Biswas et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol.

3(2): 305-310 ISSN: 0975-8232

IJPSR (2012), Vol. 3, Issue 02 (Review Article)

Received on 20 September, 2011; received in revised form 20 January, 2012; accepted 28 January, 2012

PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIALS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM.: A REVIEW

Subrata Kumar Biswas*1, Anusua Chowdhury 1, Joysree Das 1, Ajoy Roy 2 and S.M Zahid Hosen 1
Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh 1, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy, East West University Bangladesh 2, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

The aim of this literature review was to provide advance research

Keywords:
Moringa oleifera,
information for the future scientists to discover new drug molecules from
Antioxidant, the medicinal plant, Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae). The plant
Antidiabetic, provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, beta-sitosterol and
Hepatoprotective, kaempferol.
Antibacterial
Correspondence to Author: In addition to its high nutritional value, Moringa oleifera Lam is very
important for its medicinal value. Various parts of this plant such as leaves,
Subrata Kumar Biswas
roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and
Assistant Professor, Department of circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
Pharmacy (BGC Biddyanagar), BGC Trust antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering,
University Bangladesh, BGC Tower (Fazal
Tower), 1675 O.R. Nizam Road, Chittagong- antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal
4000, Bangladesh activities, and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in
the indigenous system of medicine. This review gives the scientific
information regarding pharmacological potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam.
(Moringaceae).

INTRODUCTION: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) Dried seeds of Moringa oleifera are used in ophthalmic
is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries preparation, venereal affection anti-inflammatory,
of the tropics and subtropics. It has an impressive purgative and as tonic.
range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value.
Different parts of this plant contain a profile of The alcoholic extract of the leaves of Moringa
important minerals, and are a good source of protein, oleifera are reported to have analgesic activity5 and the
vitamins, beta-carotene, amino acids and various aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera roots also shows
phenolics 1. antifertility profile 6. The plant is reported to possess
wide range of pharmacological effects that include
The leaves and young buds of the plant are used as antitumor 7, antipyretic 1, antispasmodic, diuretic 8,
vegetable and can be rubbed on the temples for antiulcer 9, hypotensive 10, hypolipidemic 11,
relieving headache while root and root bark are Hepatoprotective 12, antifungal 13 and antibacterial
regarded as anti scorbutic and can be used externally activities 14.
as counterirritant 2. The eye diseases are treated with
the juice of the leaves with honey 3. The plant is also The purpose of this review is to summarize the
known to possess high nutritional value and is used in pharmacological properties of different parts of the
a folklore medicine to treat various ailments related to plant, Moringa oleifera.
pain and inflammation 4.
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Pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera: The Moringa oleifera hydro- alcoholic leaf extracts
(1000 mg/kg) and Moringa oleifera aqueous pod (fruit)
Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy: A considerable extract (750 mg/kg) contain high amount of tannin,
reduction in the growth of test bacteria was observed phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The poly phenolic
by distillate of M. oleifera suggesting antibacterial constituents of this plant could be contributory to their
effect. Among bacteria tested, more inhibition was ethano-medical use. Thus, it can be concluded that
observed in case of E. coli followed by S. aureus, K. extracts of Moringa oleifera produce significant
pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. Inhibition of antioxidant activity 20 and the presence of kaempferol
fungi was also observed as reduced colony diameter in in leaves of Moringa oleifera showed the antioxidant
plates poisoned with distillate as compared to control activity which was also reported by 21.
plates. More inhibition of A. niger was found followed
by A. oryzae, A. terreus and A. nidulans. The Gastric Ulcer Protective Activity: Das et al., studied
antimicrobial activity and antifungal activities of steam the possible antiulcer effects of water extracts of M.
distillate of M. oleifera might be possibly due to the oleifera in two animal models of ulcers. The water
essential oil fraction of the plant material present in extract of leaves was tested for antiulcer activity at the
the distillate fraction 15. dose level of 200 mg and 400 mg/kg p.o. in pyloric
ligation and ibuprofen induced gastric ulcer models.
Anti-Oxidant Effect: The antioxidant property of The severity of gastric ulceration in both the models
Moringa may be due to the presence of phenolic was assessed based on the means of ulcer index.
compounds that was confirmed by phytochemical
screening of the hydro-ethanolic extract. In this Both the models produced moderate to severe ulcers
respect, Moringa pods contain important bioactive in control group of animals; in that the maximum was
compounds including glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, by pylorus ligation method. Both famotidine and the
thiocarbamates, and flavonoids 16. These compounds extract of M. oleifera significantly (p<0.001) reduced
quench ROS, chelate metal ions and regenerate the ulcer index as compared to control group in both
membrane-bound antioxidants 17. ulcer models. The antiulcer effect of M. oleifera was
comparable with that of the standard drugs in pylorus
β-carotene, the major component reported from the ligation and ibuprofen induced ulcer methods.
drumsticks of the plant 16 and vitamin A and C present Famotidine and M. oleifera extract significantly
in M. oleifera serve as an explanation for their mode of (p<0.05) reduced the free acidity and total acidity of
action in the induction of antioxidant profiles in the gastric juice. It is equally potent when compared to
present investigation. The biochemical basis of the famotidine 22.
chemopreventive potency of M. oleifera extract may
be attributed to the synergistic action of the It was also found that the aqueous extract
constituents of the extract and the induction of Phase- of M. oleifera leaf was shown to protect rats from
II enzymes (GSTs) and antioxidant enzymes, which developing gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin in a
might be implicated in the anticarcinogenic activity 18. dose dependent manner. Tannins with its protein
precipitating and vasoconstriction effect could be
The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera exhibited advantageous in preventing ulcer development 23.
strong scavenging effect on 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl Tannins being an astringent may have precipitated
hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, superoxide, nitric oxide microproteins on the site of the ulcer thereby forming
radical and inhibition of lipid per oxidation. The free an impervious protective pellicle over the lining to
radical scavenging effect of Moringa oleifera leaf prevent toxic substance and resist the attack of
extract was comparable with that of the reference proteolytic enzyme 24. Presence of flavonoids has also
antioxidants. The extracts of Moringa oleifera both been reported to offer some protection in ulcer
mature and tender leaves have potent antioxidant development by increasing capillary resistance, and
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage improve microcirculation which renders the cells less
to major biomolecules and afford significant protection injurious to precipitating factors 25.
against oxidative damage 19.

