Emblica Officinalis (Amla) With A Particular Focus On: Its Antimicrobial Potentials: A Review

Khurana et al.
J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 1995-2012 | December 2019

Article 5909 | https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.11
Print ISSN: 0973-7510; E-ISSN: 2581-690X
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on

Its Antimicrobial Potentials: A Review
Sandip Kumar Khurana1, Ruchi Tiwari2, Khan Sharun3, Mohd. Iqbal
Yatoo4, Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo5 and Kuldeep Dhama6*
1
ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar - 125 001, Haryana, India. 2Department of Veterinary
Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan
Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India – 281 001, India. 3Division of Surgery,
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India. 4Sher-E-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India. 5Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar - 190 025 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India - 190 006. 6Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn., popularly called as Indian gooseberry or
Amla, is among main herbal plant in Indian traditional medicine. Different parts of E. officinalis are
beneficial for curing various ailments but the fruits especially show tremendous pharmacological and
medicinal applications. Phytochemical analysis revealed important bioactive chemical compounds
such as tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, phyllembein,
quercetin, ascorbic acids, vitamins and minerals. Different extracts of amla possess potent antimicrobial
activities to counter different bacterial pathogens. Amla phytochemicals also possess antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipedemic, memory
enhancing, anticancer, antidiabetic, antidepressant, anti-ulcerogenic, insecticidal, larvicidal, and wound
healing activities. All of these well-established activities can have broad applications in managing most
of the diseases affecting human and animal patients. It can either replace the conventional therapeutic
agents due to its superior efficacy and lack of side effects or can act an adjunct therapeutic agent thereby
enhancing the total efficacy of conventional agents. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles from E.
officinalis is getting popularity due to the low cost factor along with the enhanced antimicrobial activity
of the nanoparticles produced. The current review emphasizes on the phytochemical constituents,
mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity and also briefly summarizes other medicinal and
therapeutic usefulness of the E. officinalis.
Keywords: Emblica officinalis, Amla, Antimicrobial effects, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological activity, Therapeutic
usefulness, Health.
*Correspondence: [email protected]
(Received: 18 September 2019; accepted: 22 October 2019)
Citation: Sandip Kumar Khurana, Ruchi Tiwari, Khan Sharun, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo and Kuldeep Dhama,
Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on its Antimicrobial potentials: A Review, J Pure Appl Microbiol., 2019; 13(4):1995-
2012. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.11
© The Author(s) 2019. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which
permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and
the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 1995 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Khurana et al. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 1995-2012 | December 2019 | https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.11
INTRODUCTION antidepressant, neuroprotective, and radio-

