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    Diabetes Millitus

    Uploaded by

    Muniza Khaliq

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Diabetes Millitus

    Uploaded by

    Muniza Khaliq
    3 views4 pages

    Original Title

    DIABETES MILLITUS

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    3 views4 pages

    Diabetes Millitus

    Uploaded by

    Muniza Khaliq

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    INTRODUCTION

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood


    sugar (glucose) levels, that result from defects in insulin secreƟon, or acƟon, or
    both.
    Over Ɵme, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage.
    These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as
    microvascular disease. Diabetes is also an important factor in acceleraƟng the
    hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes,
    coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. This is referred
    to as macrovascular disease.
    Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder due to either insulin
    deficiency or due to peripheral Ɵssue resistance to the acƟon of insulin.
    Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of
    metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a
    prolonged period.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough
    insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin
    produced.

    CLASSIFICATION
    Diabetes Mellitus is classified into:
     TYPE- I - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.
     TYPE - II - Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
     GestaƟonal Diabetes Mellitus

    TYPE- I - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.


    Also known as juvenile diabetes chronic condiƟon in which the pancreas
    produces liƩ le or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar
    (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
    Can be due to caused geneƟc ,environmental immunological no endogenous
    insulin so require exogenous insulin.

    TYPE - II - Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus


    Also known as adult or maturity onset diabetes it is the most common from of
    diabetes effecƟng 90%-95% of people usually diagnosed aŌer age of 40 yr.
    The 2 main problems related to insulin in type 2 DM is insulin resistance and
    impaired insulin secreƟon .the endogenous insulin producƟon is normal below
    normal or above normal so there is less need for exogenous agent insulin
    administraƟon but 20 -30% of client require insulin. Oral anƟ diabeƟc agent
    may impove blood glucose level.
    GestaƟonal Diabetes Mellitus
    GestaƟonal diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose
    intolerance with onset or first recogniƟon during 1st and 2nd trimester
    pregnancy.
    Hyperglycemia a develops during pregnancy because of the secreaƟon of
    placental hormones which cause insulin resistance it occur in up to 14% Of
    pregnant women.
    IniƟal management include dietary modificaƟon and blood glucose monitoring.

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood


    sugar levels, resulƟng from defects in insulin secreƟon, insulin acƟon, or both.

    Pathophysiology:
    1. Insulin resistance:
    Cells become less responsive to insulin, impairing glucose uptake in muscles
    and liver.
    2. Beta-cell dysfuncƟon:
    PancreaƟc beta cells produce insuffi cient insulin, leading to decreased glucose-
    sƟmulated insulin secreƟon.
    3. Glucose metabolism dysregulaƟon:
    Impaired glucose uptake, storage, and uƟlizaƟon in muscles, liver, and adipose
    Ɵssue.
    4. Increased glucagon levels:
    Elevated glucagon secreƟon from pancreaƟc alpha cells, sƟmulaƟng glucose
    release from stored glycogen.
    5. DefecƟve insulin signaling:
    Impaired intracellular signaling pathways, disrupƟng glucose uptake and
    metabolism.
    6. OxidaƟve stress and inflammaƟon:
    Chronic hyperglycemia leads to reacƟve oxygen species (ROS) producƟon,
    inflammaƟon, and Ɵssue damage.
    7. Vascular dysfuncƟon:
    Endothelial dysfuncƟon, decreased vasodilaƟon, and increased blood pressure.

    Symptoms
     increased thirst and urinaƟon
     increased hunger
     faƟgue
     blurred vision
     numbness or Ɵngling in the feet or hands
     sores that do not heal
     unexplained weight loss

    Causes:
    Causes of diabetes mellitus include:
    Genes:
    Certain genes may make you more likely to develop type 1 and 2 diabetes.
    Insulin resistance:
    When muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well, the body needs more
    insulin.
    Insulin deficiency:
    The pancreas can’t make enough insulin.
    PancreaƟc damage:
    PancreaƟƟs, pancreaƟc cancer, and trauma can harm the beta cells or make
    them less able to produce insulin.
    Hormonal diseases:
    Certain hormonal diseases cause the body to produce too much of certain
    hormones, which someƟmes cause insulin resistance and diabetes.
    Medicines:
    Certain medicines can harm beta cells or disrupt the way insulin works.
    Viral infecƟon:
    Type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and environmental factors, such as viruses.
    Overweight, obesity, and physical inacƟvity:
    Lack of physical acƟvity and being overweight or obese can lead to insulin
    resistance.

    Standard treatment guidelines for diabetes Mellitus:

    1. Lifestyle Changes
    A healthy diet, regular physical acƟvity, and maintaining a healthy weight are
    crucial in managing diabetes. This includes monitoring carbohydrate intake and
    eaƟng a balanced diet.
    2. MedicaƟon
    Depending on the type of diabetes, medicaƟon such as insulin, oral
    hypoglycemic agents, or other injectable medicaƟons may be prescribed to
    help regulate blood sugar levels.
    3. Monitoring
    Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is essenƟal. This can be done
    through self-monitoring at home or with the help of healthcare providers.
    4. Regular Check-ups
    It's important to have regular check-ups with healthcare providers to monitor
    diabetes control, assess complicaƟons, and adjust treatment as needed.
    5. EducaƟon
    Understanding diabetes, its management, and how to prevent complicaƟons is
    key. Diabetes educaƟon programs can provide valuable informaƟon and
    support.
    6. Foot Care
    People with diabetes should take special care of their feet to prevent
    complicaƟons. Regular foot exams and proper foot hygiene are important.
    7. Eye Exams
    Regular eye exams are crucial to detect and prevent diabetes-related eye
    complicaƟons.

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