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The leaf extract of the plant was found to protect the inflammatory principle that may be useful in the
gastric mucosa against indomethacin effect in a dose treatment of the acute inflammatory conditions.
dependent manner. Phytochemical constituent of the Bioassay-guided isolation and purification of the ethyl
leaf extract of M. oleifera (tannins and flavonoids) that acetate extract of M. oleifera fruits yielded three new
reduced initiation and perpetuation of ulceration may phenolic glycosides; 4- [(2'- O- acetyl- alpha- l-
be responsible for the observed effects. The leaf rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] isothiocyanate (1), 4-[(3'-O-
extract thus has the potential of an antiulcerogenic acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl] isothiocyanate
agent, which suggest it’s used in traditional medicine (2), and S-methyl-N-{4-[(alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl]}
26
. thiocarbamate (3), together with five known phenolic
glycosides (4-8).
Analgesic Activity and Local Anaesthetic Activity: The
analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of M. oleifera and The anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds
its various fractions as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, was investigated with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-
Diethyl ether, n-Butanol were carried out by using induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. It
Hotplate and Tail immersion method. Amongst was found that 4-[(2'-O-acetyl-alpha-l-
alcoholic extract and its various fractions of seeds rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate (1) possessed
of M. oleifera alcoholic extract showed potent potent NO-inhibitory activity with an IC(50) value of
analgesic activity which is comparable to that of aspirin 1.67 microM, followed by 2 (IC(50)=2.66 microM), 4
at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. From this (IC(50)=2.71 microM), and 5 (IC(50)=14.4 microM),
study, it can be concluded that the seeds of M. respectively. These isolated compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5
oleifera Lam. possess marked analgesic activity and is are responsible for the reported NO-inhibitory effect of
equipotent to standard drug (Aspirin) which M. oleifera fruits 29 (Cheenpracha et al., 2010). M.
establishes the use of M. oleifera seeds as regular oleifera may also possess some beneficial properties
analgesic 5. The local anaesthetic activity of the that act against chemically stimulated immune-
methanol extract of M. oleifera was tested in frog and mediated inflammatory responses that are
guinea pig models and it was seen that in both animals, characteristic of asthma in the rat 30.
the plant (root bark) has produced significant local
anaesthetic activity 27. Sulaiman et al. evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-
inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of the
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity: The leaves of M. oleifera in laboratory animals, using the
anti-inflammatory action of an aqueous extract of root writhing, hot-plate and formalin tests as the
in rats with weight between 120 and 160 g was antinociceptive assays, and carrageenan-induced paw
investigated by Ndiaye et al 28. At a dose of 750 mg/kg oedema test as the anti-inflammatory assay. The
the M. oleifera treatment significantly inhibited the extract (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited significant
development of oedema at 1, 3 and 5 hours (reduction (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity, which occurred in a
by 53.5, 44.6 and 51.1% respectively). Increasing the dose-dependent manner, in all tests used. The extract
dose of M. oleifera to 1000 mg/kg did not increase the also exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory
inhibitory effect on oedema development at 1 and 3 activity in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, M.
hours, whereas this dose potentiated the oedema at 5 oleifera leaves possess peripherally non-opioid
hours. mediated and centrally opioid mediated anti-
nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. This study
Treatment with indomethacin significantly inhibited also confirms the traditional uses of M. oleifera in the
the development of oedema 1, 3 and 5 hours (49.1, treatment of ailments, particularly those related to
82.1 and 46.9% respectively). These findings indicate pain and inflammation 4.
that an aqueous root extract of M. oleifera at 750
mg/kg reduces the carrageenan induced oedema to Cardioprotective Activity: Nandave et al., evaluated
similar extent as the potent anti-inflammatory drug cardioprotective effect of lyophilized hydroalcoholic
indomethacin. Moreover, these results provide further extract of M. oleifera in the isoproterenol (ISP)-induced
evidence that the roots of M. oleifera contain anti- model of myocardial infarction. Chronic treatment