Medicines of natural origin like herbs protective activity15,16,37. All of these actions are
and plant metabolites / extracts are being used utilized for therapeutic purposes of conditions
since long as beneficial remedies for managing like tumors, cardio-respiratory disorders, diabetes,
and curing several diseases and disorders for atherosclerosis, thrombotic events, osteoporosis,
protecting health of humans and animals 1-6. and neuropathy15. Antimicrobial resistance, a
Plants and herbs are a rich source of developing rising public health concern, need to be tackled
effective and alternative / complementary with finding out alternative, complementary and
therapeutic drugs and medicines. Over the years novel therapeutic regimens38,39. Medicinal herbs
several drugs have been developed that have and plant extracts contain various bioactive
made significant contributions to human health constituents / phytochemicals having potent
and wellbeing6,7. WHO has also approved the antimicrobial properties, while showing no toxic
usage of herbal medicines for curing various or adverse side effects3,19,40.
diseases, from malaria to cancer8,9. Phyllanthus The present review highlights the
emblica syn. or Emblica officinalis (EO) (family antimicrobial potential, phytoconstituents and
Euphorbiaceae), also called ‘Indian gooseberry’ modes of action of Emblica officinalis and
and ‘Amla’, is placed in category of most significant its extracts in humans and animals. Other
medicinal plants in traditional system of Indian pharmacological activities and beneficial health
medicine (Ayurveda)10-17. EO is a native herb of applications have also been discussed in brief.
Indian tropical and subtropical regions, and is also
found in Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, South East Asia, METHODS
and China nowadays18. EO possess vast beneficial Antimicrobial activities
health applications in traditional system such as Several studies have been conducted to
liver tonic, diuretic, laxative, improving digestion, assess antimicrobial potential of different extracts
anti-pyretic, hair tonic, anti-ulcer, curing common of plants in the past decades. Most of the plant
cold and fever13,19-23. It also play role in enhancing extracts evaluated were found to display significant
memory, lowering cholesterol levels, neutralizing antimicrobial action mostly due to several active
snake venom, curing infectious diseases and usage constituents present in them3,6,7. Emblica officinalis
as a potent immunomodulator24. has shown effective antimicrobial properties
The EO fruit contains high vitamin and usefulness for the designing effectual
C and other bioactive compounds such as medicines13,16,21,22,24,37,41,42. The EO extracts posses
polyphenols, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, gallic antimicrobial properties like antifungal, antiviral
acid, chebulagic acid, apeigenin, quercetin, and antibacterial activities17,28,43-46, and thus this
corilagin, and leutolin11,15,16. Sugar-substituted plant is being explored for developing novel and
phenolics (flavone, phenolic, flavonol glycosides)15, alternative antibacterial and complementary
tannins (emblicanin A and B, phyllaemblicin B, treatment options in biomedical science owing to
punigluconoin) are present in fruit pulp16,25,26. its potent medicinal values5,10,11,15,17,37,47,48-50.
Amla extracts have been extensively investigated Antibacterial activity
for different biological activities 15 . These The antibacterial action of EO is higher
phytochemicals contribute to the antibacterial, for Gram-positive bacteria, while its effectiveness
antifungal, antiviral and other pharmacological is limited for countering fungi51-53. The extracts of
activities 27,28 . Recent in vitro studies have EO exhibited high zone of inhibition (ZOI) when
revealed antiinflammatory 29, antioxidant 30,31, tested for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
cytoprotective 32, antiaging 33, nephrotoxicity Staphylcoccus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio
modulation34, antidiabetic35 and hepatoprotective36 cholerae and Candida albicans54. Antimicrobial
properties of amla. Some of the other applications effectiveness for Gram-positive, Gram-negative
includes anti-diarrheal, immunomodulator, bacteria along with fungal agents reflects usage
gastroprotective, cardioprotective, analgesic, of fruit of P. emblica as a remedy for different
antipyretic, wound healing, antitussive, anti microbial diseases50.
HIV-reverse transcriptase, insecticidal, larvicidal,
The extracts of triphala and amla, plants revealed variable antimicrobial potential
obtained with aqueous and ethanolic solvents, for oral pathogen S. mutans; crude extract of
showed antibacterial action for Pseudomonas garlic showed high effectiveness (maximum zone
aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, of inhibition, ZOI) as compared to aqueous extract
Shigella flexneri, S. aureus, V. cholerae, Salmonella of amla and organic solvent of ginger24. The crude
paratyphi-B, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis and extracts of EO fruit in different solvents like hexane,
Salmonella typhi 55 . Gallic and tannic acid, chloroform and methanol revealed antibacterial
main phytoconstituents of EO, possess strong activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris,
antimicrobial potential19. In vitro assessment of M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis and S. faecalis.. The
EO fruit and leaf showed 100 percent antibacterial, hexane extract showed less antibacterial action
antiprotozoal and antifungal activities. In another as compared to the chloroform and methanol
study, EO demonstrated effective antibacterial extracts64.
action for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, P. Antimicrobial activity studied for different
mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. paratyphi extracts of P. emblica revealed that the MIC
A & B, S. marcescens, while was not effective exhibited by methanolic extract of amla against
against few Gram-negative urinary pathogens56. the tested organisms ranged between 0.261-
A long-term feeding (30 days) study in mice for 0.342, this extract was found to have more
finding protective effects of P. emblica against K. antimicrobial property than chloroform and diethyl
pneumoniae-induced pneumonia revealed that P. ether extracts65. Among P. emblica fruit extracts,
emblica supplementation reduced colonization of highest ZOI for bacterial growth got obtained at
bacteria in the lungs57. 100 mg/ml at pH 8.0, followed by K. pneumoniae
P. emblica and its extract possess ATCC 31488 and S. aureus in ethanol solution
antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The extract66. Methanol extract of amla fruit has been
chloroform extract of P. emblica fruit revealed found to be more potent for S. aureus, E. coli and
