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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

Reconstruction of meratus by subduction modelling around

Java, Borneo and Celebes Islands

Joko Soesilo1, Sutanto1, Indriati Retno Palupi2, Wiji Raharjo2, Priyo Hutomo2,
Wahyu Hadinoto2
1
Geological Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
2
Geophysical Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
Jl. SWK (Padjadjaran) No.104 Condong Catur, Depok, Sleman Yogyakarta

E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract. Meratus mountain, located in Borneo Island is interpreted as sincerity of Subduction

Zone in Java. It is predicted that there was a microcontinent in research area. This research aimed
to predict the age and reconstruction the subduction zione around Meratus mountain by using
earthquake data around Java, Borneo and Celebes islands. The data is relocated using Geiger
method to get better description of Subduction Zone. Furthermore, the angle of subduction and
velocity modelling is calculated to give more information to reconstruction the Meratus mountain
hystory. From the subduction model, Meratus mountain is affected by subdcution from Sumatera
and Java, it is not affected by subduction from Celebes. From the subdcution too, it is known that
there are two subduction under Borneo, it is improve that there was microcontinent that shifted
the early subdcution and borned the new one.

1. Introduction
Indonesia is an archipelago country. It has many island that separated by the ocean. It is located between
Australian and Eurasian continent plate and also between Pasific and Indian ocean plate. For the result,
Indonesia has many volcanoes and prone of many disaster like earthquake, tsunami, etc. Beside the
disaster, Indonesia has a large of minerals and energy. One of them is located in Borneo island. It is
located in north of Java and between Sumatera and Celebes island.
Borneo is part of Sunda shelf, formed by igneous rocks, granitic. There are also alkali breakthrough,
metamorphic and sediment. It’s age is about Paleozoic to Quarter (Figure 1). The age can be devided
into three periode, they are Paleozoic-Mesozoic, Mesozoic-Tertiary and Quarter.
Paleozoic-Mesozoic period take place in the middle of Borneo, specially around Schwaner High. It is a
stable part of litosphere which has exposed by sedimentation process, orogenesis and old granitic
breakthrough (Carbon-Mesozooic (Trias)). In north and south part of Schwaner High, there were thick
flysh sediment rock, acid to medium volcanic, and melting rock in the age of Trias-Jura which has
contact with granitic (breakthrough) in Lime period. As the result, the dominant rocks in the south is
acid to medium volcanic (Matan Complex, Bammelen 1949 op cit [1]) that break by granitic and formed
metamorphic. While in the north, there are andesit, dasit and pyroclastic in the age of Trias-Jura and
also break by granitic. The existence of granitic is indicated as a part of subduction from the north.
Mesozoic-Tertiary periode was started by the breakthrough of igneous rock into granitic and dasit in
last Lime- early Mesozoic in the north of Schwaner. In Serawak, Malaysia, there is Ophiolit Lupar way.
It is melange zone, indicated that there is subduction process in the area that has direction to norht-west
and come from South China sea beneath Borneo island (Katili 1973 & 1981; Hamilton, 1978; Hutchison
1973 & 1975 and Haile et al 1977 op cit [1]).
In Quarter Period, the sediment that has age in Plistosen to Resen was deposited in flood plains and
river and for the last period, that continue from Holosen untill now, formed two transgression and

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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

regression cycle. It resulting beach and land. As we can see now, most of the river in Borneo cutting
the lower part of Barito Basin that located in Borneo [1].

Figure 1. Geological Map of Borneo Island (Haile, 1968; Pupili, 1973 and Hamilton 1979 op cit [1]).

