7 CIVL 4171 Week Seven

CIVL 4171
Construction Engineering
Week Seven
Dr. Gary B. Hemphill, P.E.

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Memphis
Excavators
2
Hydraulic Excavators
• Use diesel engines to drive hydraulic pumps, motors, and
cylinders;
• Hydraulic force used to power excavators motions of digging
and loading material;
• Maybe crawler or pneumatic-tire mounted;
• Many specialized attachments available;
3
Hydraulic Control of Machines Provides
• Faster cycle time;

• Positive control of attachments;
• Precise control of attachments;
• High overall efficiency;
• Smoothness and ease operation.
4
Hydraulic hoe (Backhoe)
5
Digging Motion for Hydraulic Excavator
6
Boom and Stick Hydraulic Excavators
• Upward motion machine is “front shovel”;
• A shovel develops breakout force by crowd and curl bucket;
• Boom of shovel swings in an upward arc to load;
• Machine requires material banked above the running gear;
• Hoe uses downward arc to load;
• The downward swing requires material below the running gear.
7
Front Shovel
8
9
Excavator Production Calculation Process
10
Safety
• Being struck by the moving machine, swing booms, or other machine
components;
• Being struck by quick-disconnect excavator buckets when they unexpectedly
detach from stick;
• Rollovers, electrocutions, and machines slinding into trenches after cave-ins;
• Operators must keep machine attachments at a safe distance from workers at all
times;
• Control work area boundaries with warning lines, railings, or restrictive signs;
• Workers must be trained regarding safe practices when working in close proximity
to heavy equipment;
• Supervisors should consider alternative working methods to eliminate the need
to place workers in close proximity to heavy equipment.
11
Front Shovels
• Predominately used for hard digging above track level and loading
haul units;
• Loading rock is typical application;
• Best with vertical banks (perpendicular to ground);
• Most are crawler mounted;
• Parts designed for machine balance with anticipated load;
• Front end attachment weighs about a third as much as the
superstructure.
12
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Bucket Designation
14
Fill Factors for Shovel Buckets
15
16
Selecting a Front Shovel
• Two fundamental factors for consideration:
• Cost per cubic yard of material excavated;
• Job conditions under which machine will operate.
• For estimating const per cubic yard:
• Size of job – larger project may justify higher O&O;
• Mobilization cost – transportation and assembly costs;
• Drilling and blasting costs – larger machine, lower blasting costs.
• Job conditions:
• Difficult material, bigger bucket;
• Blasted rock, bigger bucket, larger pieces;
• Size of haul units – small units need small loader
• Haul unit should be five times excavator bucket size.
17
Calculating Shovel Production
• Four elements in the production cycle of a shovel:
1. Load bucket (digging) – move bucket to the bank, fill, and raise bucket
clear of bank;
2. Swinging the load – when bucket is full, raise to dump height and swing
over the haul unit;
3. Dump load;
4. Return swing – swing upper frame back to the bank and lower bucket
18
Typical Cycle Element Times Under Average
Conditions for a 3 to 5 cy Shovel
• Load bucket 7-9 sec
• Swing the load 4-6 sec
• Dump load 2-4 sec
• Return swing 4-5 sec
• Shovel does not travel during digging and loading cycle, but will move into or
along the material face;
• One study – travel was necessary after about 20 bucket loads
• Larger mining shovels theoretically cycle 25 to 45 seconds depending on their
size.
19
Actual Production Affected by Numerous Factors
• Class of material;
• Height of shovel arc;
• Height of cut, the bank face;
• Angle of swing;
• Operator skill;
• Condition of the shovel;
• Haul-unit exchange;
• Size of haul units;
• Handling of oversize material;
• Cleanup loading area.
20
Height Effect on Shovel Production
• Loose flowing material will fill a digging bucket in a shorter sweep up

the embankment;
• If the embankment is too short, it will take more than one pass to fill
the bucket.
21
Factors for Height of Cut and Angle of Swing Effect
on Shovel Production
22
Angle of Swing
23
Truck Spotting Clearance
24
Hoes
• Primarily to excavate below natural surface;
• Also, called backhoe or back shovel;
• Adept for excavating trenches and basements;
• Smaller machines and do grading work;
• Because of positive bucket control superior to draglines when extended range is
not needed;
• Wheel-mounted are available up to 1 cy
• Maximum depth for larger machines is 25 ft;
• With all four outriggers down, large machines can handle 10,000-lb loads at 20 ft
radius.
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Hoe Operating Range
27
Representative dimensions, limits of reach, and lifting capacity of hydraulic crawler hoes
28
Backhoe Components
29
Bucket Capacity Rating Dimensions
30
Fill factors for hydraulic hoe buckets
31
Selecting a Hoe
• Maximum excavation depth required;