powerful inhibitory action for B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae as compared with methanolic
moderate inhibition for S. typhi, Bacillus cereus, P. leaf extract67. The crude extract of amla leaves
aeruginosa, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae, showed highest inhibition for E. coli while lowest
S. aureus, Sternbergia lutea, E. coli, S. paratyphi, for S. typhi68. Acetone fruit extract was found to
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio mimicus52. have maximal antibacterial action for E. coli, while
In vitro antibacterial action of EO fruit (ethanolic methanol as well as aqueous extracts showed
extracts) has been also reported against V. maximum activity for S. aureus and K. pneumonia,
cholerae, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates58. respectively 19. Antimicrobial potential of EO
Aqueous extract of EO showed antibacterial methanolic seed extract has been reported against
effectiveness to inhibit E. coli, B. subtilis and S. E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus
aureus isolates59. Methanolic extracts of of P. and Enterococcus clinical isolates, with maximum
emblica dried leaves showed antibacterial activity ZOI observed for S. aureus while to be lowest for
for two pathogenic bacteria, B. subtilis and S. P. aeruginosa42. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone
aureus60. EO aqueous fruit extracts revealed potent extracts of EO fruits have been reported to have
antibacterial effects for five human bacterial noteworthy antibacterial action for S. aureus as
pathogen stock cultures, namely Bacillus sp., compared to E. coli69. The petroleum ether leaf
Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., extract of EO exhibited potent antibacterial and
Streptococcus species 61. Different extracts of antifungal properties for all tested pathogenic
EO fruit tested against pathogens viz., E. coli, S. strains in human except for E. faecalis70.
marcescens, P. aeruginosa and B. cereus, showed P. emblica extract was observed to
highest antibacterial action for E. coli by methanol possess high antimicrobial effects for Gram-
extract followed by aqueous extract62. positive, Gram-negative as well as resistant
The ethanolic extracts of henna, neem bacteria; the highest being observed against B.
and amla revealed antimicrobial action against E. subtilis as indicated by the high ZOI (25 mm), while
coli, while tulsi extract showed high antimicrobial lowest against S. paratyphi, Pseudomonas spp., S.
action for Klebsiella63. Extracts of six medicinal typhi as evident from the lower ZOI (8 mm)71. The
aqueous extract gave the highest ZOI against B. mg/ml, respectively77. The antimicrobial activity of
subtilis followed by E. coli. The 5% aqueous extract the leaves and fruit extracts of P. emblica has also
of Amla has been reported to exhibit the highest been proven for S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa
ZOI, indicating potent antibacterial activity46. The and E. coli78. Short term use of P. emblica fruit gum
potent antibacterial activity of EO against several (sugar free chewing gum prepared by addition of
microorganisms can be credited to tannins present 10% P. emblica fruit extract) was found effective
in its fruits. Emblicanin A and B are the two major in altering oral microbiome and produced a
tannins that give antimicrobial property to the noteworthy decrease of the total bacterial count
fruit extract of E. officinalis64. The tannins produce and decrease in salivary levels of S. mutans and
antimicrobial action due to the capability to inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis 79. The inhibition of
microbial adhesions, inactivate enzymes, and cells growth and activity of oral microbes will play a
envelop transport proteins72. Another compound crucial role in prevention of dental caries.
Phyllemblin present in E. officinalis has significant The ethyl acetate EO fruit extract showed
antibacterial activity against several mastitis powerful inhibitory action for bacterial triggers of
causing agents like S. pyogenes, S. aureus and K. autoimmune inflammatory disorder27. It acted as
pneumoniae67,73. an effective inhibitor of P. aeruginosa and produced
Aqueous and methanolic extracts of moderate to powerful inhibition of P. mirabilis, K.
EO fruits have well established antibacterial pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baylyi. Methanolic
activity that varied among the Gram positive and aqueous extracts showed moderate to low
and negative groups of bacteria74. E. ofjicinalis inhibition of all tested bacteria. In another study,
is more effective against Gram-positive than different Gram negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E.
Gram-negative bacteria, which may be due to coli, V. cholera, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, P. mirabilis,
differences in structure and composition of and Providencia alcalifaciens) and Gram positive
the cell wall 62. A similar spectrum of activity bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium,
was exhibited by phytofabricated selenium B. pumilus, B. cereus, S. pyogenes, B. polymyxa)
nanoparticles (PF-SeNPs) produced from EO showed susceptibility to the aqueous and
fruit aqueous extract. The reduced antibacterial methanolic extracts of EO fruits at 500–1000µg/
potential of PF-SeNPs for Gram negative bacteria mL74.
may be due to strong electrostatic repulsion Methanolic extract of EO showed good
existing between PF-SeNPs and the Gram negative antimicrobial action against E. coli, Salmonella
bacterial lipopolysaccharide which prevents and S. aureus48. Owing to potent antibacterial
their interaction 75. Antimicrobial property of effectiveness of EO essential oil countering S.
EO fruit extracts assessed for pathogens like E. aureus, it can be used for the treatment of diseases
coli, S. aureus and S. typhi28 revealed maximum involving S. aureus80. Antimicrobial assessment of
activity for S. aureus by methanolic extract. The crude powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of
result suggests that the fruit extract produces fruit and leaf of EO for S. aureus, K. pneumoniae,
maximum inhibition against Gram-positive rather and S. pyogenes revealed that methanolic extract
than Gram-negative bacteria, again confirming caused major changes in biochemical features
superior antibacterial effectiveness of EO for of these pathogens67. The antibacterial activity
Gram-positive bacteria. Screening the juices of study of amla phenolic extract revealed highest
gooseberry and wild apple for antibacterial and inhibition zone for S. aureus followed by Bacillus
antifungal potentials revealed significant levels spp., E. coli and Proteus spp81. A comparative study
of antibacterial action for drug-resistant microbes evaluated antimicrobial effectiveness of different
(methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin- agents against the bacteria E. faecalis. The zone
