CEE 6141

Trucks and Hauling

Equipment
 Introduction:
• Hauling - the activity of transporting
goods by truck. trucking, truckage.
shipping, transport, transportation - the
commercial enterprise of moving goods
and materials
• In construction, hauling refers to
primarily movement of excavated
material or any other construction
material
 Introduction:
• The equipment used for transportation of
material are known as hauling equipment
or simply haulers.
• Haulers may operate on the roadways or
railways
• It involves:
– transportation of building materials,
– carriage and disposal of excavated earth
– haulage of heavy construction equipment.
• Trucks are hauling units that provide
relatively low hauling costs because of their
high travel speeds.
 Introduction:
• Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is
moved without additional compensation
• Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH) - distance
beyond which it is more economical to
borrow or waste than to haul from the
project
• Overhaul – volume of material (Y) moved
X Stations beyond Freehaul, measured in
sta–yd3 or sta-m3
• Borrow – material purchased outside of
project
• Waste – excavated material not used in
project
TRUCKS
EARLY DUMP
TRUCKS
EARLY WAGONS
TRUCKS

Distance is a major
factor in selecting
haul units.
 Trucks:
• The use of trucks as the primary
hauling unit provides a high degree of
flexibility, as the number in service can
usually be increased or decreased easily
to permit modifications in the total
hauling capacity of a fleet.

• Some units are designated as off-

highway trucks because their size and
weight are greater than that permitted
on public highways
 Trucks:
Trucks can be classified by many factors,
including:
1. The method of dumping the load—rear-
dump, bottom-dump, side-dump
2. The type of frame—rigid-frame or
articulated
3. The size and type of engine—gasoline,
diesel, butane, or propane
 Trucks:
4. The kind of drive—two-wheel, four-
wheel, or six-wheel
5. The number of wheels and axles, and
the arrangement of driving wheels
6. The class of material hauled—earth,
rock, coal, or ore
7. The capacity—gravimetric (tons) or
volumetric (cubic yards)
 Method of dumping:
Three methods:
1. Rear dump trucks
– Dumping is through the rear of the truck
– Suitable for hauling sand, gravel, quarry rocks.

2. Side dump trucks

– Dumping is through the sides of the truck
– Suitable for hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry
rocks.

3. Bottom dump trucks

– Dumping is by opening the bottom of the truck
– Suitable for free flowing materials such as sand,
gravel, dry earth, hard clay.
Rear dump trucks:
Side dump trucks
Bottom dump truck

15
Bottom
dump
trailer
deposits a
wind row
of
material.
 Type of frame:
Two types:
– rigid-frame
– articulated
 Rigid-frame dump trucks:
• Rigid-frame rear-dump trucks are shaped with sharp angles and
corners, and the contour of the rear, through which the materials
must flow during dumping, will affect the ease or difficulty of
loading and dumping.
• When hauling rock, the impact of loading on the truck body is
extremely severe. Continuous use under such conditions will
require a heavy-duty rock body made of high-tensile strength
steel.
• Even with the special body, the loader operator must use care in
placing material in the truck.
• Off-highway dump trucks do not have tailgates, therefore the
body floor slopes upward at a slight angle toward the rear,
typically less than 15°
• The floor shape perpendicular to the length of the body for some
models is flat, while other models utilize a "V" bottom to reduce
the shock of loading and to help center the load.
• Low sides and longer, wider bodies are a better target for the
excavator operator.
• The result of such a configuration is quicker loading cycles.
Articulated rear-dump trucks:
• Articulated dump truck (ADT) is specifically
designed to operate through high-rolling-
resistance material and in confined working
locations where a rigid-frame truck would
have problems
• An articulated joint and oscillating ring
between the tractor and dump body enable
all of the truck's wheels to maintain contact
with the ground at all times.
• The articulation, all-wheel drive, high
clearance, and low-pressure radial tires
combine to produce a truck capable of
moving through soft or sticky ground.
Articulated rear-dump trucks:
• Most common ADTs are the 4 X 4 models, but
there are larger 6 X 6 models.
• ADTs usually have high hydraulic system
pressure, which means the dumping cylinder
hoists the bed faster.
• The bed also achieves a steeper dump angle.
• One model can attain a 72° dump angle in 15
sec.
• The combination of these two attributes, hoist
speed and a steep angle, translates into quick
discharge times.
• To solve the problem of unloading sticky
materials, one manufacturer is equipping its
truck bed with an ejector.
ARTICULATED
TRUCKS
ARTICULATED TRUCKS
Can operate over bad ground
ARTICULATED TRUCKS

