
of

China

A. The Communist led by Mao Ze-Dong

established capitalist government in Beijing
 with the support of Soviet Union
B. Chiang Kai-Sheik and his nationalist
party were fled to Formosa and established
Capitalist government with the support of
USA
C. The China entered into long protracted
war with Soviet Union because of border
conflict in 1950s

57. Which of the following is correct about

the features of Cold War?

A. It was caused by ideological and political

difference between Eastern and Western

blocks

B. Hostile military camps were avoid fearing

of devastating war

C. Disarmaments of nuclear weapons by the

two super powers
 D. Direct armed clash among the super
powers of the world

65. The Egyptian government’s measure

which led Britain and France to fight on the

side of Israel in the Second Arab Israeli of

1956 was:

A. Nationalization of big industries of

Western states

B. Closure of British and French embassy in

Egypt

C. Nationalization of Suez Canal Company

D. Closure of Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships

1. Which one of the following is correct about

the UNO?
A. It was established in 1945 in New York, USA
C. The UN secretary is appointed by the
Assembly
B. the Veto has 15 permanent members D.
Security Council is the leading organ of the
organization
2. The program that launched by USA to weaken
and stop the communist expansion in Europe
was
A. Truman’s Doctrine B. Marshal Plan C.
Point four Program D. Peace Corp Program
3. What was the objective of NATO established
in 1948?
A. To contain the communist expansion in
Europe
B. To spread liberal democracy in the world
C. To reduce the influence of Soviet Union in the
communist world
D. To cooperate European countries for
economic union
4. Who was the founder of Kuomintang Party of
China?
A. Mao Ze-dong B. Sun Yat-Sen C.
Chang Kai-Shek D. Pu Yi
5. Which one of the following is correct about
the battle of Dein Ben Phu and Geneva
Agreement?
A. The French force was scored victory over
Vietnam force
B. It led the end of French colonialism in Indo-
China and the independence Vietnam
C. It led the unification of both Northern and
Southern Vietnam
D. The establishment of communist government
6. Which of the following correct about the
decision of UN General Assembly on Palestine in
1948?
A. It was unable to reach an agreement the
boundary demarcation b/n Arab and Jewish
state
B. Jerusalem was given to Israel to rule as
mandate territory
C. The partition of Palestine into Arab and
Jewish independent states
D. Palatine was remain to stay under British
mandate while Israel achieved its independence
7. Which of the following is correct about the
Suez Canal Crises in 1956?
A. It started b/c of Egypt blocked Israel ships in
the Gulf of Aqaba
B. It was caused by the by the nationalization of
Suez Canal Company by Egyptian government
C. Br, Fr and USA fought in the war on the side
of Israel.
D. Arabs were began to stop oil exportation to
Western countries