2. Experimental Method
The geological condition of Borneo as metion before is related with Indonesia archipelago formed over
the past 300 million years, especially in Borneo, it also related with Cretaceous active margin with
Sumatera, Java and Celebes. Based on [2], there was Cretaceous margin that run the length of Sumatera
into western Java and continued to northeast trhough sourthern Borneo and western of Celebes. It has
high pressure-low temperature subduction that related to metamorphic rocks in Central Java, Meratus
Mountains of southeastern Borneo and western Celebes (Figure 2).
Subduction zone is place that potentially occur earthquake and magmatism. So it can be well defined
by seismicity. The depth of subduction zone in Indonesia can reach untill 600 km and by volcanoes
(Figure 3 and Figure 4). Indonesia is passed by ring of fire with 95 active volcanoes that erupted since
1500. Two famous erupted evidence were Tambora and Krakatau in 1815 and 1883 [2].
Beside voelcano, Meratus Complex is one of subduction product. It located in Borneo with
predominantly North-Northeast trending mountain belt with 65 km wide and 300 km in length. The
elevation exceeds 1000 m, with the greatest topographic lies in central and northern parts. It includes
metamorphosed arc and ophiolite rocs that interprated as result of oblique collision and accretion of
East Java and West Celebes terrain to the Sundaland margin from mid-Cretaceous (e.g Sikumbang
1986; Hall, 2012 op cit [3]).
Based on Witts et al (2014), from the combination data of structural, sedimentological, provenance and
satelite data of Montalat Formation, it show that uplitft of the northern part of Meratus occur during the
Early-Miocene. In contrast, in the upper part of Warukin Formation that also part of Meratus indicates
that uplift further did not occur untill Late Miocene.
From the explanation above, we can see that subduction zone analysis can give information about the
history of the area formed. In subduction, partial melting is taking place also. It contain of hot mantle
material and resulting magmatism. Both of them has an important thing in the evolution processes of
the earth. One way to analyse the subduction zone is by describing the seismic velocity structure from
seismicity data. From seismic velocity, we can estimated physical properties of earth’s interior because
it related with seismic wave. There are two seismic wave often used, they are P and S wave. From P
wave, we can interprete the existence of fluid, and from S wave we can get the information about the
physical parameter [4].

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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

Figure 2. The growth of Indonesia [2]

Figure 3. Seismicity in Indonesia [2]

Figure 4. Volcanoes in Indonesia [2]

Subduction zone is one of earthquake source. It moves because of convection current in astenosphere
following by plat movement, and the movement causing earthquake. Generally, there are three kinds of
plate movement. They are divergent, convergent and transform (Figure 5).
Subdcution zones is product of convergent movement plate. It has some characterize, they are big
magnitude and the depth source usually deep [5]. Earthquake resulting seismic wave. Seismic wave is
all kinds of wave that spread both in the subsurface and in the surface. Generally, there are two kinds
of seismic wave, P and S wave. They have their own characteristic. P wave’s velocity usually bigger
than S velocity, and it is the first wave recorded in seismometer. It can pass through the fluid so it can
describe the fluid existence [6].
One example of subduction and seismic velocity description can be seen in Figure 6. It is a P wave
Tomography beneath Tonga arc and Lau bac arc region. The P wave anomaly is describing by the
colour. The blue one show high velocity anomaly while the red is low velocity anomaly. The anomaly
is declared by percentage (%). It has a meaning as standard deviation of the real P wave velocity.
From Figure 6, the blue one, the high velocity interpreted as a medium that has a high density. As we
know that high density does not absorbing the velocity too much. It give the description about oceanic
plate that lies beneath the continental. Otherwise, the red one is a low density, that we can interpreted
as fluid also. While the black dots is a seismicity data around the area. Again, it give us information
that subduction description gives many information about earth physical parameters.

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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

(a)

(b)
Figure 5. (a) Convection current in astenosphere; (b) Three kinds of plate movement (divergent (A),
convergent (B) and transform (C) ([5])

Figure 6. P wave Tomography beneath Tonga arc and Lau back arc region (Zhao et al, 1976 op cit [4])
Besides velocity, attenuation and anisotrophy can be calculated and modelled by tomography technique.
However it needs a good model parameterization, forward modelling and ray tracing, earthquake
relocation and inversion methode [7]. Romanowics in 1994 [8] also studied about anelastic
tompgraphy. It can describe thermal strucutre in the subsurface that associated with hospot. Other
exampel of tomographic inversion is to describe magma chamber under the volcano by Paulatto et al in
2012 [9]. As mention before that P wave can describe fluid, Paulatto et al in 2012 use this characterize
to predict magma chamber and thermal modelling at Monstreat. Magma chamber descripted from low
velocity of P wave.
Seismic Tomography is one way to get description of subduction zone. To do it, seismicity data, velocity
model and travel time is needed. In this research, ISC data during the period 1930 to 2018 for seismicity
and AK 135 velocity table is used. Before get in to tompgraphy process, relocating of seismicity

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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

(hipocenter) data is important to get a better description of subduction zone. Generally, determination
of hypocenter location is used homogeneous velocity model. In real condition, the subsurface is
heterogeneous. Relocating has aimed to look for new better location of hypocenter by using
heterogeneous velocity value with AK 135 table as refference. This research is focused on relocating
process while the tomopgrahy process will be done in the next research.
One simple method of relocation is Geiger method. Calculation of hypocenter location is a non linier
inversion problem. Geiger method make it simple by diferentiating the forward modelling equation into
the parameter model (hypocenter location).
( −  ) + (  − )
 +(  − )