Retainer plate
to increase
load capacity.
Rigid vs Articulated dump trucks:
• When haul-route grades are an operating
factor, articulated trucks can typically
climb steeper grades than rigid-frame
trucks.
• Articulated trucks can operate on grades
up to about 35%, whereas rigid-frame
trucks can only navigate grades of 20%
for short distances, and for continuous
grades, 8 to 10% is a more reasonable
limit.
 Rear dump trucks:
Rear-dumps, rigid-frame or articulated,
should be considered when:
• The material to be hauled is free flowing
or has bulky components.
• The hauling unit must dump into
restricted locations or over the edge of a
bank or fill.
• There is ample maneuver space in the
loading or dumping area.
 Bottom dump trucks:
• Economic haulers when the material to be
moved is free flowing, such as sand, gravel,
and reasonably dry earth.
• The use of bottom-dump trailers reduces
time required to unload the material.
• Must have large, clear dumping area where
the load can be spread into windrows.
• The rapid rate of discharging the load gives
the bottom-dump wagons a time
advantage over rear-dump trucks.
• Relatively flat haul roads are required if
maximum travel speed is to be obtained.
 Bottom dump trucks:
Bottom-dumps should be considered when:

1. The material to be hauled is free flowing.

2. There are unrestricted loading and dump
sites
3. The haul-route grades are less than about
5%.
Capacities of hauling equipment
Two methods of rating:
1. Gravimetric (load expressed as a weight
in pounds or kilograms)

2. Volumetric (load expressed as a volume

in cubic yards or cubic meters)

– Struck (load is water level in the body)

– Heaped (load is heaped on a 2:1 slope above
the body)
 Volumetric

material measured straight across the top of the body.

based on a 2:1 slope above hauler bodies

 Truck capacity:
• Actual heaped capacity will vary with the
material that is being hauled.
• Wet earth or sandy clay can be hauled with
a slope of about 1:1, while dry sand or
gravel may not permit a slope greater than
about 3:1.
• To determine the actual heaped capacity of
a unit, it is necessary to know the struck
capacity, the length and width of the body,
and the slope at which the material will
remain stable while the unit is moving.
• Smooth haul roads will permit a larger
heaped capacity than rough haul roads.
 Truck capacity:
• Gravimetric capacity may limit the volumetric
load a unit can carry.
• E.g when hauling a material with a high unit
weight, such as iron or even wet sand.
• However, when the safe load is not exceeded, a
unit can be filled to its heaped capacity.
• Ensure that the volumetric load weight does not
exceeds the gravimetric capacity of the truck or
trailer.
• Overloading can cause the unit's tires to flex too
much, producing excessive internal tire
temperature. This can cause permanent tire
damage and increase operating costs.
• Sideboards added to increase the depth of the
truck enabling it to haul a larger load.
 Truck capacity:
• The weight of the new volumes must be checked
against the vehicle's gravimetric load capacity.
• If the weight is greater than the rated gravimetric
capacity, the practice will probably increase the
hourly cost of operating the haul unit, because" of
higher fuel consumption, reduced tire life, more
frequent failures of parts (such as axles, gears,
brakes, and clutches), and higher maintenance costs.
• If the value of the extra material hauled is greater
than the total increase in the cost of operating the
vehicle, overloading is justified.
• In considering the option of sideboarding and hauling
larger volumes of materials, the maximum safe loads
on the tires must be checked to prevent excessive
loading, which might result in considerable lost time
due to tire failures.
 TIRES
• Tires are designed for a wide range of applications
• Tires are about 35% of a truck's operating cost.