resistant Enterococci, β-lactamases producing of microbial growth inhibition of E. officinalis was
Gram-negative bacteria) 76. The antimicrobial higher than 2.5% sodium hypochlorite indicating
evaluation of Indian gooseberry and galangal superior antibacterial activity of EO extract72.
(Alpinia galanga) extracts for S. aureus revealed The therapeutic effectiveness of EO fruit extract
MIC values of 13.97 and 0.78 mg/ml, and minimum and procaine penicillin was studied for treating
biocidal concentration (MBC) of 13.97 and 2.34 subclinical mastitis in dairy buffaloes73. In this
study, one group received intramammary infusion extracts had moderate action for V. cholerae, S.
procaine penicillin at a dose of 2,000,000 I.U and aureus, B. subtilis and S. dysenteriae compared
the other group received intramammary infusion with the standard antibiotic (Amoxicillin)44. On
of P. emblica fruit extract at 1500 mg (5 ml) for 5 antifungal screening, both the extracts possessed
days. Both the groups showed slight difference moderate activity for F. equiseti and C. albicans.
in the cure rate on 7th day, but the percentage In this case, griseofulvin was used as the standard
of cured animals was moderately higher in the antifungal agent 44. The ethanol, acetone and
procaine penicillin treated group on day 14, water (distilled) extracts of EO when assessed
indicating almost similar efficacy of both treatment for S. mutans, E. faecalis and C. albicans showed
protocols in the treatment of subclinical mastitis. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 0.09%
Hence intramammary therapy using P. emblica for ethanolic and acetonic extracts for C. albicans,
fruit extract can be considered as an effective and at 1.56% for water extract. MIC of ethanolic
replacement or as an adjunct for antibiotics in extract for E. faecalis was at 3.12%, acetonic
buffaloes for management of subclinical mastitis. extract at 0.39% and water extract at 12.5%88.
The organic extracts of EO leaves revealed low to Ethyl acetate extract of leaf and bark exhibited
moderate in-vitro antibacterial potential along maximum potency against Rhizomucor species,
with bacteriostatic activity countering several whereas methanolic extract showed lowest
antibiotic resistant isolates of the opportunistic inhibition against this fungus89.
fish pathogen E. faecalis.82. Methanolic extract of amla revealed
Antifungal activity significant inhibitory action for S. aureus, E. coli
The P. emblica extract analyzed for in vitro and Candida species as compared with ethyl
potential against Fusarium solani, a fungal agent acetate and aqueous extract86. In vitro study with
causing dry potato tuber rot revealed inhibition fruit extracts of Sapindus mukorossi and EO against
of mycelial growth at a 100% concentration83. S. mutans, S. aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, C.
The aqueous extract of EO reported significant albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae depicted
antifungal activity against eight species of fruits of S. mukorossi and EO to have potent
Aspergillus fungi (Aspergillus candidus, A. antifungal and antibacterial effects, respectively90.
columnaris, A. flavipes, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. Triphala inhibited Aspergillus species in vitro by
niger, A. ochraceus, and A. tamari)84. In this study, up to 37.96%. Aqueous extracts of fresh fruits
different solvents employed for the extraction have proven potent antimicrobial effects than
process included Petroleum ether, Chloroform, dry fruits91. The antimicrobial potency of the
Methanol, Benzene, and Ethanol. Among different extract from endophytic fungi of EO when tested
solvents used, methanol extract of EO exhibited against E. coli MTCC730, Enteroccocus faecalis
superior antifungal activity compared to the MTCC2729, Salmonella enteric ser. Paratyphi
other solvents84. Ethanol and acetone extracts of MTCC735 and Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC1925,
fruit had moderate inhibition towards F. equiseti and C. albicans MTCC183 revealed inhibition of
and C. albicans, wherein Grisofulvin employed the growth of all organisms except E. coli92. This
as standard antifungal agent44. Plant methanolic might also contribute to the antimicrobial action
extract of EO was not having antifungal activity of different kind of extracts obtained from EO
for phytopathogenic fungus A. niger F272385. The plant. In another study, it was found that seven
aqueous extracts of EO revealed a diverse degree pathogenic strains of fungi (A. niger, Neurospora
of antimicrobial action for the pathogenic microbes crassa, P. chrysogenum, T. viride, A. brasiliensis,
viz., S. aureus, E. coli and Candida species86. The C. albicans and Cladosporium oxysporum) were
ethanolic extract of EO has been observed to found to be susceptible to aqueous extract of EO
interfere in vitro with adhesion process of C. fruit at a high concentration of 500µg/mL74.
albicans to the human buccal epithelial cells Hexane and methanol extracts of EO
(BECs) and denture acrylic surfaces87. E. officinalis when assessed for effectiveness against Fusarium
extracted using ethanol solvent revealed moderate oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solan, revealed
inhibitory action for S. aureus, S. typhi, B. subtilis, S. that fractions collected from the methanol
dysenteriae and B. megaterium whereas acetone extract proved more effective against both test
pathogens93. Fraction 112 and 106 possessing by inhibiting reverse transcriptase enzyme of
1,2-dihydroxyethyl3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one the virus 99. In this study, four solvents were
and 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy- chromeno [5,4,3-cde] for extraction (n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride,
chromene - 5,10-dione proved most inhibitory chloroform, aqueous fractions) among which
to F. oxysporum and R. solani, respectively. It aqueous and n-hexane fractions exhibited the
was also observed that whole fraction exhibited highest inhibition of recombinant HIV reverse
more inhibition than pure constituent(s) isolated transcriptase enzyme at 1mg/ml concentration99.
from the respective fraction(s)93. The antifungal Polyphenolic compound of EO may
effectiveness of extracts of EO fruits, Aloe vera possess anti-HSV effects via inactivating
and Vitex negundo leaves were screened against extracellular viral particles and interfering viral
A. niger, A. flavus, A. oryzae, P. chrysogenum biosynthesis of the host cells, thus might serve
and T. viride. All of the plants revealed maximum as a potential therapeutic candidate against
potential against T. viride while P. chrysogenum HSV 96. Evaluation of the effectiveness of EO
remained as most resistant strain94. extract towards transcriptional activity of human