UNIT SEVEN
AFRICA SINCE 1945
7.1 National Independence Movement
What were the factors contributed for the national
Independence Movement of Africa after the end of WWII?
 The spread of liberal thinking and the idea of
liberalism in the colonial countries
 The active participation of African in the Second World
War. This created on African how the European pay
great scarification for their independence emergence
 The independence of Asian countries gave lesson for
the African countries
 The foreign educated African gave leadership for
African in their struggle against colonialism.
 USA and USSR as super powers of the world. They
were anti-colonialism
 The colonial power of Europe were exhausted by the
war
 The emergence of pan-African movement and UNO.
Italian colonies
a. Libya: After the defeat of fascist Italy, Libya was stayed
under the control of Allied power. In 1952, with the
USSR to the UN General Assembly, Libya was won its
independence.
French colonies
 a. Morocco: Under the leadership of Sultan Mohammed
V, Morocco achieved its independence in 1956
b. Tunisia: won its independence in 1956 under the
leadership of Habib Bourgiba.
c. Algeria: won its independence after bloodshed and
protracted armed struggle. The armed struggle was
led by the National Libration Front for Algeria under
the leadership of Ahmed Ben Bella. In 1962, after
referendum conducted and Algeria achieved its
independence.
d. In 1958 French president Charles de Gaulle was
prepared referendum for her colonies of in west and
Equatorial Africa. Only Guinea (Conakry) voted “yes”
for its independence.
e. The year of 1960 was called the “year of African”.
Why? B/c many African countries were achieved their
independence.
f. French Somaliland: won its independence in 1975 and
named Djibouti.
British colonies
a. Gold Coast: won its independence in 1957 under the
first president of Kwame Nkrumah. It was renamed to
Ghana after its independence.
b. Egypt: was won its independence in 1922.
 The independence of Egyptian in 192 was not
considered as a full independence. Why?
*B/c British troops were stationed in Suez canal.
c. Zanzibar and Tanganyika: won their independence in
1961 and 1963 respectively. The two states were
formed federation by the name of Tanzania in 1963
under the leadership of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere.
d.Kenya: It was started by the peasant nationalist
movement called Mau Mau Movement b/n 1952-
1955. Finally in 1960 Kenya was won its independence
under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
e. South Rhodesia: In 1965, racist white settler declared
unilateral Declaration of Independence under the
leadership of Ian Smith. This delayed the
independence of Rhodesia from colonialism.
Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU): was led by
Robert Mugabe fought against Rhodesia with the
support of China
Zimbabwe National People’s Union (ZAPU): led by
Jshua NKomo fought against Rhodesia with the
support of USSR.
Finally in 1980 South Rhodesia was won its
independence and named Zimbabwe.
Belgian Colonies
 a. Congo: In 1960 Belgium Congo was achieved under
the leadership of Congolese Nationalist party led by
Patrice Lumumba. But civil war was breakout in
Congo b/n the central government and the mineral
rich provinces of Katanga and Kasai under the
leadership of Moise Tshombe and Kalonji. The UNO
peacekeeping troops were sending to Congo including
from Ethiopia to normalize the situation.
b. Rwanda and Burundi: won their independence by the
decision of UN in 1962.
Portuguese colonies
The Portuguese colonies of Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-
Bissau and Cape Verde were won their independence after
bitter and long guerrilla war.
a. Mozambique: Won its independence under the
leadership of “Revolutionary Front for the Liberation
of Mozambique” (FRELIMO) in 1975.
b. Angola: won its independence in 1975 having two
conflicting parties i.e. National Union for Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).
Southwest Africa: After the defeat of Germany in the
WWI, German Southwest Africa was given to South Africa.
Southwest Africa was won its independence after bitter
and long war against the Apartheid South Africa. Finally,
Southwest Africa was won its independence in 1990 led by
Southwest Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) and
renamed Namibia.
Apartheid in South Africa
In 1910, South Africa was freed from British colonial rule.
Two years later African national Congress (ANC) aimed to
respect the right of blacks.
In 1948, general election was brought Afrikaner
Nationalist Party (ANP) to power. The ANP was racist
party. It promoted the policy of discrimination called
Apartheid.
N.B Apartheid means separate race i.e. white domination
over the majority blacks.
Sharpeville Massacre: In March 1960, the police force of
Apartheid was fired on the peaceful demonstrators. 72
peoples were killed and 186 were wounded. This event is
known as Sharpeville Massacre.
What was the measure of the UNO and world community
after the Sharpeville Massacre in South Africa in 1960?
 It aroused world wide condemnation.
 Economic sanction against the racist government of
South Africa.
Nelson Mandela: the leader of the ANC was jailed at
Robben Island for the next 27 years until 1990.
In 1990 Apartheid government was collapsed and “one
man one vote” was introduced in South Africa.
In 1994, in the first democratic election, Mandela won and
become the first black president of South Africa.
What was the legacy of Mandela in South Africa?
 Mandela was left rich legacy of democratic
government in South Africa.
7.2 Pan-Africanism