(1)
 =  +


Equation (1) is a forward modelling formulation to calculate the arrival time of P wave in each station.
In this research, the model parameter is x 0, y0 and z0. While xi, yi and zi is station location, vp is P wave
velocity and t0 is origin time of earthquake. To get the parameter model, the first step is diferentiate the
equation (1) into the parameter model (equation (2.1) untill (2.3)).
 (  −   )
= (2.1)
  ( −  ) + (  −  ) + (  − )


 (  − ) (2.2)
=
  ( −  ) +(  −  ) +( −  )
 (  − ) (2.3)
=
 ( −  ) + ( ) + (  − )
  
  −

Then, equation (2.1) untill (2.3) is arranged to a Jacobian Matrix:

   (3)
⎡ ⎤
⎢   ⎥
⎢    ⎥
=⎢   
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎢    ⎥
⎣   ⎦
The final step is calculate new hypocenter location by inversion process of equation (3) with give the
initial guess of new hypocenter location (a priori information).
 )  
=(
(4)

Equation (4) is inversion formula to calculate new hypocenter location, where m is model parameter, J
is Jacobian matrikx, and d is the difference between travel time data observation and calcualtion [10].

3. Result and Discussion

Location and description about subduction zone around Meratus after relocation by using Geiger
method and AK 135 velocity Table for initial model can be seen in Figure 7 and Figure 8
In Figure 6.a, we can see the boundary of subduction zone of Sumatera, Java and Phillipine. The red
one is subduction model, reach the depth about 250 km, the yellow one is Sumatera and Java island,
and the green circle is seismicity from Phillipine. Beside that, there are ellips one, it is the early
subduction that formed and shifted by microcontinent. The subduction zone has angle about 28.37q
and 30.93q under the red subduction. The subduction angle of the green ellips are about 41,67q and
36.5q. From the depth and AK 135 velocity Table, times of this subduction zone is about 93 million
years, younger than Meratus for the magmatism that has the age hypothesis about 190 million years.
But the age in this research is not final yet, tomographic inversion is needed to re calculate about the
age.

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9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

In Figure 8.b, beneath Borneo, it can be seen that the subduction zone of Celebes is not reach under the
Borneo (Kalimantan), so we can prove that subduction of Sumatera and Java only that give the
influenced of Borneo.

Figure 7. Location of Subduction modelling

500
400
300
200
100
0
-5 -100 0 5 10 15

-200
-300

100
50
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250

(a)

(b)
Figure 8. (a) Subduction zone in area 1 and 2 (yellow squre in Figure 6) and (b) Subduction zone in
area 3 (red square in Figure 6).

4. Conclusion
Subduction zone between three island, that is Sumatera, Java and Celebes was descripted to know the
influence in Meratus mountain in Borneo. Geiger method was used to described it. This method is

6
9th International Conference on Physics and Its Applications (ICOPIA) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153 (2019) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012015

simple and easy to applied. Based on the result, it can be known that the subduction of Sumatera and
Java that have an influence to Borneo and Meratus and improve that there was a microcontinent in
research area. The angle of the Sumatera’s subduction zone is sloping and has the time of magmatism
younger than in Meratus predicted but it should re calculate by tomographic inversion for the next
research.

5. Reference

[1] Herman, Danny Zulkifli. 2007. Kemungkinan Sebaran Zirkon pada Endapan Placer di Pulau
Kalimantan. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia Vol. 2 No. 2, Juni
[2] Hall, Robert. 2009. Indonesia, Geology. Royal Holloway University of London
[3] Witts, Duncan., Lorin Davies., Robert Morley. 2014. Uplift of The Meratus Complex:
Sedimentology, Biostratigraphy, Provenance and Structure. Proceedings, IPA
[4] Zhao, Depeng. 2001. Seismological Structure of Subduction Zones and Its Implications for arc
Magmatism and Dynamics. Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors.
[5] Sunarjo., M. Taufik Gunawan dan Sugeng Pribadi. 2012. Gempa Bumi Edisi Populer. BMKG
[6] Afnimar. 2009. Seismologi. Bandung : Institut Teknologi Bandung
[7] Zhao, Depeng. 2015. Multiscale Seismic Tomography. Japan : Springer Geophysics
[8] Romanowics, Barbara. 1994. Anelastic Tomography : A new Perpsective on Upper Mantle
Thermal Structure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128 (1994) 113-121
[9] Paulatto, M., C. Annen., T.J. Henstock., E. Kiddle., T.A. Minshull., R.S.J. Sparks., B. Voight.
2012. Magma Chamber Properties From Integrated Seismic Tomography and Thermal
Modelling at Mostreat. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem Journal Volume 13, Number 1
[10] Grandis, Hendra. 2009. Pengantar Pemodelan Inversi Geofisika. HAGI