• Maximum working radius required for digging and dumping;
• Maximum dumping height required;
• Hoisting capability required (where applicable – i.e., handling pipe
and trench boxes).
32
Multipurpose Tool
33
Hoe Lifting Capacity Position Definitions
1. Rated hoist load shall not exceed 75% of tipping load;

2. Rate hoist load shall not exceed 87% of the excavator’s hydraulic capacity;
3. Rated hoist load shall not exceed the machine’s structural capabilities.
34
Calculating Hoe Production
35
Excavation cycle times for hydraulic crawler hoes under average conditions
36
CIVL 4171
Week Eight

Trucks and Haul Equipment
2
Trucks Can Be Classified
• Method of discharging the load – rear, bottom, side, conveyor, push plate;
• Type of frame – ridged or articulated;
• Sizes and type of engine – gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, natural gas, or propane;
• Steering – front axle or multiple forward axles (crab steering);
• Configuration of drive – all-wheel, rear-wheel, or front-wheel;
• Transmission of power – direct drive, torque converter, diesel electric;
• Class of material hauled – earth, rock, coal, ore, unclassified;
• Capacity – gravimetric (weight) or volumetric (cubic measurement)
3
Rigid-Frame Rear-Dump Trucks
On road capacity usually 12 to 15 cy because of highway weight limits.
4
Rigid-Frame Rear-Dump Trucks – Off-highway
• Normally do not have tailgate;
• Cargo floor slopes upward toward the rear – typically less than 15º;
• Floor shape perpendicular to the length of the cargo body;
• Some models flat;
• Others utilize a “V” shaped bottom to reduce shock of loading; and
help center load;
• Low sides and longer and wider;
• Typical capacities – 20 to over 250 cy or 40 to 400 tons.
5
Rigid-Frame Rear-Dump Trucks – Off-highway
6
Articulated Rear-Dump Trucks
• Designed to operate through high rolling-resistance material and in
rough terrain;
• The articulated joint and oscillating ring between the tractor and
dump body enable all wheels to maintain contact with the ground;
• Truck can move through soft or sticky ground;
• Can operate on grades up to about 35%;
• Maximum capacity is about 35 cy;
• Top speed – 35 mph;
• Dumping angle – up to 60º in 10 seconds on smaller model.
7
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Rear-Dump Trucks Should be Considered
• The material to be hauled is free flowing or is composed of bulking
pieces;
• Hauling units must dump into restricted locations or over the edge of
a bank or fill;
• If ample maneuver space is available at the loading and dumping
area;
9
Tractors with Bottom-Dump
• Material is free flowing;

• Bottom dump reduce time to unload and can be more uniform
placement;
• Need large clear dumping area;
• Very good for unloading into drive over hoppers;
• Difficult if discharging materials such as wet, sticky clay, especially if
large clumps.
10
11
Side-Dump
• Free flowing material;
• Hydraulic action tips trailer box to either side;
• A curved cargo body tipped at a full 90º will allow material dump
angles of about 50º;
• Can safety place material down steep slopes maintaining a low profile
while discharging;
• Higher center-of-gravity than bottom-dump trailers;
• Economical on large projects;
• Trailer unit can have single, tandem, or even triaxles.
12
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Bottom-Dump and Side-Dump Can be Used
• Unrestricted loading and dump sites;
• Haul-route grades less 5 percent;
• Material to be spread uniformly across a distance.
14
Example Specifications for Large Off-Highway
Truck
15
Ties are about 35% of a truck’s operating cost. Overloading a truck
abuses tires.
16
Truck Size Comparison
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Performance Chart for a 22-ton Rear-Dump Truck
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Truck Production Balance Curve
19
Production Issues
• Position of each truck for loading;

• Reach of loading equipment;
• Dumping height of bucket;
• Width of bucket.
20
(TMPH) Ton-Miles-Per-Hour
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Truck Safety
23
CIVL 4171
Week Nine