The word Pan African means “All African”.
What was the objective of Pan-African Movement at its
early history?
 Its concern was to respect the right of African
descendant in America and Caribbean Islands.
N.B. The Pan-African movement was started in America by
the Afro-American intellectuals. Edward Hlimot Blyden
and Dr. Du Bois were propagated the idea of Pan
Africanism in Africa.
Pan African congress was held six conferences in different
place and time. These were:
1)The first Pan-African Congress: it was held in London
in 1900.
What was the demand of the first Pan-African
Congress held in London in 1900?
 The congress was protested against the racial
discrimination in South Africa and South Rhodesia
to Britain’s Queen Victoria.
2)The second Pan-African Congress: It was held in Paris
in 1919.
3)The Third Pan-African Congress: It was held in London
and Brussels in 1921.
4)The Fourth pan African Congress: It was held in
London and Lisbon in 1923.
5)The Fifth Pan-African Congress: It was held in New
York in 1927.
6)The Six Pan-African Congress: It was held in
Manchester in 1945. In this Conference Dr. Du Bois,
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya,
Nnamdi Azihwe of Nigeria and peter Abraham (South
Africa writer) were attended.
What was demanded of the Six pan-African Congress
held in Manchester in 1945?
  They were demanded the total independence
of Africa from colonialism and the end of
colonialism.
N.B. For the first time young educated African were
attended in the Six Pan-African Congress held in
Manchester in 1945.
In April 1958, The first Pan African Conference was held in
African land in Accra, Ghana. The second Conference also
held in December at the same place.
Who were the African countries attended in the second
Pan African Conference held in Accra, Ghana in 1958?
 United Arab Republic (Egypt), Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea,
Liberia, Libya and Morocco.
What was demanded of Pan African leaders held in Accra,
Ghana in 1958?
 They were demanded the total independence
of Africa from colonialism and the end of
colonialism.
In the mean time regional groups were merged within the
members. These were:
a. Brazzaville Group: They were the ex-French colonies.
They were supported close relation with France.
 b. Casablanca Group: were composed of Egypt, Ghana,
Guinea, and Mali.
*they were anti-western and anti neo-
colonialism.
*They were proposed continental union and
creation of “United State of Africa”.
*They were supported political integration
among African.
The idea of “United State of Africa” was
proposed by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
c. Monrovia Group: were composed of Ethiopian and
Liberia, later the Brazzaville Groups were joined to this
idea.
*They were supported economic cooperation
rather than political integration.
*They were supported internal problem should be
solved before political cooperation.
7.3 The Formation of OAU
OAU was founded by 31 independent countries of Africa
on 25 May, 1963 in Addis Ababa. Hence, the head quarter
of OAU is Addis Ababa.
Why African countries did were agreed to establish the
OAU?
 The need to preserve their independence.
  To ensure cooperation among themselves for
economic and social development.
 To bring the independence of the rest of African
continent.
What were the major objectives of OAU established 1963
among African countries?
a. Promotion of unity and solidarity among African
countries
b. Elimination of colonialism from Africa.
c. Retaining the existing boundaries among African
countries.
d. Neutrality in the cold war
Principal Organ of OAU include:
a. The Assembly: Composed of the head of States and
Governments.
*It is the supreme organ and meet once a year.
b. B. The Council of Ministers: It consists of foreign
ministers and meet twice or when required.
c. The General Secretariat: It has administrative
Secretary General elected by the Assembly.
Success and limitation of OAU
Success of OAU
 It liberated its entire member from colonialism.
  It mediated conflict among member countries. E.g.
B/n Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Nigeria, etc.
 It supported against the Apartheid in South Africa and
for the liberation of Namibia.
 It brings regional cooperation for economic
development and regional organization.
Limitation of OAU
 Most international issues and African problems were
beyond the scope of OAU
 OAU lacked financial and military power to solve
interstate conflict.
N.B. In 2004, OAU was replaced by African Union.
What was the objective of African Union established in
2004 on the place of OAU?
 To facilitate the political integration among African
countries.
7.4 Problems of independent African states
a. Border conflict among member states.
What was the cause for the border conflict among
African countries after their independence?
 The existence the same ethnic groups along
the border or they shared the same ethnic group
among their border.
 b. Frequent civil war
What was the cause for the frequent civil war in
African courtiers in the post liberation?
 Ethnic oppression i.e. socio-economic and
political injustices.
c. Frequent military coup d’état
d. Single party regime
What was the impact of single party system after the
independence of African countries?
 This hindered the development of
participatory government and democracy.
Legacy of Colonialism in Africa
a. Economic dependency of African countries on the
industrial countries or in their former colonizers.
b. Unemployment and high level of brain drain refugees.
c. Absence of economic integration and political
instability
d. Racial discrimination and border conflict