Antiviral activity papilloma virus (HPV) revealed inhibition of DNA
P. emblica contains different class binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1) in both
of secondary metabolites 47. Phyllaemblicin B HPV16- and HPV18- positive cervical cancer cell
extracted from plant roots showed inhibitory lines100.
potential for Coxsackie virus53,95 while phenolic An overview on the antimicrobial
content revealed effectiveness for herpes simplex activities and modes of action of E. officinalis is
viruses (HSV) 1 and 296. 1, 2, 4, 6-tetra-O-galloyl-‫ג‬- depicted in Fig. 1.
D-glucose from P. emblica showed antiviral activity Phytochemicals
for HSV in vitro96. Pentagalloylglucose inhibits Amla is a precious natural herb that helps
influenza A virus replication by prevention of maintain and rejuvenate health of humans in various
adsorption of the virus and suppressing release of aspects. The health beneficial phytochemicals and
virus 97. Several plant extracts possess potential to antimicrobial potentials of leaf, fruit and bark of
act against HIV via inhibition of viral enzymes98. P. amla are now widely proven. The oil extracted
emblica plant extracts may have anti-HIV property from seeds of amla showed antimicrobial activity
Fig. 1. Antimicrobial activity spectrum of Emblica officinalis and its modes of action
due to certain biologically active compounds. fatty alcohol, alkane hydrocarbons, vitamin E, ester
The crude extract obtained from seeds of amla compounds, plant sterols and triterpenes renders
revealed highest zone of inhibition with regards to therapeutic potential to EO. Antimicrobial potential
antibacterial and antifungal actions as compared of EO may owe to secondary metabolites like
to regular drugs45. An attempt was made to identify 1-hexacosanol, octadecanoic acid, methyl ester,
the phytoconstituents in both aqueous and gamma-sitosterol and 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate104.
methanolic extracts of EO fruit thereby confirming Ethyl acetate extract was tested most effective by
their antibacterial and antifungal potentials. The having higher contents of phytochemicals with
aqueous extract contained the compounds 2,4-Di- significant antibacterial properties. Existence of
tert-butylphenol (C14H22O) and Heptasiloxane, more bioactive phytochemicals renders higher
1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl inhibitory effect to an extract62.
(C14H44O6Si7) whereas the compound Phenol, 3,5- The in vitro antimicrobial potential
bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) (C14H22O) was identified analysis of Emblica essential oils (EOs), obtained
from the methanolic extract74. Several important by hydrodistillation (HD-EO) and supercritical
phytoconstituents have been identified in amla fluid extraction (SFE-EO), with main components
like ellagic and gallic acid, emblicanin A and B, as β-caryophyllene, β-bourbonene, 1-octen-3-ol,
quercetin, phyllantine and phyllantidine that thymol and methyleugenol, revealed EOs having
possess well established biological actions like broad spectrum effects against all bacterial and
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, fungal agents examined. Gram-positive bacteria
antidiabetic, antitussive, radioprotective, and showed comparatively more sensitivity to EOs than
chemopreventive effects which can be used to Gram-negative bacteria. SFE-EO showed higher
manage different diseases37. Several types of antifungal potential as compared to HD-EO105.
cultivars are available for E. officinalis. An attempt Out of tannins, saponins, flavanoids and phenols
was made recently to assess physical and chemical present as phytochemicals in EO, the flavonoids
characteristics of different cultivars (NA-7, NA- and saponins exhibited most inhibitory effects
9, NA-10, Chakaiya, Balwant and Hathijhool) of against the pathogens examined67.
Indian gooseberry. The study involved comparison Phytochemical examination of EO
of several important parameters like fruit size, revealed the presence of eblicannin, gallic,
volume, moisture content, textural characteristics, ellagic, chebulinic, chebulagic acids, quercetin81.
and proximate composition. The highest size of The antimicrobial activity of EO and M. arvensis
fruit was seen in NA-7 cultivar and highest density has been recognized because of hydrolysable
was seen in Hathijhool cultivar. The levels of tannins and menthol, respectively106. The fruit
ascorbic acid and polyphenol content were also protein extracts showed antibacterial action
evaluated with level being highest in the Chakaiya for S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis and E. coli107.
cultivar101. Hence we have to assume that the Methanolic, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts
phytoconstituents levels may be subjected to of amla fruits and their powders were found to
change according to the type of cultivars used for exhibit a powerful antimicrobial action for E. coli,
the study. Salmonella typhi, S. aureus and C. albicans108.
Plant phytochemicals viz., saponins, Phenolic compounds form complexes with
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin and other extracellular and soluble proteins or cell walls
aromatic constituents acting as secondary of bacteria, thus induce disruption in bacterial
metabolites provide defenses against several membrane109. The superior antimicrobial potential
microorganisms 17,102. Methanol and aqueous of EO fruit extract owes to the phenolic compounds
extracts of EO fruits revealed existence of alkaloids, others such as phenol, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl),
tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols, glycosides 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and heptasiloxane,
and flavonoids. Hexane extracts possessed less 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl74.
phytochemicals compared with other extracts that Mechanisms of action
is the cause for its lower antimicrobial actions90,103. Plant ex tracts possesses potent
Seventeen bioactive constituents viz., alcohol, antimicrobial properties to counter Gram-positive
saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated fatty acid, bacteria, owing to differences of bacterial cell
wall structure (more complex in Gram-negative variants viz., MRSA, VRE and ESBLs. The attainment
bacteria)110-112. Various modes of antimicrobial of drug resistance is not associated with increase
actions EO fruits juices are elucidated, although innate virulence of microbe126. E. officinalis fruit
exact targets and mechanisms are not thoroughly decoction revealed highest antibacterial potential,
understood. Antimicrobial potential is largely and then by methanolic extract of its leaves.
ascribed to polyphenols and organic acids113. S. aureus was observed to be most sensitive
Identifying the specific sites of action may be followed by S. pyogenes, while K. pneumoniae got