Cranes
Most Common Mobile Cranes
3
Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes
• Full revolving superstructure;
• Mounted on a pair of continuous, parallel crawler tracks;
• Used in low to middle range lift capacity;
• Good lifting characteristics;
• Universal machine – the base machine can be used as a crane or dragline
and for pile driving or other such applications;
• Capable of duty-cycle work, such as handling a concrete bucket;
• Duty-cycle work – a repetitive lifting assignment of relatively short cycle
time.
• Good soil load bearing characteristics;
• Relocated between projects by truck.
4
5
• Most crawler crane models have fixed-length lattice booms;
• Many have optionally rigged with a boom extension – “fly jib” or “fixed jib”;
• Common dimensions:
• Maximum boom length: 100 to 400 ft
• Maximum fly-jib length: 30 to 500 ft
• Maximum radius (boom only): 80 to 300 ft
• Minimum radius: 10 to 15 ft
• Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 30 to 1,000 tons (but up to 3,000 tons for the
largest machines)
• Maximum travel speed: 50 to 100 ft/min (0.6 to 1.2 mph
• Ground bearing pressure: 7 to 20 psi
6
Lattice-Boom Crawler Crane with jib
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Telescoping-Boom Truck Cranes
• Three power and control arrangements are common for telescoping-boom truck cranes:
1. Single engine, as both the truck and crane power source, with a single, dual-position cab used both for driving the
truck and operating the crane;
2. A single engine in the carrier but both truck and crane operating cabs;
3. Separate power units for the truck and superstructure. This is standard for the larger-capacity units.
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Common Dimensions and Capacities for
Telescoping-boom Truck Cranes
• Minimum radius: 10 ft for most models
• Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 20 to 100 tons
• Maximum travel speed: 40 to 70 mph
• Number of axles: 3 to 4
10
Lattice-Boom Truck Cranes
11
• Fully revolving superstructure;

• Mounted on multiaxle truck/carrier;
• Lightweight lattice boom;
• Less expensive with same hoisting capacity as larger telescoping-
boom unit.
12
13
Rough-Terrain Cranes (Cherry Pickers)
14
• Two axles;
• Operator’s cab may be located on the upper works enabling operator
to rotate with the load;
• “Cherry picker” name comes from handling bombs in WWII;
• High ground clearance;
• Some models can move ono slopes up to 70%;
• Most common are 20 to 60 ton capacity.
15
Rough-Terrain Crane Dimensions and
Capabilities
• Number of axles: 2 for all models
16
All-Terrain Cranes
17
All-Terrain Cranes
• Designed with an undercarriage capable of long-distance highway
travel;
• All axle drive and all wheel steering;
• Superstructure cab equipped with both drive and crane controls;
• Appropriate when multi lifts and multiple locations are required;
• Manufacturers are gradually abandoning the telescoping- boom truck
cranes in favor of all-terrain cranes.
18
All-Terrain Cranes Dimensions and Capabilities
• Maximum boom length: 100 to 200 ft (up to 450 ft for the largest machines)
• Maximum radius with fly jib: 100 to 300 ft (up to 400 ft for the largest machines)
• Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 40 to 300 tons (up to 2,000 tons
for the largest machines)
• Number of axles: 2 to 6 (up to 12 for the largest machines)
19
Truck-Mounted Cranes
20
• Carrier vehicle of truck mounted crane is a commercial truck;

• Typically smaller, shorter boom;
• Lower lifting capacities;
• No cargo hauling space;
• Boom mounted at the rear of truck;
• Common dimensions and capacities for truck-mounted cranes with rear-mounted boom are:
• Maximum vertical reach: 120 to 200 ft
• Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius):
21
City Crane
22
City Crane
• Class of truck cranes designed for urban travel and work;
• Compact design, lower boom mounting;
• Single dual-purpose truck and crane operator cab;
• Lower center of gravity;
• Boom extension over carrier minimal helps reduce boom bounce when traveling and allows for
lifting in limited headroom.
• Common dimensions and capabilities for city cranes are:
• Number of boom sections: 6
• Crane dimensions (travel configuration): length 24 to 32 ft, width 6 to 9 ft, height 9 to 12 ft
23
Lower Cranes with Stiff Boom (Boom Truck)
24
Loader Cranes
• Payload truck fitted with crane;