Unit seven
72. The peasant national liberation
movement for the independence of Kenya
was

called

A. Mau Mau movement C. Mahdist

Movement

B. Maji Maji rebellion D. Bataka

Association

22. Which of the following correct about the

OAU?
A. It was successfully liberated its members
from colonialism
B. It failed to support the anti-apartheid
movement in South Africa
C. It supported the re-demarcation of African
borders
D. It was unable to establish regional
organization for economic development
23. In 2004, OAU was replaced by African Union
(AU). What was the major objective of AU?
A. to end colonialism entirely from the continent
B. Strength the influence of the Organization at
international level
C. facilitate political integration among African
countries
D. maintain peace and stability in the continent
24. What was the historic significance of the Six
Pan African conference held in Manchester in
1946?
A. It was demanded the total independence of
African and end of colonialism from the Africa
B. It protested to Queen Victoria against the
racist government in South Africa and South
Rhodesia
C. Its was demanded the formation continental
organization for African people
D. It was attended by the Young African
educated peoples only
25. Which of the following is correct about the
idea Casablanca group?
A. Its members were composed of Egypt, Mali,
Ghana, Guinea and Ethiopia
B. They were proposed continental union and
political integration among Africa countries
C. They were supported economic cooperation
first than political integration
D. They were pro-Western and pro neo-
liberalism
26. One of the following is the legacy of
colonialism that inherited by the Africans in the
post liberation?
A. Single party system that deteriorated the
development of participatory government in
African countries
B. Coup de’tat that removed the civilian
government from their power
C. Economic dependency on the western former
colonizers
D. Frequent civil war b/c of ethnic oppression
and racial discrimination
27. As SWAPO is struggled for the independence
South West Africa (Namibia); FRELIMO also
fought against Portugal for the liberation of:
A. Angola B. Cape Verd C. Zambezi D.
Mozambique
28. The Egyptian independence of 1922 is not
considering full independence of Egypt b/c:
A. Egypt was ruled by the descendants of
Turkish origin
B. British troops were stationed in Suez Canal
C. European power did not recognized the
independence of Egypt
D. Egypt was not become the member of the UN