CAT Handbook
 TRUCK SIZE
• The productivity of a truck depends on the size of its load
and the number of trips it can make in a unit of time.
• The number of trips completed per hour is a function of
cycle time.
• Truck cycle time includes:

1. load time
Examining a match between truck cargo body size and
excavator bucket size yields the size of the load and the load
time.
2. haul time
The haul and return cycle times will depend on the weight of
the truck, the horsepower of the engine, the haul and return
distances, and the condition of the roads traversed
3. dump time
Dump time is a function of the type of equipment and
conditions in the dump area.
4. return time
return distances
 TRUCK SIZE
• When an excavator is used to load
material into trucks, the size of the
truck cargo body introduces several
factors, which affect the production rate
and the cost of handling the material.
 Small Trucks
Advantages
• Maneuvering flexibility, which may be an advantage
on restricted work sites
• Speed, can achieve higher haul and return speeds
• Production, little impact if one truck breaks down
• Balance of fleet, easy to match number of trucks to
excavator production
Disadvantages
• Number, more trucks increases operational dangers
in the pit, along the haul road, and at the dump
• More drivers required, more needed for a given
output
• Loading impediment, small target for excavator
bucket
• Positioning time, total spotting time greater because
of the number required
 Large Trucks
Advantages
• Number, fewer needed for a given output
• Drivers required, fewer needed for a given output
• Loading advantage, larger target for the excavator
bucket
• Positioning time, frequency of spotting trucks is
reduced
Disadvantages
• Cost of truck time at loading greater, especially with
small excavators
• Loads heavier, possible damage to the haul roads
thus increasing the cost for maintenance of the haul
road
• Balance of fleet, difficult to match number of trucks
to excavator production
• Size, may not be permitted to haul on highways
 Loading
• Balancing the capacities of hauling units with the
excavator bucket size and production capability is
important.
• When loading with excavators such as hydraulic hoes
or shovels, draglines, or loaders, it is desirable to use
haul units whose cargo body volume is balanced with
the excavator bucket volume.
• If this is not done, operating difficulties will develop
and the combined cost of excavating and hauling
material will be higher than when a balance between
trucks and excavators is achieved.
• A practical rule of thumb frequently used in selecting
the size of trucks is to use trucks with a capacity of
four to five times the capacity of the excavator bucket.
 Shovels / loaders
• A tractor equipped with a front-end bucket is called a
loader, front-end loader, bucket loader, or a loading
shovel
• Basically in the form of wheeled or crawler tracked
tractor with a hydraulically controlled general purpose
bucket mounted in front of the vehicle
• Primary function to scope and loose material in the
bucket, raise the loaded spoil and manoeuvre into a
position to discharge its load into an attendant lorry
or dumper
• Can also transport, spread and compact fill material
depending upon the mounted attachments
• The tractor shovel is driven towards the spoil heap
with its bucket lowered almost to ground level and
uses its own momentum to force the bucket to bite
into the spoil heap thus filling the scoop or bucket
Comparison between crawler and
wheeled tractors
Crawler type Wheeled type
1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed
2. More compact and powerful and 2. Con handle only lighter jobs
can handle heavier jobs
3. costly 3. cheaper
4. Cost of operation and maintenance 4. Operational and maintenance cost
is high is less
5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control
6. Moves on rough roads only 6. Moves on rough as well as good
roads
7. Used for short distances 7.Used for longer distances
8. Requires skillful operation, 8. Lesser skills required for
maintenance and repairs operations, maintenance and 40 repairs
 Loaders
• Wheel loaders possess excellent job mobility and are
capable of over-the-road movement between jobs at
speeds of 25 mi/h or higher.
• Most modern wheel loaders are articulated. That is,
they are hinged between the front and rear axles to
provide greater maneuverability.
• Track loaders are capable of overcoming steeper grades
and side slopes than are wheel loaders.
• Their low ground pressure and high tractive effort
enable them to operate in all but the lowest
trafficability soils.
• However, because of their lower speed, their
production is less than that of a wheel loader over
longer haul distances.

P41
 Backhoe loader
• Some models of wheel loader are designed as a
combination backhoe and loader. This piece of
equipment, often called a backhoe loader

P42
Skid-Steer Loaders
• A small wheel loader having
rigid axles or frame, engine-
powered machine with lift
arms.