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with M. oleifera demonstrated mitigating effects on Faizi et al., also investigated the hypotensive activity of
ISP-induced hemodynamic [HR, (+) LV dP/dt, (-) LV the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera
dP/dt, and LVEDP] perturbations. Chronic M. oleifera whole pods and their parts, namely, coat, pulp, and
treatment resulted in significant favorable modulation seed. The activity of the ethanolic extract of both the
of the biochemical enzymes (superoxide dismutase, pods and the seeds was equivalent at the dose of 30
catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydro- mg/kg. It was found that the ethyl acetate phase of the
genase, and creatine kinase-MB) but failed to ethanolic extract of pods was found to be the most
demonstrate any significant effect on reduced potent fraction at the same dose. Its bioassay-directed
glutathione compared to the ISP control group. fractionation led to the isolation of thiocarbamate and
Moringa treatment significantly prevented the rise in isothiocyanate glycosides which were also the
lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue. hypotensive principles of the pods as observed in case
of Moringa leaves. Two new compounds, O-[2'-
Furthermore, M. oleifera also prevented the hydroxy-3'-(2"-heptenyloxy)]-propyl undecanoate (1)
deleterious histopathological and ultrastructural and O-ethyl-4-[(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl]
perturbations caused by ISP. Based on the results of carbamate (2) along with the known substances
the present study, it can be concluded that M. oleifera methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (3) and beta-sitosterol have
extract possesses significant cardioprotective effect, also been isolated in the present studies. The latter
which may be attributed to its antioxidant, two compounds and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde showed
antiperoxidative, and myocardial preservative promising hypotensive activity 10.
properties 31.
Anti-helmentic, Hypolipidaemic and Antiathero-
Wound Healing Activity: The aqueous extract of leaves sclerotic Activities: It was observed that the plant
of M. oleifera was investigated for its wound healing showed potent anthelmentic activity and caused
activity. The extract was studied at dose level of 300 paralysis within 6-15 min while death is comparable
mg/kg body weight using resutured incision, excision, with that of piperazine citrate as death of worms was
and dead space wound models in rats. The prohealing observed at 64 min 34. Chumark et al., investigated the
actions seem to be due to increased collagen hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of M.
deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. oleifera leaf extract. They found that in
From the study results obtained, it may be concluded hypercholesterol-fed rabbits, at 12 weeks of
that the aqueous extract of M. oleifera has significant treatment, the water extract of the plant significantly
wound healing property 3. (P<0.05) lowered the cholesterol levels and reduced
the atherosclerotic plaque formation to about 50% and
Hypotensive and Spasmolytic Activities: Bioassay 86%, respectively and these effects were at degrees
directed fractionation of an ethanolic extract of M. comparable to those of simvastatin 35.
oleifera leaves showing hypotensive activity led to the
isolation of two nitrile glycosides, niazirin [1] and The methanolic extract of M. oleifera (150, 300 and
niazirinin [2], and three mustard oil glycosides, 4-[(4'- 600 mg/kg, p.o.) and simvastatin (4 mg/kg, p.o.) along
O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] isothiocyanate with hyperlipidemic diet were administered to Albino
[4], niaziminin A, and niaziminin B. Wistar rats for 30 days in order to observe
hypolipidaemic effect. It was found that the serum
Isothiocyanate 4 and the thiocarbamate glycosides cholesterol, triacylglyceride, VLDL, LDL, and
niaziminin A and B showed hypotensive activity while atherogenic index were reduced by M. oleifera and
nitrile glycosides 1 and 2 were found to be inactive in simvastatin but HDL level was increased as compared
this regard 32. Moreover, spasmolytic activity exhibited to the corresponding high fed cholesterol diet group
by the constituents of the plant provides a scientific (control). M. oleifera was also found to increase the
basis for the traditional uses of the plant in excretion of fecal cholesterol. Thus, it can be
gastrointestinal motility disorders 33. concluded that M. oleifera possesses a hypolipidemic
effect 36.

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Antiurolithiatic Activity: The effect of oral Moringa oleifera which can be investigated further to
administration of aqueous and alcoholic extract of M. isolate active compounds for novel herbal medicine.
oleifera root-wood on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has
been studied in male Wistar albino rats. Ethylene ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: All of the authors are very
glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as grateful to Professor Dr. Saroj Kanti Singh Hazari, Vice
increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Chancellor, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, for
Supplementation with aqueous and alcoholic extract providing literature survey facility to complete this
of M. oleifera root-wood significantly reduced the research work.
elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action
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