18. At its independence in 1957, The British

Gold Coast was took the name
A. Guinea B. Ghana C. Gambia D.
Gabon
 UNIT EIGHT
ETHIOPIA FROM 1941-1990
8.1 The restoration of monarch to power
Crown Council: was an advisory group set
up in 1941 by the emperor.
The 1955 Constitution (Revised
Constitution)
Why the emperor was revised the 1931
constitution in 1955?
The federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia.
What were the difference b/n the 1931 and
1955 constitution of Ethiopia?
The 1931 constitution was abolished
property qualification for the election of
Chamber of Deputies.
The 1955 was introduced universal
suffrage for the election of Chamber of
Deputies (representative of people).
The 1931 constitution was introduced
included human and democratic rights.
What were the major concern and contents of
the 1955 constitution?
a. The issue of imperial succession
What was the major objective of the 1955
constitution?
b. To consolidate (strength) his
autocratic power.
The socio-economic and military reforms
of Ethiopia in the post liberation
A. Military reforms
Imperial Bodyguard: was re-established
with Swedish support in1942.
Police Force and Army: set up by the
British assistance.
B. Economic Reforms
Tenants: were the landless peasants in
newly conquered territories or southern part
of Ethiopia. They were rented in their former
land.
What were the causes for the expansion of
tenants in the southern territories of
Ethiopia?
a. The process of purchasing land
b. The expansion of land privatization
and commercial farming
What were the difference b/n peasants of
Ethiopia and Serfs of medieval Europe?
a. Tenants can be evicted (ምልቃቅ)from their
land.
b. Serfs can not be evicted from their
land.
c. Serfs have their own plot of land.
American Era in Ethiopia (1950-1970s)
Why Ethiopia take to initiate in establishing
friendly relation with USA in the 1950s?
 To fight against the British domination in
Ethiopia.
In 1953, Ethiopia and America was signed an
agreement. According to this agreement:
1. Ethiopia allowed the USA to use
KAGNEW station in Asmara
2. USA agreed to give military assistance
to Ethiopia.
*The military aid program of America to
Ethiopia was called Military Assistance
Advisory Group (MAAG).
 In 1945, Ethiopian air line was
established by USA.
  In 1951, Imperial Highway Authority
was established.
The Peace Corp Program was part of
American assistance to Ethiopia.
8.2 The Opposition against the Imperial Rule
A. The 1960 Coup De’tat
Before the 1960 the opposition against
H/Sillassie was took in the form of plots by
individuals.
o The coup de’tat was led by two brothers
called Brigadier General Mengstu and
Girmame Neway.
*Mengstu was the commander of Imperial
Bodyguard.
*Girmame was USA educated served as
an administrator of Wolayta and Jijiga
until his return.
o The coup makers were anted to establish
constitutional monarch in Ethiopia.
o Asfa Wosen, the Crown Prince (ልኡል) made
head of state and Ras Imru H/Silassie
selected as a prime minister.
N.B. General Tsige Debu (commander of
Police) was the ally (supporter) of the coup
makers.
But the attempt of coup was failed b/c of the
following factors:
a. Lack of proper organization
b. It was failed to involve the army.
Finally Germame was killed and Mengstu
was in Addis Ababa in March 1961.
The Ethiopian Student movement
What were the causes for the Ethiopian
students’ movement against the monarch?
a. The miserable (የተጎሳቆለ ንሮ) life of the
peasants and urban dwellers
b. The exploitative and oppressive
system of the government.
What were the factors that led the Ethiopian
students to be radical?
a. The role of foreign educated
Ethiopians
b. The attempt of coup of 1960
c. The introduction of Marxist-Leninist
idea
N.B a. the Ethiopian student movement
was started in Addis Ababa University.
b. The students were come to street with
the slogan “Land to the Tiller”.
Peasant Rebellions
What were the conditions of Ethiopian
peasants to led miserable life in the post
liberation decade?
a. The increasing land tax, the process of
land privatization and land sale.
b. The expansion of commercial farming.
A. Peasant Rebellion in Tigray/ First Weyane
Rebellion of 1941-1943
What were the causes for the peasant
rebellion in Tigray commonly know as First
Weyane Rebellion in Tigray in 1941?
 The corrupt and unpopularity of new
appointed officials.
N.B a. Blata H/Mariam Reda was the leader
of peasant rebellion of in Tigray. b. finally
the rebellion was crushed by the Imperial
army and British air strike.
B. Gojam Peasant Rebellion
What was the immediate cause for the out
break of Gojam peasant rebellion in 1968?
 The introduction of new agricultural
income tax
N.B The rebellion was started at the district
of Mota and Dega Damot.
What did the government do after the
