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Characteristic of the Mount Colo Volcano, Una-Una Island, Central

Sulawesi Province: Tectonic Evolution and Disaster Mitigation
To cite this article: Purnama Sendjaja et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 589 012005

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TREPSEA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

Characteristic of the Mount Colo Volcano, Una-Una Island,

Central Sulawesi Province: Tectonic Evolution and Disaster
Mitigation

Purnama Sendjaja1, Emmy Suparka2, Chalid I. Abdullah2 and IGB Eddy

Sucipta2
1
Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources, Jln. Diponegoro 57 Bandung, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB),
Jln. Ganesha 10 Bandung, Indonesia.

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract. The Una-Una Island is in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi Province. This island
is a soliter active volcano island with Mount Colo as volcano name. The island is located between
the North Arm and East Arm of Sulawesi, which are having complex tectonic regime, situated
between two subduction zones. Volcanic rocks from Una-Una Island are basaltic-trachyandesite
until trachydasite composition with magma affinity is calk-alkaline, high-K calk-alkaline and
shoshonite. Tectonic reconstruction in this area started at Miocene (15 Ma) where the Celebes
Sea Plate subducted below the North Arm of Sulawesi with a gentle slope produced adakite-type
volcanic rocks. Along with the continuous subduction process and increasingly steep angle of
subduction, the magma source then underwent. Intensive movement of the Banggai-Sula
microcontinent, resulted in obduction of the ophiolite during collision, whereas volcanic activity
in Una-Una Island and surrounding islands are still ongoing. Recent eruption of the Mount Colo
in 1983 produced abundant of pyroclastic material with acid silica and still adakite type
composition with mineralogical assemblages consist of hornblende-phlogophite-biotite, gives
the impression that it originated from the same magma sources. According to composition of
magma and eruption history which were produced magmatic explosion followed by pyroclastic
surge, flow and fall, the disaster mitigation focus to eruption forecasting through visual and
instrumental monitoring provide by Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation,
Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia.
Keywords: Colo; Una-Una; Volcano; Adakite; Mitigation.

1. Introduction
Una-Una Island is a soliter volcano island with Mount Colo as volcano name. This island located at gulf
of Tomini, Central Sulawesi Province, lies between the North and South Arm of Sulawesi. Quarternary
volcanism especially in Una-Una Island has been subject to controversy with many interpretation of
tectonic setting from some authors i.e.: the volcano related to the southeastward dipping dormant
subduction zone of the Celebes Sea [1]; part of the extinct volcano located in Togean islands, which
were shifted to the northward [2]; due to East Sangihe Subduction zone, resulting quarternary volcanic

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

belt in the eastern part of the north arm and continuing to the southwest [3]; and subduction with shallow
subduction angle of Celebes Sea plate beneath the North Arm of Sulawesi [4, 5].
Colo volcano separated from the Indonesia’s volcanic belt that stretches from the north end of
Sumatera - Java - Nusa Tenggara - Maluku to the North Sulawesi as show in Figure 1 [6]. This area is
a complex transition where three plates (Celebes sea plate, Molluca sea plate and micro continent
Banggai Sula) subducted and obducted during Miocene until Quarternary period. The volcanic arc is
built as the result of double subductions, i.e. the North Sulawesi Subduction Zone in the north arm of
Sulawesi, and the East Sangihe Subduction Zone in the East- & South of the north arm (Figure 2). Those
subductions gave result in a magmatic- and volcanic- activities producing widely spread of the plutonic- and
volcanic- rocks. The North Sulawesi subduction zone is thought to have been active since the Early Tertiary,
generating a Tertiary volcanic arc stretching from around Toli-toli to near Manado. Age dating of calk
alkaline rocks associated with subduction from the north took place 2.35 Ma-Pliocene age [7].

Figure 1. Volcanic arc of Indonesia [6].

0 100 200

Kilom etres

LEGEND:
Quarternary Volcanoes
Melange
Subduction
Volcanic Arc
Microcontinent Block
Fault
Mafic-Ultramafic
Undiferentiated
Metamorphic Schist

Figure 2. Major structures of Sulawesi Island [9,10].

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TREPSEA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

2. Data and Method

Samples of volcanic rocks were collected from the Togean Islands during doctoral dissertation project
in 2008-2013. Sendjaja [5] examines that the Togean Islands could be divided into three distinguish area
base on geochemical data and age dating of volcanic rocks, that are the Una-Una (UN) for the Tertiary
to Quarternary adakites volcanic rocks; Togean (TG) Tertiary adakites volcanic rocks and Walea (WL)
for Tertiary suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites (Figure 3). All geochemical and petrographic data
describes in [5] for detail.

Figure 3. Geological map of the Togean Islands and radiometric

dating of volcanic rocks (Modification from [5, 8, 11]).

Focus on volcanic rock from Colo Mountains, the colors of the rocks are variations in grey or very
light grey. Pyroclastic bombs are dominated by plagioclase, k-feldspar, hornblende, and biotite with
glassy matrix. Similar in composition to the lavas, they are having the porphyritic texture and dominated
by plagioclase, k-feldspar, hornblende, biotite and mica as phenocryst with groundmass consist of glass
and microlites plagioclase. Very characteristic of the rocks is the developed zonal structure of
plagioclase and simple twinning of the K-feldspar sanidine. Compare to Tertiary samples from TG and
WL determine as lava dome with trachytic texture and pillow lava as a part of Suprasubduction zone
ophiolite.
Representative whole rock geochemical data of the Quarternary Una-Una Volcanic rocks (UN)
characterized by moderate-high SiO2 (56.79 wt% - 64.33 wt%) contents, low MgO (1.70 wt%- 2.74
wt%) and high Na2O (4.50 wt% - 5.44 wt%) and low TiO2 (0.30 wt %- 0.54 wt%), plot in the fields of
trachyandesite (latite) and trachydacite on a K2O .Na2O vs SiO2 diagram. All the lava and pyroclastic
from Una-Una Area have high SiO2 content (> 56 wt%) and classified as calk alkaline series. Una-Una
volcano and Tertiary Togean lava dome are adakites and proposed to subduction with shallowing
subduction angle of Celebes Sea plate beneath the North Arm of Sulawesi [4, 5].
Tectonic reconstruction used modified tectonic model by [12, 13, 14] (Figure 4) which is suitable for
the explanation the complex tectonic regime of Sulawesi Island. In this paper, we proposed the tectonic
reconstruction from 20 Ma where the Una-Una already exist base on radiometric dating from the lava.