• Though sometimes they are

equipped with tracks, skid-
steer loaders are typically
four-wheel vehicles with the
wheels mechanically locked in
synchronization on each side,
and the left-side drive wheels
can be driven independently
of the right- side drive
wheels.
Compact track loader

P44
 Tractor Shovels
These machines are
sometimes called
loaders or loader
shovels and primary
function is to scoop up
loose materials in the
front mounted bucket,

The tracked format being

more suitable for wet
and uneven ground
conditions than the
wheeled tractor shovel
which has greater
speed and
manoeuvring
capabilities

Lecture 11 P45
 Shovels
• To excavate the earth and to load the trucks
• capable of excavating all types of earth except
hard rock
• size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3 .
• Basics parts of power shovel including the
track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom
foot-pin, saddle block, boom, boom point
sheaves and bucket.
SHOVELS
SHOVELS
 Shovels/Production Estimating
Production for hydraulic shovels may be estimated
using Equation together with Table 3, which has
been prepared from manufacturers’ data.

Production (LCY/h) or (LCM/h)

=C×S×V×B×E

• C = cycles/h (Table 3)
• S = swing factor (Table 3)
• V= heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM)
• B = bucket fill factor (Table 4)
• E = job efficiency
Shovels/Production Estimating
Table 3 Standard cycles per hour for
hydraulic shovels
Shovels/Production Estimating

Table 4 Bucket fill factors for excavators

 Example 1
Find the expected production in loose
cubic yards (LCM) per hour of a 3-yd
(2.3-m3) hydraulic shovel equipped
with a front-dump bucket. The
material is common earth with a
bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average
angle of swing is 75° and job efficiency
is 0.80.
 Solution
• Standard cycles = 150/60 min (Table 3)
• Swing factor = 1.05 (Table 3)
• Bucket volume = 3.0 LCY (2.3 LCM3)
• Bucket fill factor = 1.0
• Job efficiency = 0.80
Therefore production
= 150 × 1.05 × 2.3 1.0 × 0.80 = 290
LCM/h
 Estimating Loader Production
– Loader production may be estimated as the product of
average bucket load multiplied by cycles per hour
– Basic cycle time for a loader includes the time required
for loading, dumping, making four reversals of
direction, and traveling a minimum distance (5m or
less for track loaders).

P54
 Hauling

Lecture 11 P55
 Example
Estimate the hourly production in loose volume
LCM of a 2.68-m3 wheel loader excavating sand
and gravel (average material) from a pit and
moving it to a stockpile. The average haul
distance is 61 m, the effective grade is 6%, the
bucket fill factor is 1.00, and job efficiency is 50
min/h.

P56
 Example
Consider a 3-cy shovel excavating good common
earth with a 90° swing, with no delays waiting for
hauling units, and with a 20-sec cycle time. Assume
for this example that if the bucket and the trucks
are operated at their heaped capacities, the swelling
effect of the earth will permit each truck to carry its
rated struck capacity, expressed in bank cubic yards
(bcy). Assume that the number of buckets required
to fill a truck will equal the capacity of the truck
divided by the size of the shovel bucket, both
expressed in cubic yards. Assume further that the
time for the travel and dump cycle, excluding the
time for loading, will be the same for the several
sizes of trucks considered. The time for a travel cycle,
which includes traveling to the dump, dumping, and
returning to the shovel, will be 6 min.

P57
 Example
12-cy trucks:
• If 12-cy trucks are used, it will require
four buckets (12 ± 3) to fill a truck.
• The time that is required to load a
truck would be 80 sec (4 x 20 sec), or
1.33 min.
• The round-trip cycle for a truck will be
7.33 min.
• The minimum number of trucks
required to keep the shovel busy will be
7.33 ÷ 1.33 = 5.51.

P58
 Example
12-cy trucks:
• Five trucks: The time required to load five trucks will be 5 x
1.33 = 6.65 min.
• Thus the shovel will lose 7.33 — 6.65 = 0.68 min when only
five trucks are used.
• The percentage of time lost will be (0.68 ± 6.65) x 100 =
10.2%.

• Six trucks: the total loading time required will be 6 x 1.33 =

7.98 min. As this will increase the total round-trip cycle of
each truck from 7.33 to 7.98 min, the lost time per truck
cycle will be 0.65 min per truck.
• This will result in a loss of
0.65 X 100 = 8.2% for each truck
7.98

• which is equivalent to an operating factor of 91.8% for the

trucks.