peasant rebellion was crushed by the
imperial army in Gojjam?
 The emperor was visited Gojjam and
removed the unpopular government
officials, postponed the new tax and
exempted from back payment of the tax.
C.Peasant rebellion in Bale
Bale peasant rebellion was supported by
Somali republic.
Why the Republic of Somalia was supported
to the Bale peasant rebellion against the
central government of Ethiopia?
 To incorporate the Ethiopian Somali
and to create Greater Somali.
N.B a. The peasant rebellion in Bale was
started at district of Elkere. b.
Waqo Gotu was the leader of peasant
rebellion of Bale.
Finally the rebellion was stopped when an
Oromo general Jagema Kello was appointed
as a governor of Bale.
The outbreak of Famines
What was the factor the hindered the
peasants to produce the surplus of
production in Ethiopia in the 1960s and
1970s?
 The exploitative feudal system of the
government
 Famine in Tigray in1958/59, Famine in
Wag-Lasta in 1956/57, and Wollo in
1972/73.
What did the government do after the
outbreak of famine in different part of
Ethiopia?
 The government was tried to hide the
famine.
Who was exposed the Wollo famine to the
international communities?
  The Ethiopian students and a
documentary film produced by the
British Journalist Jonathan Dimbilby.
The Eritrean Problem
After the liberation of Ethiopia from the
Fascist rule in 1941, the British government
was took control the Eritrea and Ogaden.
What was the objective of British government
on Ogaden and Eritrea?
a. Britain wanted to unit Ogaden with
Somaliland.
b. Lowland of Eritrea, to unit with
Sudan.
c. The Christian highland to unit with
Tigray and to form independent state of
Tigrigna speakers.
In 1954, Ogaden was restored to Ethiopia.
Later many political parties were emerged in
Eritrea.
A. Unionist Party: was supported union
with Ethiopia.
B. Muslim League: supported separate
independence of Eritrea. They were
formed Independence Block.
 C. Liberal Progressive Party: supported
for the independence of Eritrea united
with Tigray.
D. Pro-Italian Group: supported
separate independence of Eritrea. They
were consists of Italian settlers and ex-as
karis(former Italian officer).
In 1948, UN General Assembly was
appointed five commissions from Burma,
Guatemala, Norway, Pakistan and South
Africa to investigate the wishes of Eritrean
people.
In 1950, the UN General Assembly was
decided the Federation of Eritrea with
Ethiopia. And in 1952, Eritrea was
federated with Ethiopia.
The internal affair was given to the local
Assembly. The port, finance and foreign
affair given to Federal government. But the
government of Ethiopia did not want the
federation wanted to unit with as one
regional state. Both Unionist and
Separations were not supported the
Federation. The government was interfered in
the internal affair of Eritrea.
In 1962, The Eritrean Assembly was
dissolved itself and Eritrea was united with
Ethiopia. This led the armed struggle in
Eritrea against Ethiopian government.
A. Eritrean Liberation Front (Jabaha):
was Muslim dominant force in the
lowland areas.
B. Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
(Sha’abya):
Why the Muslim Arab countries were
supported the Eritrean armed struggle
(Jabaha and Sha’abya) against the Ethiopian
government?
 Ethiopia was sympathy (supporter) of
Israel.
But both Jabaha and Sha’abya were fought
each other.
8.3 The Popular Revolution of 1974
A. The Army
The opposition of the army was started at
Negele-Boron mutinied.
What w as the cause for the opposition of the
army of Negele-Borona against the monarch
of H/Silassie in 1074?
 The poor living condition.
B.Ethiopian Workers
What were the causes for the opposition of
the workers against the autocratic
government of H/Silassie in the 1960s?
 Long working hours, little pay, poor
working condition and corrupt
management.
N.B a. the earliest workers movement was
started among the workers of railway, Wonji
Sugar Factory and Akaki textile Factory.
b. In 1962 the workers
were formed national organization called
Confederation of Ethiopian Labour Union
(CELU).የኢትዮጲያ ሰራተኞች ማህበር
C. Ethiopian Teachers Association (ETA)
The ETA was opposed the newly introduced
educational reform program called
Educational Sector Review.
What was the objective of the newly
introduced educational reform program
called Educational Sector Review of 1971-
1972?
 To balance male-female in the rural-
urban area
The ETA was opposed b/c of it was not fair
towards the poor.
D. Tax-Drivers
What was the cause for the opposition of the
Tax-drivers in 1973?
 The rise of petrol price following the
Middle East Energy crisis
The Tax-drivers were demanded the
increasing transport fees ()
E. Muslim people
The Muslim people were demanded religious
equality, separation of church and state, and
official observance of Muslim holydays.