difficult for natural products owing to several moderately inhibited due capsular polysaccharide
interactive reactions occuring simultaneously114. surrounding interfering with antimicrobial effects
Antibacterial compounds can destroy cell wall and of EO leaf and fruit extracts110.
cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria, resulting Amla: Antimicrobial nanoparticles
in cytoplasm leakage and coagulation, damage The rising concerns of emerging microbial
proteins, interfere with enzymatic activities, resistance for antibiotics has paved way for
adversely affect DNA and RNA synthesis, lead to designing of antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs)
disturb electron transport and nutrient uptake, such as silver NPs (AgNPs) and selenium NPs
impair energy production and fatty acids and (SeNPs) 75,127 . Biogenic production of AgNPs
phospholipid constituents are altered inside the from the plant sources is getting popularity in
cell115,116. the present scenario, this is mainly because
Antibacterial properties of EO extracts are of the low cost factor when compared to the
mainly attributed to alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, conventional chemical synthesis method127. AgNPs
saponins, tannins terepenoids, phenols and are ever more being utilized in therapeutics and
flavonoids67. Flavonoids inhibit RNA synthesis in diagnosis owing to their typical physical, chemical
microbes owing to their B-ring which participate and antibacterial properties. Many theories of
in intercalation or hydrogen bonding with stacking antibacterial activity of colloidal silver solution
of nucleic acid bases. Emblicanin A, B and their are proposed, it can change permeability of cell
derivatives also crucially take part in rendering membrane, affects release of lipopolysaccharides
antimicrobial effects117. Gooseberry fruits possess and membrane proteins, free radical accountable
high hydrolysable tannins such as emblicanin for membrane damage, and dissipation of proton
A and B, punigluconin, and pedunculagin118,119. motive force leading to collapse of membrane
Tannins inhibit extracellular microbial enzymes, potential; but exact modes need to be yet fully
lead to deprivation of substrate necessary for elucidated 128. The size of AgNPs formed also
microbial growth or interferes with metabolism affects the antibacterial activity, smaller AgNPs
via inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Alkaloids with large surface area for communication show
such as phyllemblin, flavonoids like kaempferol stronger antibacterial actions. Using plant sources
and phenolic constituents of ellagic and gallic acid for synthesis of AgNPs will be economic, less toxic,
have been reported120,121. Antimicrobial potential more effective, and also an environment friendly
of gooseberry and wild apple owes to phenolic approach127,129. We can use fresh fruit extract of
constituents and flavonoids17. Phenols control EO as a stabilizing, reducing, and capping agent
protein to lipid ratio, functioning of membrane and in process of silver nanoparticle preparation127.
ion channels, while catechins disrupt membrane AgNPs have shown potent antimicrobial
integrity of lipid bilayers. Kaempferol inhibits effects in countering E. coli, S. aureus and S.
protein kinase C and possess high antibacterial marcescens130-132. It also showed antinematode133,
properties for combating multidrug-resistant antiviral134, anticancer135,136 and anti-inflammatory
pathogens (MRSA and VRE)122,123. Alkaloids may effects137. Aqueous P. emblica fruit extract when
affect genetic materials of the microbes to gain evaluated against eight pathogenic cultures
antimicrobial properties113. and its applicability in green synthesis of AgNPs
A broad-spectrum antibacterial pattern showed that all the test cultures were inhibited
in gooseberry and wild apple fruit extracts have by the AgNPs and the average ZOI measured
been reported124,125, the juices and their particles 19.25±2.7 mm129. The AgNPs produced from fresh
showed superior effects against drug-resistant aqueous EO fruit extract possessed antibacterial
effects for gram negative and positive bacteria. and its corresponding antioxidant effect) along
Evaluation of P. emblica methanolic seed extract with effective antimicrobial properties for both
and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) against four bacterial and fungal pathogens.
different pathogens revealed that seed extract Fresh fruit extract of EO has been
had maximum ZOI against B. subtilis followed utilized for synthesizing AgNPs. Based on in vitro
by S. aureus, while PdNPs had maximum ZOI antibacterial sensitivity test, it was found that the
against S. aureus followed by P. aeruginosa138. MIC synthesized nanoparticle showed significant level
results reflected B. subtilis to be inhibited at lower of activity for bacteria Acidovorax oryzae strain
concentration for extract and PdNPs. The most RS-2, a pathological agent causing bacterial brown
resistant pathogen was found to be P. mirabilis stripe in rice plant127. An attempt was made to
as compared to other microbes138. Comparative incorporate plant extracts into nanofiber scaffold
studies of methanol extract and zinc oxide NPs so that its biological functions can be modified.
revealed green synthesized zinc oxide NPs from EO E. officinalis loaded poly(‫ו‬-caprolactone) (PCL)
to be effective antibacterial in traditional system nanofibers have been produced to incorporate
of medicine139. The EO aqueous fruit extract has antibacterial and anti-cancerous activity into the
been used to produce phytofabricated selenium scaffold140. The nanofiber scaffold loaded with
NPs (PF-SeNPs) by reducing it with sodium EO possessed remarkable antibacterial action for
selenite75. The PF-SeNPs had antimicrobial activity Gram positive and negative bacteria with greater
against several food-borne pathogens. Due to this antibacterial effect for Gram positive bacteria140.
peculiarity it is having wide application in food Such nanofiber scaffolds containing EO extracts
and pharmaceutical industry. These PF-SeNPs can be considered as the suitable candidates
have superior activity against fungi, and then for for wound management in infected wounds and
Gram positive and negative bacteria. Cytotoxicity cancer patients.
study suggested PF-SeNPs to be safer and less Other potential health applications of Amla
toxic when compared to the sodium selenite75. The other beneficial health effects of
In this study, PF-SeNPs exhibited concentration E. officinalis comprise of anti-oxidative, anti-
dependent antioxidant effect (directly proportional inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic,
relationship between concentration of PF-SeNPs anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, cardioprotective, and
Fig. 2. Therapeutic activities of solvent extract and compounds of Emblica officinalis