P59
 Example
24-cy trucks:
• will require eight buckets to fill a truck. The
time that is required to load a truck would be
160 sec, or 2.66 min.
• The round-trip cycle for a truck will be 8.66
min.
• The minimum number of trucks required to
keep the shovel busy will be 8.66 ± 2.66 =
3.26.
• Four trucks: Using four trucks, the time
required to load will be 4 x 2.66 = 10.64
min, the lost time per truck cycle will be
10.64 — 8.66 = 1.98 min per truck.
• This will produce an operating factor of
8.66/10.64 x 100 = 81.4% for the trucks.
P60
 Example
• In the Example the chosen truck sizes
exactly matched the loader, i.e., to
load a 12-cy truck with a 3-cy shovel
results in an integer number of bucket
loads.
• In practice, this is not always the case,
but physically only an integer number
of bucket loads can be used in loading
the truck

P61
CALCULATING TRUCK
PRODUCTION

P62
 TRUCK
PRODUCTION
LOAD

RETURN HAUL

A
DUMP
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
Number of bucket loads
required to fill the truck.
Truck capacity
Bucket loads 
Loader Bucket capacity

Bucket loads must be an

integer number.
Match to 988F 990 992D
769C 3 pass
771 Quarry Tk 4 pass
773B 5 pass(HL) 3 pass
775B Quarry Tk 4 pass 3 pass
777C 4 pass
TRUCK CAPACITY
 TRUCK CAPACITY

Manufacturer's specification
sheets will list both struck and
heaped capacities.
 BUCKET
CAPACITY
 WEIGHT LIMIT
Check load weight against
gravimetric capacity of the
haul unit.
Max. gross weight 150,000 lb
Operating weight (empty) 68,900
lb
Therefore the max load is 81,100
lb
 WEIGHT LIMIT
• Tires are about 35% of a
truck’s operating cost.
• Overload a truck and you
abuse the tires.
The Terex Titan,
the world’s largest CAT is working
on a 340-ton
truck at 350-ton
truck.
was designed
around the tires.
 WEIGHT LIMIT
Check load weight against
gravimetric capacity
Note the difference. Sideboards
 WEIGHT
LIMIT

Check load
weight against
gravimetric
capacity of
the haul unit.
 WEIGHT LIMIT
Truckload (gravimetric)
= Volumetric load (lcy) x Unit weight
(loose vol. lb/Icy)

Truckload (gravimetric) < Rated gravimetric payload

 Tonnage

GVW of a vehicle is decided by the combination

of these axles (public road trucks)
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME

LOAD TIME =
Excavator cycle time
X No. of bucket loads
 STEP 2
LOAD TIME
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
• Hauling should be at the highest safe speed and in the
proper gear.
• To increase efficiency, use one-way traffic patterns.

HAUL TIME
HAUL DISTANCE (FT)

88  HAUL SPEED
STEP 4 RETURN TIME

RETURN TIME
RETURN DISTANCE (FT)

88  HAUL SPEED
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
This will depend on the type of
hauling unit and dumping area.

• Rear dumps must

be spotted before
dumping.
•Total dump time
can exceed 2
minutes.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
• Bottom dump units dump while moving.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
• Is the dump area smooth
permitting safe maneuvering to
dump.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
•Is the dump area crowded
with support equipment.
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
PROJECT SPECIFIC FACTORS
•Do loaded haul units have the
right-of-away.

Grader
Roller
Water truck
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Turn and Dump times (min.)
Conditions Bottom End
Dump Dump
Favorable 0.3 0.7
Average 0.6 1.0
Unfavorable 1.5 1.5
STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE
TIME
CYCLE TIME =
Load Time
+ Haul Time
+ Dump Time
+ Return Time
STEP 7 NUMBER OF
TRUCKS REQUIRED

TRUCKS REQUIRED =
TRUCK CYCLE TIME
1
LOADER CYCLE TIME
 STEP 7 NUMBER OF
TRUCKS REQUIRED

350
300
Production

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Trucks
STEP 7 NUMBER OF
TRUCKS REQUIRED