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TREPSEA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

Recent N

Figure 4. Tectonic configuration of Sulawesi

Island at Recent time with the surrounding
tectonic component (CS = Celebes Sea Plate,
MS = Molucca Sea Plate, PS = Pacific Plate,
BS = Banggai Sula Microcontinent, ESO =
East Sulawesi Ophiolite; NSA = North
Sulawesi Arm and TGN = Togean Islands;
thrust, subduction, continent plate,
oceanic plate, metamorphic, blue line
representing border of island at Recent time
(Modified from [12, 13, 14] ).

3. Result and Discussion

According to petrographic, geochemical, age dating and tectonic model from previous authors for this
area, we proposed the model of tectonic reconstruction and disaster mitigation from especially Una-Una
Volcano. Base on the age and tectonic model modified from [13, 15] (Figure 4), the evolution begins
at 20-5 Ma, where the subduction of the Celebes Sea produces adakite in Una-Una Islands. On the other
hand, the Eastern segment (E) showing subduction under ESO produced Neogene volcaniclastic Rocks
(NVC), in the East Arm of Sulawesi (Figure 5).

Miocene – Pliocene (20-5 Ma)

N

Figure 5. Tectonic Miocene-Pliocene

tectonic configuration (20-5 Ma.). Cross
section (A-A'-A ") for the reconstruction in
Figure 6. Cross section (B-B'-B ") for
reconstruction in Figure 7. Abbreviations
and legends refer to Figure 4. (20-5 Ma
tectonic models, modified from [13, 15]).

Figure 6. Cross section of the A-A’ line. Figure 7. Cross section of the B-B’ line.

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TREPSEA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

Northern section (N) is showing subduction segment that produced adakite at UN, while the eastern
segment (E) indicated SSZ ophiolite related to subduction and possibility of slab rollback in the East
Arm of Sulawesi (Figure 6). The tectonic evolution continues, and the important age dating were 5 Ma for
SSZ and 2 Ma for TG adakite (Figure 7). North Segment (N) section presenting adakite in UN and TG with
the changes of subduction angle become steeper, whereas in the southern segment (S) described collision of
Banggai Sula microcontinent in the East Arm of Sulawesi (Figure 8).

Pliocene (5 Ma)-Recent

Figure 8. Pliocene-Recent (5 Ma – Recent)

tectonic configuration. Cross section (C-C’-
C”) for the reconstruction in Figure 9. Cross
section (D-D’-D”) for reconstruction in
Figure 10. Abbreviations and legends refer
to Figure 4. (5 Ma-Recent tectonic models,
modified from [13, 15]).

Figure 9. Cross section of the C-C’ line. Figure 10. Cross section of the D-D’ line.

Along with the continuous subduction process and increasingly steep angle of subduction, the magma
source then underwent; a process of mixing in the mantle wedge and differentiation in the magma
chamber produced more acid rock composition, but still gives the impression that it originated from the
same magma source. Due to acid magma which have higher viscosity, explosive eruption was destroyed
almost 2/3 of the island in 1983 with pyroclastic rocks as a dominant product, and still adakite magma
type composition with mineralogical assemblages consist of hornblende-phlogophite-biotite.
However, lava flows only exposed on the summit area and partly in the flank. After this eruption,
Colo Volcano in Una-Una Islands monitored continuously. Volcano monitoring techniques and
instruments were applied such as making hazard zonation maps, designed and implemented the warning
system (Figure 11). At least two strategies have been articulated and adopted in this island (1) relocation
of settlements from the hazard zones to another islands; and (2) installation of monitoring through visual
and instrumental provide by Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological
Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia.

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TREPSEA 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

Figure 11. Volcano hazard map of Colo Mountain (Modified from [16] ).

4. Conclusion
There are some conclusions could be accepted related to tectonic setting and evolution in this area:
1. Volcanic activities in the Togean Islands occurred since Miocene until Recent with many volcanic
rocks found in the Una-Una (UN), Togean (TG) and Walea (WL) region, assumed to be the result of
continuous volcanism.
2. In the Miocene-Pliocene period (20-5 Ma), volcanic activities occurred in Una-Una (UN) and Togean
(TG) region. Volcanic rocks of the UN (15Ma) represents the product of the subduction of Celebes
Sea Plate beneath North Arm of Sulawesi with gentle slope. Whereas the volcanic rocks of WL
reflect subduction activity in the south-eastern part of the Togean Islands. The set is interpreted as
part of suprasubduction ophiolite (SSZ).
3. Intensive movement of the Banggai-Sula microcontinent to the west at this time, resulted in obduction
of the ophiolite during collision, ESO emerging to the surface in the East Arm of Sulawesi and SSZ
ophiolite in Togean Island; whereas in the UN and TG, volcanic activity is still ongoing.
4. Continuously monitoring by government is still on going and reported periodically provide by Centre
for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 589 (2020) 012005 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/589/1/012005

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