• Combined hauling and loading/unloading self-contained unit;
• Loader crane transport a payload;
• Can be used for short-term lifting services;
• Great yard truck;
• Characterized mainly by the type of boom:
• A knuckle-boom loader crane
• Stiff-boom loader crane has straight telescoping boom
25
Typical dimensions and capacities of Stiff
Boom
• Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 1 to 10 tons (up to 20
tons for larges machines
• Maximum lifting capacity at maximum horizontal reach: 0.2 to 1.5
tons (up to 5 tons for the larges machines)
• Maximum horizontal reach: 10 to 40 ft (up to 80 ft for the largest
machines)
• Maximum vertical reach above ground: 15 to 55 ft (up to 100 ft for
the largest machines)
26
Loader Crane with a Knuckle Boom
27
Typical dimensions and capacities of Knuckle
Boom
tons for larges machines)
machines)
28
Telescoping-Boom Crawler Cranes
29
• High on-site maneuverability;
• Ability to travel with load on hook;
• Quick rigging requiring less space;
• Boom length adjustable while lifting
• Common dimensions and capacities:

• Maximum boom length: 80 to 160 ft (up to 200 ft for largest machines)
• Maximum fly-jib length: 25 to 110 ft (up to 140 ft for the largest machines)
• Maximum lifting capacity (at a minimum radius): 25 to 120 tons (but typically 3 to 6 tons for smallest machines and
up to 220 tons for the largest machines)
• Crane dimensions (boom retracted): length 35 to 50 ft, width 10 to 13 ft, height 10 to 13 ft
30
Lifting Capacities of Cranes
31
Rated Loads for Lattice and Telescoping-Boom Cranes
32
Wheel-Mounted Cranes
33
Lifting capacities in pounds for a 200-ton, nominal rating, crawler crane with 180 ft boom*
34
Factors Affecting Actual Crane Capacity on Site
• Wind forces on boom or load;

• Swing the load;
• Hoisting speed;
• Stopping the hoist.
35
Lifting capacities in pounds for a 25-ton telescoping-boom truck crane 36
37
Tower Cranes
• Tower cranes provide high lifting height and good working radius,
while taking up very limited area;
• The common tower crane configuration is a vertical tower with jib;
• Tower cranes of this type usually fall into one of two categories:
• Top-slewing (fixed tower) tower cranes:
• Allowing only the jibs, tower top, and operator cab to rotate. The tower is assembled
from modular lattice-type sections.
• Bottom-slewing (slewing tower) tower cranes:
• Swing circle (turntable) is located under the slewing platform, both tower and jib
assembly rotate. A telescoping mast.
38
Tower cranes
39
Tower cranes
40
Nomenclature for a top-slewing tower crane
41
Fixed Base Tower Cranes
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Climbing Tower Cranes
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Lifting capacities in pounds for a tower crane 46
Lifting capacities in pounds for a tower crane (continued) 47
Effect of hoist-line speed on lifting capacities of a tower crane 48
Rigging Center of Gravity
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Crane Accident's Causes
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Cranes
57
time.
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largest machines)
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boom unit.
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• Two axles;
69
Capabilities
70
All-Terrain Cranes
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All-Terrain Cranes
travel;
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City Crane
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City Crane
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Loader Cranes

79
Boom
machines)
80
81
Boom
machines)
82
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84
85
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• Swing the load;
• Hoisting speed;
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Tower Cranes
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Tower cranes
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Tower cranes
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Cranes
112
time.
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largest machines)
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boom unit.
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• Two axles;
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Capabilities
125
All-Terrain Cranes
126
All-Terrain Cranes
travel;
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City Crane
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City Crane
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Loader Cranes

134
Boom
machines)
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Boom
machines)
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• Swing the load;
• Hoisting speed;
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Tower Cranes
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Tower cranes
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Tower cranes
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CIVL 4171

Dr. Gary B. Hemphill, P.E.

• Faster cycle time;

• Loose flowing material will fill a digging bucket in a shorter sweep up

• Maximum excavation depth required;

1. Rated hoist load shall not exceed 75% of tipping load;

Dr. Gary B. Hemphill, P.E.

On road capacity usually 12 to 15 cy because of highway weight limits.

• Material is free flowing;

• Position of each truck for loading;

Dr. Gary B. Hemphill, P.E.

• Fully revolving superstructure;

• Carrier vehicle of truck mounted crane is a commercial truck;

• Payload truck fitted with crane;

• Common dimensions and capacities:

• Wind forces on boom or load;

• Fully revolving superstructure;

• Carrier vehicle of truck mounted crane is a commercial truck;

• Payload truck fitted with crane;

• Common dimensions and capacities:

• Wind forces on boom or load;

• Fully revolving superstructure;

• Carrier vehicle of truck mounted crane is a commercial truck;

• Payload truck fitted with crane;

• Common dimensions and capacities:

• Wind forces on boom or load;

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