On 28 June 1974 representative of
representative of the various units’ Armed
force, Police Force and Territorial army
formed coordinating committee called Derg.
Members of the Derg were lowest rank, non-
commissioned officers and low-rank officers.
To reduce the opposition the emperor was
replace Prime Minster Aklilu Habtewold by
Endalkachew on February 28 1974.
On 12 September 1974, Emperor H/Silassie
was deposed and imprisoned.
What was the result of the deposition of the
Emperor H/Silassie from his power on 12
September in 1974?
a. The end of Solomonic Dynasty rule
and 44 years rule of H/Silassie
b. The beginning of dictatorial military
rule in Ethiopia.
8.4 The Military Rule in Ethiopia (1974-1991)
After he was deposed, the emperor was died
in prison. Michael Imru was become new
prime minister. The Derg also established
Provisional Military Administrative Council
(POMA). The POMA was taking the power
under the chairman of Lieutenant General
Aman Michael.
Red Terror (Key Shibr): was a ruthless
elimination of the Derg to its opposing force.
Aman Michael was killed himself in
November 1974.
Reforms of the Derg regime
a. Development Through Cooperation
Campaign
*This was aimed to eliminate the illiteracy from the
rural areas carried out by the high school
and university students and teachers.
b. In 1975, industries banks and
insurance companies were nationalized.
c. In March 1975, rural land was
nationalized and redistributed to the
peasants.
*N.Bthe nationalization of rural land led the
end of tenants (landless peasants) and the end of
landlordism in Ethiopia.
d. The Derg was established Agricultural
Marketing Corporation (Ersha Sebil Gebeya Dirijit)
was established. Peasants were forced to
sell their produce with fixed price.
e. In July 1975, urban lands and extra
houses were nationalized. The Derg also
established Urban Dweller’s Association (qebeles).
The associations were used by the Derg to
 control and eliminate opposition force in
the towns.
f. In April 1976, the Derg regime
established the Provisional Officers for
Mass Organization and Affairs (POMOA).
This was created by the members of All-
Ethiopian Socialist Movement (Meison).
 What was the objective of POMOA
established by the Meison in 1976?
*To disseminate the Marxist- Socialist
among the masses.
N.B. The Derg was established training
center for its official called Yekatit 66 Political
School.
In 1984, the Derg was established one single
political party of workers called Workers Party of
Ethiopia.
In 1987, socialist constitution was adopted and the
Peoples Democratic republic of Ethiopia
(PDRE) was set up.
The Somali Republic’s Invasion of Ethiopia
Somali was invaded Ethiopia through
Ogaden area and reached near Dire-Dawa
and Harar. But it was repulsed by Ethiopia
counter offensive.
USSR, Cuba and Democratic Republic of
Yemen were supported to Ethiopia.
Why Soviet Union was abandoned its former
ally of Said Barih of Somalia and supported
to Ethiopia?
 Ethiopia was strategic state in the
Horn of Africa and Red Sea.
Decline and fall of the Military Regime
Causes:
a. The famine of 1984/5
b. The forced mass resettlement and
villagization(መንደር ምስረታ). The
resettlement programs in Western and
SW Ethiopia was failed b/c of:
 Lack of preparation
 Absence of good will of people
c. The protracted war in the Northern of
the country. The TPLF popularly known
as Weyane and EPLF defeated the army of
the Derg.
d. The collapse of Soviet Union and end
of cold war.
  In 1985, Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev
introduced the restructuring program
called Perestroika and Glasnost. These programs
led the decline of communist system in
the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
Thus the Degr lost its support.
On May 28, 1991, the Derg was collapsed
and the EPRDF was took the power.
Transitional Government (1991-1994)
From 1-5 July 1991, Peace and Democratic
Transitional Conference was held in Addis
Ababa. The conference was approved the
Charter.
Objective of the Transitional government
a. Dismantling (ምጥፋእ) the organ of the
Derg regime.
b. Restoration of law and order.
c. Rehabilitate (ወደ ነበረበት መመለስ) the
areas affected by war.
d. Creating favorable condition for the
formation EDRE
Reformation of the Transitional Government
a. New administration regional government
was made based on national and linguistic setting.
b. Centralized economic system is abolished.
 Free market economic system was
introduced.
c. Constitutional commission was set to
draft a constitution.
 In 1994, new constitution was drafted.
According to this constitution new federal
arrangement with ethnically defined regions was set
up.
Unit eight
51. Which of the following is true about
British’s plan of Eritrea after its liberation
from the Fascist rule in 1941?