hepatoprotective modes of action68,141-143 (Fig. 2). hepatoprotective effects to alleviate toxicity

Gallic acid equivalent as total phenolic substance of of paracetamol, microcystins, galactosamine
EO fruit and seed possesses remarkable antioxidant and lipopolysaccharide. Such health protective
actions and as free radical scavengers necessary actions owe to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
in maintaining redox homeostasis144. Methanolic and hypolipidemic properties and modulating
seed extract of EO showed potent free radical detoxifying enzymes 155 . EO also possesses
scavenging property of 1, 1, Diphenyl-2-picryl- powerful memory enhancing actions, reducing
hydrazil (DPPH) in a concentration dependant cholesterol levels and ameliorating ophthalmic
mode145. Saponins present in EO show insecticidal disorder24. Prebiotics have been found effective in
or cytotoxic activity against some of the insects146. management of gut microbiota dysbiosis, however
The methanol extract of EO produced larvicidal produce side effects during long period usage such
and pupicidal activities combating malarial vector as abdominal bloating and flatulence. As an option
(Anopheles stephensi), presenting 98% mortality at to prebiotics, EO extracts have been assessed for
100 ppm147. Antidepressant potential of aqueous their potency in modulating gut microflora, high
extract of EO fruits as assessed in inbred male dose of oral supplementation caused increased
Swiss albino mice (25-30g) revealed comparable microbial quantity of Eubacterium genus of
effects with the drug imipramine, which suggest Eubacteriaceae family, however overall microbial
it to be a suitable candidate as an adjuvant in diversity was not affected153.
the treating several nervous disorders148. Water In Ayurvedic medicine, Amla oil has been
extract of EO showed inhibitory consequence used for its beneficial roles in hair nourishment and
on production and release of inflammatory as scalp tonic10,156,157. It has also been investigated
mediators in rats 149. EO extract treatment of for its antimicrobial and therapeutic purposes to
mice previous to exposure of different doses of combat several diseases and disorders including
gamma radiation has been found to decrease the deadly malady of cancers15,18,23,157. Anticancer
magnitude of symptoms of radiation sickness and modes of actions of Amla comprise of free
mortality150. Amla fruit also possesses remarkable radical and antioxidant properties, modulation
antihyperlipidemic, hypolipidemic, and anti- of inflammatory enzymes, carcinogenesis, and
atherogenic effect151. Efficacy trial of P. emblica cell cycle proteins, induction of apoptosis in
aqueous fruit extract on triglycerides (TG) and neoplastic cells, and preventing the process of
liver-specific enzyme, alanine transaminase (ALT) metastasis158. E. officinalis seed extract has been
levels, revealed that at a dose of 200 mg/kg body found to induce cell death in human cervical
weight it significantly trim down blood glucose in cancer cells, thus making it a suitable candidate
alloxan induced diabetic rats152. The oral feeding for its treatment138. Antiproliferative activity of
of low dose EO extract in mice for two weeks extracts of Indian gooseberry was also observed159.
resulted in significant increase in plasma free fatty Promising anti-plasmodial effectiveness observed
acids which could be due to increased lipolysis or in the EO leaf extracts may serve for their utility
decreased adipose tissue lipid storage153. In a study as antimalarial agents even in crude form, and
conducted with chewing gum containing P. emblica also to be even effective against Chloroquine-
fruit extract it was found that a short term use of resistant strains160. The extracts of EO expressed
the gum stimulates the salivary flow which altered in vivo anti-plasmodial effects with appropriate
the pH levels79. It also reduced the volatile sulfur suppression ranging from 53.40 to 69.46%161.
compound concentrations which was critical in Chyawanprash is a commercially available
reducing the oral malodor. brand of Ayurvedic health supplement that is
E. officinalis has also been evaluated available throughout the India. It is concentrate
for its curative application against various made up of several herbs and minerals. E.
neurodegenerative disorders like dementia, officinalis is an important herbal component of
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease154. chyawanprash due to its immunomodulatory,
Phytochemicals such as quercetin, gallic acid, rejuvenative, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective,
corilagin and ellagic acid in amla put forth antioxidant, and cardiotonic activity. It also