450 Loader
400
potential
Production

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Match point
0
1 2 3 4 5

Trucks
 STEP 7 NUMBER OF
TRUCKS REQUIRED

The match point typically

does not coincide with an
even number of trucks.
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Three critical factors to
consider:
• Bunching
• Operator
• Equipment availability
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Bunching:
• With a perfect loader - hauler
match the effect of bunching is a
10 to 20% loss.
• If there are extra haulers the
effect is reduced as there is always
a line of trucks waiting to be
loaded.
 STEP 8 MISMATCH &
BUNCHING EFFICIENCY

350
300
250
Production

200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Trucks
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
Operator:
• Longer hauling distances usually
results in better operator
efficiency.
• Operator efficiency increases as
haul distance increases to about
8,000 ft. after which it
remains constant.
 STEP 8 OPERATOR
EFFICIENCY
350
300
250
Production

200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5
Trucks
 STEP 8 EFFICIENCY

Equipment availability:
• When the loading tool
breaks down, the
production drops to zero.
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
The Loader will control production
if at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =

WORKING MIN / HR
 BUCKET VOL
LOADER CYC TIME(MIN)
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
Trucks control production if fewer
trucks are used.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =

WORKING MIN / HR
 TRK VOL  NO. TRKS
TRK CYC TIME(MIN)
 TRUCK PRODUCTION
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
Ten 25 ton/18 cy rear dump
trucks with low pressure tires
are available to haul a rock
dirt/gravel mixture. The
wheel loader being used has a
4.25 cy bucket.
 PRACTICAL EXERCISE
The haul and return, over
poorly maintained earth, is 3
miles. It is a down hill grade
of 1.25% going to the dump
area. Net truck weight is
36,860 lb. Working hour
efficiency is 55 minutes.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
NUMBER OF BUCKET LOADS
REQUIRED TO FILL THE TRUCK.
• Truck capacity = 18 cy
• Dirt/gravel mixture
Fill Factor wheel loader (Table 8.6)
100-120%, use average 110%
Loader bucket capacity = 4.25 X 1.1
= 4.675 cy
STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
NUMBER OF BUCKET LOADS
REQUIRED TO FILL THE TRUCK.
18
Bucket loads   3.85
4.675
Bucket loads must be an integer No.
Therefore use either
3 or 4 bucket loads.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS

If 3 bucket loads:
Truck volume = 3 X 4.675
= 14 LCY
If 4 bucket loads:
Truck volume = 18 LCY
and the excess spills off.
 STEP 1 BUCKET LOADS
Check load weight against
gravimetric capacity of truck.
• Dirt/gravel mixture
Table 4.3
2,600 lb/LCY
 STEP 1 CHECK LOAD
WEIGHT
3 bucket load:
2,600
14 LCY   18.2 tn  25 tn ok
2,000
4 bucket load:
2,600
18 LCY   23.4 tn  25 tn ok
2,000
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME
LOAD TIME =
Bucket cycle time X
No. of bucket loads
• 4.25 cy bucket
Table 8.9
Bucket cycle time 30 - 33 sec
use average 31.5 sec
(0.524 min)
 STEP 2 LOAD TIME
3 bucket load:
3 X 0.525 = 1.58 min.

4 bucket load:
4 X 0.525 = 2.10 min.
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 miles  5,280 ft / mile
HAUL TIME 
88  HAUL SPEED

1.25% GRADE

DUMP

• Poorly maintained earth

 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
• Poorly Maintained Earth Haul Road
Rolling resistance (Table 5.1)
70 - 100 lb/ton, use 85 lb/ton or 4.25%

Grade resistance load to dump: -1.25%

Total Resistance = 4.25 + (-1.25%)
= 3.0% or 60 lb/ton
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
Net truck weight 36,860 lb or
18.43 tons
3 bucket load 18.20 tons
Gross wt. =
18.43 + 18.20 =
36.63 tons
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME

Net truck weight 36,860 lb or

18.43 tons
4 bucket load 23.40 tons Gross
wt. =
18.43 + 23.40 =
41.83 tons
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 bucket load Gross wt. 36.63 ton
Rimpull = 60 lb/ton X 36.63 ton
= 2,200 lb