A. Uniting with its mother country of

Ethiopia
 B. merging with its colony of Sudan

C. Establish separate independence of

Eritrea

D. Independence highland of Eritrea united

with Tigray

52. Who exposed the devastated famine of

Northern Ethiopia and Wollo to the

international community in the mid of

1970s?

A. Ethiopian lived in abroad C. Foreign

merchants

B. Ethiopian students D. African

scholar in Addis Ababa University

53. The center of peasant rebellion in Gojjam

in 1968 was started in the district of:

A. Dega Damot B. Bichena C. SAwi

Zone D. Debre Markos
66. The major objective of Young Kikuyu
Association between two world wars in
Kenya

was to:

A. Put an end to religious activities of

Christian missionaries

B. Return the expropriated land by the white

settlers

C. Extend universal suffrage to the majority

of Kenyans

D. Bring the political independence of Kenya

67. Which of the following was involved in

the 1960 attempt of coup d’état?

A. Air force C. Ground force

B. Imperial bodyguard D. Special ground

force

68. What measure did Emperor H/Silassie I

take after the peasant rebellion was
crushed in Gojjam 1968?

A. Exempted the peasants from the previous

unpaid tax

B. Imposed new tax on the unpopular

government officials of the regional lords

C. Made fifty percent tax reduction in the

region

D. Imprisoned the top officials of the rebels

69. Which of the following is true about the

peasant’s rebellion of Bale breakout in
1963?

A. The rebel has had their base in Kenya

B. The leader of the rebels was General

Jagema kello

C. The rebels were secured support from

Somalia

D. The rebellion was lacked proper

organization
70. Among the different political groups in
Eritrea the one which aimed at establishing

an independent state of Eritrea uniting with

Tigray was

A. Unionist Party C. Liberal

Progressive Party

B. Muslim League D. Pro-Italian

Party

73. Which of the following is true about the

response of Ethiopian government to the

famine hit Ethiopia between 1958-1974? It:

A. Called the support of international

community

B. Forced the victim areas to settle in the

south
 C. Tries to hid the disaster from the
international community

D. Began massive resettlement program in

the less affected areas

76. The Ethiopian student’s movement comes

to the street with the slogan called

A. Land to the Tiller C. Freedom of

Union

B. Freedom of Press D. Ethiopia

Tikdem

77. Which of the following was responsible

for the radicalization of Ethiopian student

movement?

A. African scholarship in Addis Ababa

University

B. The Ethiopian service program

C. The establishment of OAU

 D. The introduction of printing press

8. What was the cause for the peasant rebellion

in Gojjam in 1968?
A. The introduction of new agricultural income
tax C. Corrupt newly appointed officials
B. Ethnic and religious oppressive D.
introduction of new educational tax
9. Which of the following was not true about the
Derg regime and its reforms?
A. It was established Yekatit 66 School to train
its officials
B. The Red Terror was established mainly to
eliminate members of All Ethiopian Socialist
Movement.
C. The nationalization of rural lands was led the
end of landlordism and tenants in Ethiopia
D. The illiteracy campaign was carried out by
the University and high school teachers and
students
11. Which of the following is correct about the
Eritrean armed struggle during the imperial
period?
A. It was caused b/c of Ethnic and religious
oppression by the Shewan nobilities
B. ELF and EPLF were united together to fight
against the Ethiopian imperial army
C. The armed struggle was started when Eritrea
Federation come to an a end in 1960s
D. Eritrean federation was come an a end with
the decision of Local assembly
15. Which of the following factors discouraged
the peasants to produce surplus of production
during the imperial government?
A. Feudal exploitation and backward land
tenure C. Low level use of fertilizers
B. Frequent and savor drought D.
back ward tracing system
20. Which of the following was not true about
the 1960 the attempt of coup d’état on Ethiopia?
A. Its objective was to establish constitutional
monarch
B. Imru H/Silassie was selected to become
prime minster by the coup makers
C. Crow Prince Asfa Wosen become head of the
state after the unsuccessful coup making
D. General Tsige Debu police force of Addis
Ababa was sided with the coup makers
21. Who was spread the idea of Marxist-Leninist
to the Ethiopian students?
A. Western printing news papers C. Communist
Russian influence
B. Ethiopian foreign educated D. African
scholarship in Addis Ababa University
29. The Peasants rebellion in Gojjam was
started in the district of
A. Mota B. Bichena C. Dangla D.
Fnote-Selam