enhances the general vitality and cognitive Even though several researches for
function in the consumers162. The constituents qualitative analysis of phytochemicals has been
that are responsible for these activities are done, further quantitative analysis of EO extracts
6-ethenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5- for potent phytochemicals is necessary especially
isopropenyl-trans-benzofuran, 8,9-dehydro9- for assessment of their antimicrobial potential.
formyl-cycloisolongifolene, γ-elemene and Exploring the various mechanisms of action owing
eucalyptol162. to antibacterial potential of specific compounds /
Multiple beneficial health applications constituents present in the plant extracts, would
including the potent antimicrobial properties, pave way forward for more usages of such natural
medicinal and therapeutic values of Emblica herbs for countering microbial pathogens in an
officinalis need to be promoted and propagated effective way by developing potent antimicrobial
with more researches and clinical trials, drugs and medicines as well as to alleviate the
validation studies, promotional activities along problem of emerging antimicrobial resistance.
with exploration of advances in biotechnology, Appropriate actions must be taken to continue
pharmacology, pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology studies for designing and development of
based approaches for developing effective drugs natural products from Amla for safeguarding
and medicines utilizing Amla 6,15-17,24,75,139,163- various health issues. Another paramount
165
. Particularly, in the scenario of rising drug research importance should aim to identify
resistance, higher incidences of emerging and re- the phytochemical constituents of EO extract
emerging pathogenic microbes, the antimicrobial rendering specific activities. This will enable us
efficacy of Emblica officinalis can be exploited to synthetically produce the identified active
for important microbial pathogens including ingredient at a large scale so that further studies
food-borne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella, can be conducted to develop new commercial
Arcobacters, Camyplobacters, and emerging drugs that are basically originated from the natural
viral pathogens like Zika, Ebola, Nipah virus and sources.
others, so as to lessen their high incidences,
devastating effects and public health effects; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
since various other herbs and plant metabolites All authors acknowledge their Institutes
/ extracts have shown promising results against and Universities.
such pathogens5,6,166-169.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
CONCLUSION The authors declare that there is no
Researchers are now trying to fill the conflict of interest.
lacunae of conventional drugs by exploring the
traditional medicinal herbs. Emblica officinalis AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
is a well recognized herb in Indian indigenous All authors contributed significantly and
system of medicine. Different types of extracts equally.
and herbal formulations derived from Amla have
shown tremendous therapeutic and beneficial FUNDING
health effects in countering several diseases None.
and disorders. Several well established activities
have been credited to the EO extracts which DATA AVAILABILITY
include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti- This review manuscript has been
inflammatory, antioxidant, cryoprotective, compiled with information available in PubMed,
antiaging, nephrotoxicity modulation, antidiabetic, PubMed Central, Science Direct and other
h e p ato p ro te c t i ve , a nt i - hy p e r l i p i d e m i c , scientific databases.
insecticidal, anti-cancer, anti-atherogenic, anti-
proliferative, anti-diarrheal, immunomodulator, ETHICS STATEMENT
gastroprotective, cardioprotective, The manuscript has been drafted
neuroprotective, and radio-protective activity. with full responsibility, following due ethical
procedure, and there is no duplicate publication, of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): The ayurvedic wonder.
fraud, plagiarism, or concerns about animal or J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2010; 21(1): 93-105.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1327200
human experimentation while maintain research 11. Patel, J.R., Tripathi, P., Sharma V., Chauhan, N.S.,
compilation integrity. Dixit, V.K. Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses,
phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review. J.
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Emblica Officinalis (Amla) With A Particular Focus On: Its Antimicrobial Potentials: A Review

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Khurana et al.

J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 1995-2012 | December 2019

REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on

(Received: 18 September 2019; accepted: 22 October 2019)

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 1995 www.microbiologyjournal.org

INTRODUCTION antidepressant, neuroprotective, and radio-

Fig. 2. Therapeutic activities of solvent extract and compounds of Emblica officinalis

hepatoprotective modes of action68,141-143 (Fig. 2). hepatoprotective effects to alleviate toxicity

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2004 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2006 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2015; 6(1): 72-84. 842-850. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01585A

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2007 www.microbiologyjournal.org

101. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.81775 (L.) leaves. Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm., 2015a; 9:

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2008 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2009 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2010 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2011 www.microbiologyjournal.org

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012 www.microbiologyjournal.org

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