4 bucket load Gross wt. 41.83 ton

Rimpull = 60 lb/ton X 41.83 ton
= 2,510 lb
2510
2200
 STEP 3 HAUL TIME
3 bucket load 35 mph
4 bucket load 22 mph

3 miles  5,280 ft / mile

HAUL TIME 
88  HAUL SPEED
3 bucket, 5.143 min
4 bucket, 8.183 min
STEP 4 RETURN TIME

RETURN DISTANCE (FT)

RETURN TIME 
88  HAUL SPEED

Net truck weight 36,860 lb

or 18.43 tons
 STEP 4 RETURN TIME
• Poorly Maintained Earth Haul Road
Rolling resistance, 4.25%

• Grade resistance load to dump 1.25%

Total Resistance = 4.25 + 1.25%
= 5.5% or 110 lb/ton
Rimpull = 110 lb/ton X 18.43 ton
= 2,030 lb
2030
 STEP 4 RETURN TIME
Return speed 35 mph

3 miles  5,280 ft / mile

RETURN TIME 
88  35
 STEP 5 DUMP TIME
Rear Dump Trucks must be
spotted before dumping,
• Total dump time averages
about 2 minutes.
Use 2.0 minutes
STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE TIME
3 bucket loads

Load time 1.580 min

+ Haul time 5.143 min
+ Dump time 2.000 min
+ Return time 5.143 min
CYCLE TIME = 13.866 min
STEP 6 TRUCK CYCLE TIME
4 bucket loads

Load time 2.100 min

+ Haul time 8.183 min
+ Dump time 2.000 min
+ Return time 5.143 min
CYCLE TIME = 17.426 min
STEP 7 TRUCKS REQUIRED
3 bucket loads
13.866
Trucks required  1
1.58
Trucks required = 9.8
Must be an integer number
therefore 10 trucks
STEP 7 TRUCKS REQUIRED
4 bucket loads

17.426
Trucks required  1
2.10

Trucks required = 9.3

Must be an integer number
therefore 10 trucks
STEP 8 EFFICIENCY
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads
The loader will control production
if at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =
55 min / hr
 14.025 LCY  488 LCY / hr
1.58 min
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
4 bucket loads
The loader will control production if
at least one extra truck is used.

PRODUCTION (LOADER) =

55 min / hr
 18 LCY  471 LCY / hr
2.10 min
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads 10 trucks
488 LCY/hr
4 bucket loads 10 trucks
471 LCY/hr
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 bucket loads
If only 8 trucks are AVAILABLE
the trucks control production.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =
55 min / hr
 14.025 LCY  8  445 LCY / hr
13.866 min
 STEP 9 PRODUCTION
4 bucket loads
If only 8 trucks are AVAILABLE
the trucks control production.

PRODUCTION (TRUCK) =
55 min / hr
 18 LCY  8  454 LCY / hr
17.426 min
STEP 9 PRODUCTION
3 4
Buckets Buckets
10 Trks 488 LCY 471 LCY

9 Trks 488 LCY 471 LCY

8 Trks 445 LCY 454 LCY

STEP 9 PRODUCTION
While matching the fleet to
the required production is
important, doing it at a
minimum $/unit of material
moved is usually the goal.
STEP 9 PRODUCTION COST

0.6

0.5
Cost/ ton $

0.4

0.3 As you add trucks

0.2

0.1

0
40 80 120 160 200 240 260
Tons/ hour
STEP 9 PRODUCTION COST

0.6
Cost/ ton $

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2 Different size trucks

0.1

0
40 80 120 160 200 240 260
Tons/ hour
 PRODUCTION ISSUES
A number of other factors must be considered when
matching excavators and hauling units.
1. Reach of the excavator
The excavator must be able to physically reach—extend its
bucket—from its digging position to the dumping point
over the cargo body of the truck.
2. Dumping height of the bucket
Compare the excavator's bucket dump height to that of
the sides on the cargo body.
3. Width of the bucket
Compare the width of the excavator bucket to the length
of the truck's cargo body.
4. Tires
Tires should be suitably matched to the job requirements.
The selection of proper tire sizes and the practice of
maintaining correct air pressure in the tires will reduce
that portion of the rolling resistance due to the tires.
HAPPY HAULING